Answer key for tests: Unit 1

1. It is a living being because it can move, detect the changes in its environment and
respond to them. It feeds, grows, breathes, expels waste and reproduces.

2. Autotrophs: fern, algae, pine tree, wheat

Heterotrophs: whale, mosquito, mushroom, human, yeast, red coral.

3. Inorganic: water and mineral salts

Organic: carbohydrates (sugars), lipids (fat) and proteins.

4. There are no problems for lack of water. There are no sudden changes of temperature
(water softens climatic changes). Water being denser than air, allows organisms to
sustain themselves better.

5. Water in liquid state, oxygen, light, carbon dioxide, salts and an adequate temperature.

6. Many classification criteria can be established, based on sex, preferred hobbies, first
letter of the last name, etc. The criteria must be objective (not depending on how one feels)
and discriminatory (only some of the objects have the chosen characteristic).

7. Monera Kingdom: bacteria

Protista Kingdom: amoeba, red algae
Fungi Kingdom: mushroom
Plant Kingdom: rose bush, palm tree, wheat
Animal Kingdom: spider, dolphin, crab, black coral

8. Kingdom, type (phylum), class, order, family, genus and species

9. Yes, because they are able to mate with each other and give rise to fertile offspring.
 Answer key for tests: Unit 2

1. The leopard has an internal skeleton or endoskeleton, i.e., they have a backbone.

2. Vertebrates: deer, lizard, bear, wolf, crocodile and squirrel

Invertebrates: jellyfish, snail, worm and beetle.

3. a), c), e)

4. Fish: a), d), f), i). Amphibian: a), b), f), g), h), j). Reptiles: a), c), g), j)

5. Fish: b), h). Amphibians: e). Reptiles c), f). Birds: g), i). Mammals: a), d)

6. Reptiles: terrestrial, hot places. Fish: Aquatic. Birds: live in the best place possible for
each season. Amphibian: moderate temperatures and plenty of water. Adults are
terrestrial. Mammals: terrestrial, although there are aquatic and flying mammals.

7. Flying: bat (mammal) and sparrow (bird). Jumpers: kangaroo (mammal) and frog
(amphibian). Runners: gazelle and cheetah (mammals). Climbers: monkey and squirrel
(mammals).

8. a) Eagle: aerial environment. Shark: aquatic environment.

b) Eagle: fusiform body, forelimbs transformed into wings. Shark: fusiform body, limbs
are fins.
 Answer key for tests: Unit 3

1. Radial Symmetry: A, C, F.
Bilateral symmetry: B, D, E.

2. a) and f) 2,
b) 3
c) 6
d) 1
e) 5
g) 4

3. Gastropods: snails, periwinkle. Bivalve clam, venus, mussels, mussels, raxor, oyster,
cockle. Cephalopods: squid, cuttlefish, octopus.

4. Arachnids: c), f), i). Crustaceans: b), g), j), k), Myriapods: d), l). Insects: a), e), h)

5. a) False, a) True, c) False, d) False, e) True

6. a) Core body structure of annelids, where they store the eggs.

b) They help the starfish attach to substrates
c) Two-piece shell of bivalves, such as mussels.
d) Very small shell that cephalopods have within their mantle.

7. Some insects, such as flies or butterflies lay eggs. From these eggs small white grubs
hatch, legless, then grow until transforming into a stationary form, called the pupa. Inside,
the animal changes and transforms into an adult, which does not grow further.

8. Terrestrial: arachnids, millipedes and insects (some larvae that live in aquatic
environments).
Aquatic: crustaceans.

9. a) The only sessile ones are the sponge and the coral.
b) The structure that allows the mussels movement is shaped as an axe. The squid
moves through the use of the siphon with which violently ejects water from its mantle
cavity. The starfish uses its water vascular /ambulacral system for locomotion.
 Answer key for tests: Unit 4

1. a) Autotrophic
b) They obtain their own matter from water, carbon dioxide and mineral salts from the
environment. Animals on the other hand, feed off the material developed by others
(heterotrophic).

2. a) Root, stem and leaves.

b) Root: fixes the plant to the ground and absorbs water and salts. Stem: supports
leaves, flowers and fruits. Connects the root with the leaves by vascular bundles. Leaves:
create photosynthesis.

