EG318 - WELL COMPLETION

Lecture 8
Subsurface Equipment
 What is Subsurface Equipment?

A production/injection is equipped with many surface and

subsurface equipment.

 The surface equipment are x-mas tree, wellhead,

surface safety valve, etc.

 There are many subsurface equipment installed in a

tubing string in order to perform their respective
functions.

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 Type of Subsurface Equipment

Can be categorized as follows:

Subsurface
Safety
Equipment

Auxiliary Subsurface Flow control

equipment equipment
Equipment

Communication
Equipment

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Subsurface Equipment

4
 Subsurface Equipment

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Single Completion Dual Completion
Sub Surface Safety Equipment

Flow Control
Equipment
Surface control Production
Sub Surface packer
Safety Valve

Subsurface
Safety
Equipment

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Sub Surface Safety Valve (SSSV)

• A safety device
installed in the upper
wellbore to provide
emergency closure of
the producing conduits
in the event of an
emergency.

Sub Surface Safety Valve Flapper inside SSSV 7

Source: Schlumberger Source: Baker Hughes
 Sub Surface Safety Valve

• Primary Purpose
– Emergency well flow control device
– Prevents losses
– Personnel, environment,
reserves, image
• Secondary Purpose
– Downhole Flow Control
– Allows for wellhead problem
corrections
– Serves as a secondary barrier

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 Sub Surface Safety Valve

• Regulations
– API 14 A, Specification for SSSVs
– API 14 B, Install, operate SSSVs
– ISO 10432, Standard for SSSV products
– ISO 10417, Installation et al for SSSVs
– MMS, Department of the Interior
– CFR 250, USA federal laws
– International standard bodies

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Sub Surface Safety Valve
Types of SSSVs
1. Surface Controlled
• Tubing retrievable
• Wireline/Slickline retrievable
• Others, pump-in-place: coiled
tubing
2. Subsurface Controlled
• Velocity
• Injection

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Sub Surface Safety Valve

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Sub Surface Safety Valve

Flapper-Type Closure

Ball-Type Closure

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 Sub Surface Safety Valve

 Check valves
- installed in the tubing string to prevent the back
flow of injection well.

 Bottomhole chokes/beans and regulators

- to reduce the wellhead flowing pressure and
prevent the freezing of surface controls and
lines by taking pressure drop down hole.

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Flow Control Equipment

• Flow Couplings.
• Blast Joint.
• Selective Landing Nipple
• No-go Landing Nipple
• Tubing Plug
• Seal Units

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Flow Coupling & Blast Joint

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 Flow Coupling & Blast Joint

Flow Coupling
• Flow couplings have a wall thickness greater
than the corresponding tubing to inhibit
erosion caused by flow turbulence.
• Should be installed above and below landing
nipples or other restrictions that may cause
turbulent flow.

Blast Joint
• Help inhibit erosion caused by jetting
action near perforations (Installed
opposite perforations)
• Heavy walled and are sized to help
prevent tubing damage from the jetting
action of the zone perforations
• Helps extend the life of the well
completion 16
Flow Coupling & Blast Joint
Source: Baker Hughes
Landing Nipple

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 Landing Nipple

Landing Nipple
• A completion tool fabricated as a short section of heavy wall
tubular with a machined internal surface that provides a seal
area and a locking profile.
• Landing nipples are included in most completions at
predetermined intervals to enable the installation of flow-
control devices, such as plugs and chokes

• Two common type:

1. No go Landing Nipple
2. Selective Landing Nipple

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 Landing Nipple

No-go Landing Nipple

• Reduced diameter internal profile that
provides a positive indication of seating by
preventing the tool or device to be set from
passing through the nipple
• Preferred for the deepest nipple location,
providing a no-go barrier to protect against a
tool string being run or dropped below the
tubing string.

