Math Reviewer
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDANCY
 A value that represents a typical, or
central, entry of a data set.
 Most common measures of central
tendency:
- Mean
- Median
- Mode
UNGROUPED
Mean (average)
• The sum of all the data entries
divided by the number of entries.
The prices (in dollars) for a sample of round-
trip flights from Chicago, Illinois to Cancun,
Mexico are listed. What is the mean price of
the flights?
872 432 397 427 388 782 397
• The sum of the flight prices is
Σx = 872 + 432 + 397 + 427 + 388 +
782 + 397 = 3695
• To find the mean price, divide the
sum of the prices by the number of
prices in the sample
Median
 The value that lies in the middle of
the data when the data set is
ordered.
 Measures the center of an ordered
data set by dividing it into two equal
parts.
 If the data set has an
odd number of entries: median is the
middle data entry.
even number of entries: median is the
mean of the two middle data entries.
 Arrange the data least to greatest
Formula: total number of data
divided by 2
If there are two numbers In the
middle add both of them then divide
them by 2
Example:
71 75 84 85 86 88 88 90 93 95
Median: ( 86+88)/ 2= 87
Mode
 Is the score that occurs most
frequent in a set of data
 Three types:
1. Unimodal- one score is highest
2. Bimodal- two modes
3. Multimodal- more than two
modes
When to use? With nominally
scaled data
Range- difference between the
highest and the lowest score
SEATWORK (Mean, Median , Mode, Range)
1. 12, 15, 21, 8, 23, 16,19,22,20,21
Least to greatest:
Mean:
Median:
Mode:
Range:
2. 5, 6, 6, 8, 4, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 9, 7, 6, 5,
4, 9, 7, 6, 4, 3, 8, 5, 6
Least to greatest:
Math Reviewer

25 125
Mean: 35 175
Median 45 180
Mode: 55 110
Range:
GROUPED DATA
Mean estimate = 925/55 = 16.8 minutes
MEAN

_______

Example 1.
During 3 hours at Heathrow airport 55 MODAL CLASS
aircraft arrived late. The number of minutes - The modal class is simply the
they were late is shown in the grouped class interval of highest
frequency table below. frequency.
Minutes late Frequency Minutes late Frequency
0-10 27 0-10 27
10-20 10 10-20 10
20-30 7 20-30 7
30-40 5 30-40 5
40-50 4 40-50 4
50-60 2 50-60 2
Modal class: 10
MODE
f mo−f b
MODE= LCB mo+i( )
2 f mo −f b−f a
LCB mo−¿ Lower Class Boundary of
Minutes late Frequency
0-10 27 the mode
10-20 10 i−¿ size of the class interval
20-30 7
30-40 5 f mo−¿ frequency of the modal class
40-50 4 f b−¿ frequency of the class interval
50-60 2
before the mode
x fx
5 135 f a−¿ frequency of the class interval
15 150 after the mode
Math Reviewer

Example: Example:

Laps f <cf cb Laps f <cf cb

1-5 2 2 0.5-5.5 1-5 2 2 0.5-5.5
6-10 9 11 5.5-10.5 6-10 9 11 5.5-10.5
11-15 15 26 10.5-15.5 11-15 15 26 10.5-15.5
16-20 20 46 15.5-20.5 16-20 20 46 15.5-20.5
21-25 17 63 20.5-25.5 21-25 17 63 20.5-25.5
26-30 25 88 25.5-30.5 26-30 25 88 25.5-30.5
31-35 2 90 30.5-35.5 31-35 MEDIAN
Solution: 2 = 90 30.5-35.5
36-40 1 92 35.5-40.5 36-40 1n 92 35.5-40.5
−cf b
Modal class:26-30 2
LCB md +i( )
f md
Solution: Total f: 91 91+1/2 = 46( 46 can be found in
the laps of 16-20)
25−17
25.5+5( )
50−17−2
8 91
¿ 25.5+5(

¿ 25.5+1.29
31
)
¿ 15.5+5
2
( )
−26
20

¿ 26.79 ¿ 15.5+5 ( 45.5−26

20 )
MEDIAN CLASS
19.5
¿ 15.5+5 (
20 )
Formula: total of frequency plus
one divided by two
91

MEDIAN
n
¿ 15.5+5
2
( )
−26
20
MEASURES Of VARIABILITY
−cf b
MEDIAN = LCB +i( 2 ) - It is the reflection of the individual
md
f md diefferences between individuals
LCB md−¿ Lower Class Boundary are on trait
of the median - Variability refers to how "spread
i−¿ size of the class interval out" a group of scores is. To see
n−¿ total number of the what we mean by spread out
observation Range-The range is simply the highest score
cf b −¿ cumulative frequency of
minus the lowest score.
the class interval before the median
f md−¿ frequency of the median Variance- Variability can also be defined in
class terms of how close the scores in the distribution
are to the middle of the distribution
Math Reviewer

Population: σ2 = Σ ( X – mean )2 / N UNGROUPED BUT WITH FREQUENCY

Sample: s2 = Σ ( X- mean )2 / ( n - 1 )
X F FX xi - xi – x2 F*xi – x2
Standard Deviation-is the square root of the x
variance 0 0 0 1.70 2.89 20.23
1 3 3 .70 0.49 1.47
Mean Deviation-is the mean of the absolute
deviations of a set of data about the data's mean
2 8 16 0.30 0.09 0.72
3 3 9 1.30 1.69 5.07
MD= Σ ( X – mean ) / N 4 0 0 2.30 5.29 0
5 1 5 3.30 10.89 10.89
UNGROUPED 6 1 6 4.30 18.49 18.49
MEAN 2 39 56.87
Total data divided by number of data 3
MEAN DEVIATION
Total of the data minus mean divided Mean: 39/23= 1.70
by the number of data Variance(Sample): 56.87/23-1= 2.59
Variance Standard Deviation: 1.61
1. Population
2. Sample Grouped ( nasa notes toh) math notebook send
ko nalang
Example:

Data |X-X| (X-X)

(Mean (Square te
minus the mean
Data) minud
data)
4 2.5 6.25
5 1.5 2.25
6 0.5 0.25
6 0.5 0.25
6 0.5 0.25
7 0.5 0.25
7 0.5 0.25 BASIC PROBABILITY CONCEPTS
7 0.5 0.25 Experiment- Is any process which cannot be
8 1.5 2.25 repeated under controlled conditond whose
9 2.5 6.25 result cannot be predicted.
N=10 11 18.5
Sample Space- The set of all possible outcomes
Answers: of an experiment .
Mean: 65/10= 6.5 Samlple point- possible outcome of each
Mean Deviation: 11/10= 1.1
element
Variance(pop): 18.5/10= 1.85
Standard Deviation: Square root of Event- Specified result of an experiment and is
1.85= 1.36 made up of sample points.
Math Reviewer

 Theoretical- no experiment
 Experimental- experiment is done

FUNDAMENTAL COUNTING PRINCIPLE

 Table
 Systematic listing- listing all possible
combinations
 Tree diagram- Each complete path from
the top of the diagram to the bottom
gives one possible combination.

Factorial Notation- abbreviated form of

writing the product of a infinite number ..