3. The vascular vessels. Xylem sap, made up of water and salts, circulates from the roots
to the leaves. Phloem sap, which consists of substances produced by the plant, is produced
and transported throughout the plant.

4. 1. Stigma
2. Petals
3. Floral Stem
4. Sepal
5. Ovary
6. Ovules
7. Filament
8. Style
9. Anther

5. a) False, b) True, c) False, d) False, e) False, f) True

6. a) It is the process by which plants make their food from water, carbon dioxide and
salts, using sunlight.
b) The chlorophyll allows plants to absorb sunlight for photosynthesis. They also need,
water, carbon dioxide and mineral salts for photosynthesis.
c) Photosynthesis gives off oxygen, which is fundamental for the respiration of living
beings.

7. Angiosperms (with an ovary) have seeds enclosed in a fruit, and gymnosperms (without
an ovary) produce seeds enclosed in fruits.
Angiosperms: cork, holm oak, almond
Gymnosperms: pine, fir, cypress
8. Mosses: they have no reproductive organs; they reproduce with spores, they do not have
flowers or seeds and absorb water throughout the whole plant.
Ferns: they have large leaves called fronds, they reproduce by spores and do not have
flowers or seeds.

9. Fungi are a separate kingdom, as they have heterotrophic nutrition, unlike vegetables,
which have an autotrophic nutrition. They have neither root, stems nor leaves. They do not
have any animal characteristics either, which is why they are not part of the Animal
Kingdom.

10. a) Spores are reproductive cells which give rise to a new individual and produce fungus
in the mushroom.
b) Hyphae are fine branched threads which are grouped forming the mycelium or the
body of the fungus.

11. Decomposers: live off the remains of living things.

Parasites: live off others and cause diseases.
Symbiotic: associates with other living organisms and live without damaging them.
 Answer key for tests: Unit 5

1. a) True, b) False, c) True, d) False, e) False

2. a) True, b) False, c) True, d) False, e) True

3. a) They are those comprised of a single cell.

b) Yes, in multicellular organisms, cells specialise and divide the work. The cell in a
unicellular organism performs all vital functions.
c) Unicellular: bacteria, protozoa.
Multicellular: cat, pine tree.

4.

Cell Prokaryote Animal Eukaryote Vegetal Eukaryote

Plasmatic membrane YES YES YES

Chloroplasts NO NO YES
Nucleus NO YES YES
Mitochondria YES YES YES
Cytoplasm NO YES YES
Organelles NO YES YES
Cellular wall YES NO YES
Vacuoles NO YES YES

5. 1. Cell membrane. It separates the cell from the environment and regulates the flow
of substances.
2. Vacuoles. They are storage bubbles that contain nutrients and waste products.
3. Nucleus. Contains the genetic information.
6. a) Autotrophs( they produce their own organic compounds from inorganic substances
taken from the environment) and heterotrophic (they need food from other living
organisms).
b) The cells can respond to stimuli in two ways, by secreting substances or by executing
movements.
c) Unicellular: reproduction; Multicellular: tissue regeneration.

7. a) Heterotrophs Protozoa are heterotrophs and algae are autotrophic.

b) Their cells are eukaryotic.
c) They both live in aquatic environments.
d) Protozoa: trypanosome, amoeba, vorticella
Algae: sea lettuce, mucus and coral.

8. a) To the Monera Kingdom.

b) 1. DNA 2. Cell wall 3. Cytoplasm 4. Flagellum
c) They are unicellular organisms with prokaryotic cells.
d) They can have two types of nutrition, autotrophic and heterotrophic.
e) By bipartition (binary fission).

9. a) Autotrophs would not have inorganic matter for their nutrition, and the food chain
would disappear.
b) They participate in the manufacturing of food and pharmaceutical products and form
part of the intestinal flora.
c) They alter the food, pollute the water and cause disease (pathogens).
d) Protozoa: sleeping sickness. Microscopic Fungi: athlete’s foot. Bacteria: tuberculosis.
 Answer key for tests: Unit 6

1. 1st A fish dies at the bottom of the sea. Its flesh decomposes and the skeleton remains
(picture D). 2nd The sediment covers the remains of the dead fish (picture B). 3rd New
layers of sediment are deposited (picture C). 4th Minerals harden the remains of the fish,
and the sediments is transformed into stone (picture A).