Selective Landing Nipple

• Selective nipples incorporate internal profiles
that enable the associated slickline tools and
equipment to be run through, or set in the
nipple profile, under the control of the slickline
unit operator
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Plug Assembly

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 Communication Equipment

 Sliding Sleeve
 Perforated Joint
 Side-pocket Gas Lift Mandrel

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 Sliding Sleeve

Sliding Sleeve
• Used to shut off flow from a zone for
economic reasons or to shut off a zone that is
depleting or producing too much water.

• In multi-zone wells, they are used to regulate

which zones to produce from and which ones
to shut off

• Mechanically actuated sleeves are simple

and inexpensive but require actuation by a
"lock," which must be run in the well on
wireline or coiled tubing.

• Hydraulically actuated sleeves are more

complicated but can be actuated from a small
pump at surface.

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 Sliding Sleeve

Sliding Sleeve

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Hydraulic Controlled Sliding Sleeve
Source: Bellarby
Sliding Sleeve

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 Perforated Joint

Perforated Joint
• This is a length of tubing with holes
punched into it. If used, it will normally
be positioned below the packer and
will offer an alternative entry path for
reservoir fluids into the tubing

• Usually installed in between two

nipples – upper nipple connected to
tubing below packer and lower nipple
allows for setting of downhole device
operation e.g temperature probe, etc..

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 Side Pocket Gas Lift Mandrel

• A gas-lift valve is a device installed on (or in) a

gas-lift mandrel, which in turn is put on the
production tubing of a gas-lift well. Tubing and
casing pressures cause the valve to open and
close, thus allowing gas to be injected into the
fluid in the tubing to cause the fluid to rise to the
surface

• In a conventional gas-lift mandrel, a gas-lift valve

is installed as the tubing is placed in the well.
Thus, to replace or repair the valve, the tubing
string must be pulled.

• In the side-pocket mandrel however, the valve is

installed and removed by wireline while the
mandrel is still in the well, eliminating the need to
pull the tubing to repair or replace the valve.
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Gas Lift Mandrel
Source: Pacific Nova
 Side Pocket Gas Lift Mandrel

Well Completion with Gas Lift

Side Pocket Gas Lift Mandrel Source: Schlumberger
Source: Weatherford
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 Auxiliary Equipment

 Double pin sub

 Rigid blade tubing centralizer
 Straight-slot or J-slot body
 Mule/guide shoe.

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Production Packer & Tubing Seal Assembly

What is Production Packer?

 Is a subsurface equipment used to seal the
annulus between the tubing string and
production casing.

 Is also known as secondary subsurface

safety valve.

 All production and injection wells in Malaysia

are equipped with production packer.

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Production Packer

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 Production Packer

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Single Completion Dual Completion
 Application of Packer

• To guide fluid flow into tubing string - subsurface

safety control.
• Used as an isolation barrier - to isolate non productive
zone and also equipment above the topmost packer
from reservoir fluid and pressure.
• Assists artificial lift - Gas lift.
• Elimination of surging or heading.
• To separate multiple zones.

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 Components of Packer

The two most important basic components of a packer

construction are the slips and the sealing/packing
elements.

• Slips - designed to resist force for either

direction.
• Sealing elements - must be compressed to
affect a seal against the casing wall.

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Components of Packer

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 Types of Packer

Packer

Retrievable Permanent

• Expected to be retrieved
• More prone to leaks
• Need an equalizing port
• Release mechanism must be
possible with well design
• Can be removed from the wellbore only
by milling.
• The permanent packer is fairly simple
and generally offers higher performance
in both temperature and pressure
ratings than the retrievable packer.
• In most instances, it has a smaller
outside diameter (OD), offering greater
running clearance inside the casing and
help to negotiate through tight spots and
deviations in the wellbore.
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 Types of Packer

 Three types:
 Permanent packers.
 Hydraulically-set packers
 Mechanically-set packers
 Weight-set packers
 Tension-set packers
 Rotational-set packers
 Permanent packers are widely used as the only packer
in a well or as the bottom-most packer.
 Hydraulically-set packers are normally used as
intermediate packer or top-most packer
 Mechanically-set packers are hardly used in production
well.
 Can cement packers be considered as one of the
production packers?

