Research Poster of Metals as Engineering Material

School of Civil Engineering and Surveying

Introduction Uses of Ferrous Metal Properties of Non Picture of Use

Ferrous is an adjective used to indicate the presence of iron. The word
Malleable Cast Iron
• It is used in Automobile industries for making rear-axle
Ferrous Metal Metals
is derived from the Latin word ferrum "iron"). Ferrous metals include Aluminum Properties:
housing, steering-gear housing, hubs, and pedals, etc.
steel and pig iron (with a carbon content of a few percent) and alloys Following are some important properties of this metal.
• It is used in Railway equipment of a great variety.
of iron with other metals (such as stainless steel). The term non- It is very ductile and can be transformed into any shape by rolling,
• It is used in Agricultural machinery making and carpentry
ferrous is used to indicate metals other than iron and alloys that do not stamping, extruding, forging, drawing, and spinning.
tools.
contain an appreciable amount of iron. It can also be cast into any shape by any method of casting, i.e., die Fig 4 structure steel shape
Type of ferrous metals casting, chill casting, and sand casting.
Pig iron is the intermediate product of smelting iron ore with a high- It has a tensile strength of about 900kg/cm2 in the annealed condition.
carbon fuel such as coke, usually with limestone as a flux. Charcoal It can be improved to 1600kg/cm2 by the hard-rolling method.
and anthracite have also been used as fuel. Aluminum is highly resistant to corrosion. When exposed to moist air,
Pig iron has a very high carbon content, typically 3.5–4.5%, which aluminum forms a thin film of oxide at the top, which is impervious to
Fig 1 tool makes from Malleable Cast Iron
makes it very brittle and not useful directly as a material except for air/moisture, and thus saves the metal from further corrosion.
Wrought Iron Fig 5 Rectangular steel frame, of the Willis building contrasted
limited applications. An ingot is a material, usually metal, that is cast Copper against the diagrid frame at 30 St Mary Axe, London,
Because of the above set of properties, wrought iron is extensively
into a shape suitable for further processing. This is due to some of the useful properties of copper. Some of the
used as a material for making plates, sheets, pipes, tubes, etc.
WROUGHT IRON is Manufactured by melting & refining iron to a most important properties of copper are as under:
It is also used in buildings, railways, and marine industries
high degree of purity. Then, molten metal is poured into a ladle and It has excellent joining properties, i.e., it can be joined by almost all
mixed with hot slag. The fluxing action of the slag causes a spongy the common methods: welding, soldering, brazing and riveting.
mass to form which is processed by rolling & pressing. It is only iron- It has a very high electrical conductivity.
bearing material containing slag. It’s a low carbon steel (less than It has good resistance to corrosion.
0.1% carbon by weight containing a small amount of slag, Zinc
usually less than 3%. It contains small amount of manganese (less Following are some important properties of Zinc.
Fig 1 tool makes from Malleable Cast Iron
than 0.1%) and silicon (0.2%). It’s ductility is lower than steel. It’s It is whitish and has bright lustre.
Steel
tensile strength is lower. It has a density of 7.14 g/ml.
Due to these properties, Steel is used as a structural material in all Fig 6 Interior partition walls made with cold formed
Steel is an alloy that consists mostly of iron and has a carbon content Its melting point is 419 centigrade and boiling point is 907 centigrade. steel
types of situations.
between 0.2% and 2.1% by weight, depending on the grade. Carbon is It has a tensile strength of 700-1400 kg/cm2.
the most common alloying material for iron, but various other alloying
Steel is a versatile material of modern age. Its properties can be
varied over a wide range by varying its composition and by
Commercial zinc (spelter) is easily attacked by acids. Bibliography
elements are used, such as manganese, chromium, vanadium, and Zinc surface is covered by a dull basic zinc carbonate in moist air.
subjecting it to various mechanical and heat treatment processes. 1. An, J., Farha, O.K., Hupp, J.T., Pohl, E., Yeh, J.I. and Rosi, N.L., (2012).
tungsten. Steel with increased carbon content can be made harder and Lead Metal-adeninate vertices for the construction of an exceptionally porous
metal-organic framework. Nature communications, 3, p.604
stronger than iron, but such steel is also less ductile than iron. Steel is The metallic lead has following properties. 2. Hornbostel, C., (1991). Construction materials: Types, uses and
. applications. John Wiley & Sons.
an alloy of iron and carbon. Pure iron’s strength remarkably increases It has bluish Grey color. 3. James, A.N., 1992. Soluble materials in civil engineering. Ellis Horwood.
4. Blanc, A., McEvoy, M. and Plank, R. eds., (1993). Architecture and
when alloyed with carbon. The tensile strength increases with It has typically brilliant lustre. construction in steel. Taylor & Francis.
5. Domone, PLJ, Illston, J M (2010).Construction materials: their nature
increasing carbon content but the ductility reduces. Steel having its It has a high density – 11.35 g/cm3. and behaviour.
6. Jackson, N and Dhir, R K (1996). Civil Engineering Materials (5th
properties because of the presence of carbon alone is called “Plain It is very good to resistance to corrosion. Edition), Macmillan.

carbon steel”
Fig 3 steel bar for R.C.C construction