2. a) 1st A fish dies on the seabed; 2nd The fish’s flesh decomposes and its skeleton
remains; 3rd The sediment buries the remains of the fish; 4th New layers of sediments are
deposited; 5th Minerals harden the remains of the fish at the same time the sediments
transform into stone.
b) They won’t be as old as the first, as new layers of sediments come later and bury the
remains of the fish that lived later. If enough time passes, they could be species that are
descendants of the first fish but not necessarily. The fossils would be compared and one
would check if they shared characteristics.

3. a) Teeth with sharp edges: indicate a carnivorous organism.

b) Paw print trail: the weight depends on the size and this can be deduced in part by
the dimensions of the tread and especially in the stride.
c) Egg shells: indicate an oviparous reproduction.
d) Traces of skin texture: indicate whether the body coating is of scales, plaques,
feathers, etc.

4. a) The Antarctic is a continent currently covered by ice. Fossils indicate that there were
once pine forests which, therefore, means there was a warmer climate.
b) Cuenca is a province that has no coastline. Those fossil deposits are marine
organisms and indicate that, in the era in which they lived, this was a coastal area.

5. c), b), e), a), d).

6. a) 1: forest fires and cutting down trees, the introduction of new species
2: the introduction of new species, toxic spills at sea, over-fishing
3: the drying up of lakes and wetlands, illegal hunting
4: forest fires and cutting down tress, massive use of pesticides
5: illegal hunting
6: over-fishing, toxic spills at sea
7: toxic spills at sea
8: the introduction of new species, illegal hunting

b) Some actions include: avoid purchasing items from poachers, proper

disposal of rubbish, recycling.
 Answer key for tests: Unit 7

1. a) Geocentric Model: the Earth is at the centre of the Universe, the Moon, the Sun and
stars revolve around it. Heliocentric Model: the Sun is at the centre of the Universe and
the Earth, planets and other stars revolve around it.
b) The Earth is a planet and the Moon rotates around it. The Earth has a rotational
movement around its axis and another one around the Sun.

2. a) There are eight planets in the Solar System.

b) Planets: separated into terrestrial (having similar characteristics to those of Earth),
giants (called that due to their size) and dwarf planets.
c) The IAU, in August of 2006, agreed to a new classification of celestial bodies in terms
of which Pluto is encompassed in the category of a dwarf planet.
d) Terrestrial planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars. Giant planets: Jupiter, Saturn,
Uranus, Neptune. Dwarf planets: Pluto, Ceres and Eris.
e) Pluto is classified as a dwarf planet

3. Nuclear reactions that release large amounts of energy take place in its interior.

4. Terrestrial planets: closer to the Sun, small size, solid surface, few satellites. Giant
Planets: further from the Sun, large size, fluid surface, multiple satellites.

5. Because the planetary orbits are not circular, they are elliptical. The Sun is at one of the
foci of these ellipses, and because of that there are situations when they are closer to the
Sun, and other times further away. This is why the average distance of planets is used.

6.
Size Orbit around a… Composition
Satellite Bigger Planet Diverse
Asteroid Smaller Sun Rocky
Comet Smaller Sun Ice and dust
7. Because the Moon and Mercury have no atmosphere to protect them from the impacts.
Saturn has a very extensive and dense atmosphere that makes meteorites disintegrate
before reaching the surface. Earth will have, for this reason, more craters than Saturn,
but less than the Moon or Mercury.

8. a) Grouping of billions of stars

b) Milky Way
c) It is a spiral (or disc) galaxy
d) 400,000 millions of stars

9. Equatorial View
The arrow indicates the location of the Solar System.
 Answer key for tests: Unit 8

1. - When boats disappear over the horizon, the helm is no longer seen before the sails.
- The shadow of the Earth projected on the Moon is circular.
- When traveling, we see new stars and stop seeing others.
- Images taken from Space show that the Earth is spherical.

2. Because the axis of rotation of the Earth is inclined with respect to the ecliptic plane.
The nights are shorter in the winter because they receive fewer hours of daylight than in the
summer. The drawing should be similar to the one on page 96.

3. a) Dark
b) New Moon; the illuminated side of the moon is not visible from the Earth.
c) A drawing similar to the one on page 98

4. The atmosphere, which protects from harmful radiation and extreme temperatures; the
hydrosphere, where water regulates the temperatures and is necessary for life; the
geosphere and biosphere, unique among planets.