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Types of Packer

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Permanent Packer

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 Retrievable Packer

Seal Bore Packer

Allow tubing movement; however:
• Too much contraction can pull seals out of PB
• Seals can “bond” to the seal bore over long time
at higher temperatures
• Debris on top of packer can stick assembly

General properties
• High pressure & temperature ratings available
• Multiple packing elements available
• Short units are desirable for use in tight doglegs (>5°) and
high (>8°/100ft) departure angles
• Ability to set on wireline or with a hydraulic setting tool
• Rotationally locked units needed for mill-ability
• Share Seal Assemblies with permanent seal bore packers
• Critical metallurgical and seals (O-rings, etc) should be
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isolated from wellbore fluids by main elements.
 Hydraulic Set Packer

Permanent Packer Retrievable Packer with Releasing Tool

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 Hydraulic Set Packer

Hydraulic Set RH Hydraulic Set RDH Hydraulic Set Hydraulic Set AVATM
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Packer Packer PHL Packer RHD Dual Packer
Source: Halliburton
Hydraulic Packer Setting

RH Hydraulic Packer
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Source: Halliburton
Hydraulic Packer Setting

RH Hydraulic Packer Setting 43

Source: Halliburton
 Single Packer

Example: Halliburton 13-3/8” packer

*notice the casing min & max ID?

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Dual Packer

Hydraulic Set Dual String Packer

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 Swell Packer
Swell Technology is based on the swelling properties of elastomers. Halliburton
currently has three types of swelling elastomer systems.
• Swell when exposed to hydrocarbons.
• Swell upon exposure to water.
• Hybrid swelling polymer, which combines the capabilities of both oil swelling and water
swelling polymers into a single compound.

These products have no moving parts and require no inflation to seal, removing
the inherent risks of mechanical and inflatable tools.
Swell Packer
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Source: Halliburton
Packer Data – Single Production

Perma-Lach® PLS
Packer 47
Source: Halliburton
Packer Data – Single Production

Hydraulic Set RH
Single Packer 48
Source: Halliburton
Packer Data – Dual Production

Hydraulic Set RDH

Dual Packer
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RDH dual packer data
Source: Halliburton
 Packer & Tubing Selection
Example 1
A well section with 7” casing 29 lb/ft is to be completed with single string
completion and a Perma-Lach® PLS single packer. What would be the
suitable tubing size to use?

Solution
From Packer data:

Two sizes of tubing are possible: 3½” and 2⅞”

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 Packer & Tubing Selection
Solution

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Note that there are ranges of Internal Diameter for each tubing size!
 Packer & Tubing Selection
Solution

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Note that there are ranges of Internal Diameter for each tubing size!
 Packer & Tubing Selection
Solution
Sealing element

PLS Single Packer

Packer OD = 5.90”

Packer ID : Tubing ID :
2.36” 2.259” – 2.441” (Tubing 2⅞”)
2.97” 2.750 – 3.068” (Tubing 3½”)

Casing 7” 29 lb/ft
• OD = 7”
• ID = 6.184”
• Drift ID = 6.059”

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 Packer Data – Dual Production

Example 2
A completion engineer wishes to design a well which are producing from
two payzones such that one zone is produced with 2⅞” tubing and
another one with 3½” tubing.

If an RDH dual packer is used to separate these two payzones inside a

9-5/8” production casing, determine the suitable casing and tubing size
and weight to be used

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 Packer Data – Dual Production
Solution
From Packer data:

Tubing ID : Packer ID :
2.259” – 2.441” (Tubing 2⅞”) 2.44”
2.750 – 3.068” (Tubing 3½”) 2.90”

Possible casing to use:

• OD Size: 9⅝ in
• Weight: 40 lb/ft; 43.5 lb/ft; 47 lb/ft; and 53.5 lb/ft 55
 Packer Data – Dual Production
Solution For example, choose tubing with upset regular type..