5. Continental crust: 25-70 km thick, consisting of granite, clay and slate; solid texture.
Oceanic crust: 10 km thick, composed of basalt, solid texture.
Mantle: up to 2850 km of depth, composed of partially melted peridotites.
Nucleus: up to 3470 km of depth, consists of iron and nickel, molten exterior and solid
interior.
 Answer key for tests: Unit 9

1. a) False. They are minerals (silicates). b) True. c) False. Some metallic minerals, such
as gold and silver, are found in pure form and are called native minerals.

2. a) Yes
b) No. It is produced by a living organism.
c) Yes
d) No, the plaster of a wall is artificial and is made from the natural mineral gypsum.

3. Quartz has hardness of 7. 3

Orthoclase doesn’t have a metallic lustre, it has vitreous lustre
Mica has hardness of 2.5-3
Calcite no mistakes
Olivine is olive green.

4. 1 B and D; 2 E, 3 F, 4 A, 5 C (Lead is odd one out, which should matched to galena)

5. a) Subterranean mine, because it is very deep.

b) By a quarry
c) Open-pit mine, because it is not that deep.

6. First, extract the sphalerite (zinc ore) from the deposit with the gangue. Then it is
crushed. It is then separated from the ore and the concentrated mineral is obtained. The
concentrate is melted and the zinc separated. Finally, zinc ingots are produced.
 Answer key for tests: Unit 10

1. a) The set of features related to the shape, size and arrangement of grains or crystals.
b) To identify the type of rock.
c) Metamorphic rocks are laminated. Plutonic rocks have heterogeneous texture with
visible crystals.

2. c) and e) are not relevant when observing a rock.

3. a) 3 b) 4 c) 2 d) 1

4. a) Plutonic
b) Crystalline
c) By their composition

5. a) They are both volcanic rocks. Pumice is clear, not very dense and has a vacuolar
texture. Obsidian is black, of a glassy paste.
b) They are both plutonic rocks, of similar composition, but syenite contains no quartz.
c) Granite is a plutonic rock and gneiss, metamorphic. They have a similar composition.
Gneiss is foliated.
d) They are both sedimentary rocks. Limestone is effervescent when in contact with
hydrochloric acid.
e) They are both metamorphic rocks. Slate crystals are not visible to the naked eye.
Slate crystals are.

6. Obsidian: Volcanic, black of glassy paste

Pumice: Volcanic, clear colour and vacuolar texture
Granite: Plutonic, grey, contains quartz, feldspar and mica
Syenite: Plutonic, pinkish colour, feldspar and mica
Gneiss: Metamorphic, grey made of crystals and foliates
Clay: Sedimentary, whitish colour, made up of small fragments
Limestone: Sedimentary, whitish and releases bubbles when in contact with acid
Slate: Metamorphic, no visible crystals
Schist: Metamorphic, visible crystals

7. Rocks used in construction are consistent, pressure resistant and are not easily
changed by atmospheric conditions. Examples: granite, slate, limestone and marble.

8. a) Because they are made up of organic remains from millions of years ago.
b) Asphalt, motor oil, plastics, insecticides, fertilisers, paraffin or textile fibres.

9. Framing: cement, sand, bricks, plaster and lime. Cement is obtained by mixing
limestone and clay, heated in an oven and crushed. Sand is extracted from quarries. Bricks
are made from clay that is baked in furnaces. Lime is produced by cooking limestone in
kilns. Leaves: iron or aluminium paint. Iron and aluminium are obtained from their metallic
ores. Paint from petroleum. Windows: glass, which is obtained by melting quartz sands.
 Answer key for tests: Unit 12

1. Because from that height the air is thin: the concentration of gaseous components,
oxygen among them, is lower.

2. Exosphere: solar wind

Troposphere: rain
Ionosphere: X rays
Stratosphere: ozone.

3. a) Hydrogen, water vapour and ammonia.

b) Carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water vapour, oxygen and ozone.

4. The troposphere, because it contains air, essential for life, and it is where most of the
water cycle takes place. The stratosphere, because it contains the ozone layer, which
protects living things from ultraviolet rays. The ionosphere, because it is where X rays
and gamma rays, which are harmful to living things, are absorbed.

5. a) Because during the day, land heats up faster than the sea, warm air rises from the
coast and is replaced by cold air from the sea. At night the opposite happens.
b) Because in these areas, the air is hot, making it lighter, it rises, it cools and the water
vapour it contains condenses to form clouds that create precipitation.
c) In severe storms, ice particles in the air are agitated, rubbing together forming hail,
which falls to the ground.

6. a) A: anemometer, wind strength. B: vane, wind direction. C: barometer, atmospheric

pressure D: thermometer; temperature. E: pluviometer or rain gauge, amount of rainfall.
b) Pressure, temperature, wind and rainfall.
c) Because weather conditions are very changeable.

7. a) Some gaseous pollutants are toxic, others react with and destroy the ozone, and
carbon dioxide retains energy given off by the Earth, so that the planet overheats.
b) Prohibit toxic or hazardous pollutants, filter and purify industrial gases and reduce
carbon and fossil fuel consumption to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide.
 Answer key for tests: Unit 11

1. a) The distance of the Sun, which influences the amount of solar energy received, and
the composition of its atmosphere, which protects it from daytime heating and night-
time cooling.
b) No, because Mercury has no atmosphere and is much closer to the Sun than the
Earth is.

2. a) We can only use fresh water from the continents that is not trapped in ice, that is,
from rivers, lakes, reservoirs and groundwater. b) The process of desalination, which
involves removing the salt from ocean water.

3. They are the main reservoirs of the Earth’s water, habitat for a large number of living
things, and they act as climate moderators.

4. 1 Evaporation. 2 Transpiration. 3 Condensation. 4 Run off. 5 Infiltration.

5. If ice were denser than liquid water it would go to the bottom of lakes and oceans, and
these would freeze over and life would be impossible in them. By floating on top of the
water, ice protects the water below from cooling too much and therefore facilitating life
therein.

6. In zone A, where impermeable materials prevent infiltration and the contamination of the
river and underground aquifers. In B infiltration would be the same as in C and the river
and aquifers which supply the city would be contaminated.
 Answer key for tests: Unit 13

1.Immaterial (intangible) things: music, intelligence, joy, warmth.

Material things (matter): ice, socks, water, butane gas, jacket, sandwich.
Matter is anything that has mass and volume.

2. a) No. For example, if we divide water at 50 ° C into two containers, each will continue to
have the same temperature.
b) Measured using the Celsius scale (° C).
c) Assign the value 0 ° C to melting ice, and the value 100 ° C to boiling water.

3. a) 5000 mL
b) 0.1 μm
c) 0.00008 m3
d) 250 dl
e) 0.003 km

4. a) 0.014 m3
b) 8400 kg/m3
c) 0.02 m2.

5. a) Test tube
b) Scales
c) Thermometer
d) Tape measure

6. d = 2857.14 kg/m3.

7. Homogeneous: wine, water, mayonnaise, milk, air.

Heterogeneous: orange juice, granite, fog, paella, blood.

8. Pure substances: c), e) and f)

Mixtures: a), b) and d)

9. a) Filtration
b) Decanting
c) Filtration
d) Distillation
 Answer key for tests: Unit 14

1. a) True
b) False
c) False
d) False
e) True
f) False

2. They don’t have their own shape (they adapt to fit their container), they can flow (they
drain out if not contained in a recipient), they are incompressible (their volume can’t be
reduced by pressure) they dilate (their volume increases when heated), contract (their
volume decreases by cooling) and can easily be mixed with other substances.

3. a), c), d) and f)

4. a) Sublimation
b) Condensation
c) Merger
d) Solidification
e) Evaporation

5. a) Solid
b) Gas
c) Liquid

6. Atoms are small particles that make up substances, and they are the smallest amount
that can be combined. In nature there are different types of atoms, which differ in the
number of protons they have in the nucleus. Each type of atom is called a chemical
element.

7. In the molecule, the subscripts indicate how many atoms there are of each type. Thus, in
the sulphuric acid molecule there are two hydrogen atoms, a sulphur atom and four oxygen
atoms. In lithium chloride, the formula does not indicate the exact amount of atoms, but
the ratio between them. Therefore, in lithium chloride for every atom of lithium there is one
of chlorine.

8. a) Na
b) Fe
c) K
d) Cl
e) Au
f) Ag
g) Ca
h) He
i) P
j) S