From tubing data:

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**Check and confirm your tubing can be run into the casing!
 Packer & Tubing Selection
RDH Dual Packer Dual string configuration inside
Solution Packer OD = 8.34 in 9⅝” casing 43.5 lb/ft
Sealing element
Tubing
Body OD
3.50” 2.875” OK ✓

Tubing Coupling
OD
Casing 9⅝” 43.5 lb/ft
= 4.50 + 3.668
OD = 9.625 in 4.50” 3.668” = 8.168”
ID = 8.755 in < 8.599”

✓
Drift ID = 8.599 in
OK
Tubing e.g using regular upset type
1. 3½” tubing; upset regular coupling 57
2. 2⅞” tubing; upset regular coupling
 Packer & Tubing Selection
Solution
Suitable tubular to use:
Packer – Halliburton RDH 9⅝” Dual Packer
• OD Size: 8.34 or 8.44 in

Casing
• OD Size: 9⅝ in
• Weight: 40 lb/ft; ; 43.5 lb/ft; 47 lb/ft; or 53.5 lb/ft

Tubing
1. 3½” tubing;

2. 2⅞” tubing;
• All grade
• All weight – 6.4, 6.5, 8.6, or 8.7 lb/ft
• All type of coupling – Non upset, Upset Regular & Special 58
 Packer Selection

 Viscosity-related characteristics
• Purchase price.
• Availability of the packer.
• Packer mechanics.
• Sealing element.
• Corrosive well fluids.
• Retrievability.
• Fishing characteristics.
• Through-tubing operations.
• Surface equipment-downhole correlation.
• Company policy/strategy.

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Effect of Temperature & Pressure on Packer

 Must consider the temperature and pressure ratings of

the respective packer.
 The steel body of the packer may expand or contract
when there is a change in temperature.
 Production well may not give serious problems.
 Serious consideration must be given to the retrievable
packers (i.e. hydraulically-set packers) when installed in
a water injection well.
 Contraction is equivalent to 15K pull. May unseat packer.
 Pressure differential across a packer must be kept as
minimum as possible. Balanced pressure is the ideal
condition.

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 Effect of Temperature & Pressure on Packer
Tubing Elongation

• Expand in oil production – tubing may buckle!

• Contraction in water injection – equivalent to 30k lb pull  May
unseat retrievable hydraulic packer!!

Total contraction on tubing and packer

Production casing
= 30000 + 15000
Tubing
30,000 lb pull
= 45000 lb pull

12 holes with shear pins on packer

Packer 1 shear pin = 5000 lb pull
15,000 lb pull
12 x 5000 = 60,000 lb > 45,000 lb

water ∴ packer will not be unseat

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 Effect of Temperature & Pressure on Packer
Example 2

How much force does it take to unseat the packer?

Weight of tubing Weight of elevator

(both strings) (Top drive or
150,000 lb Kelly/swivel)

Dual Packer (Retrievable) 60,000 lb

16 shear pins

1. 16 hole x 5000 lb per release screw

= 80,000 lb to keep the packer in setting position
2. Weight of tubing string = 150,000 lb
3. Weight on elevator = 60,000 lb

∴ to unseat the packer  60,000 + 80,000 + 150,000 = 290,000 lb (min force to apply) 62
 Completion and Workover Fluids

 Is a fluid that placed against the producing formation

while conducting operations such as well killing, cleaning
out, hardware replacement, gravel packing, etc.
 Workover fluid is used when a workover job is done on a
well. In this discussion, it refers to the same completion
fluid.
 Workover fluid does not include well stimulation fluid,
fracturing fluid, cement slurry, etc.

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 Tubing Seal Assembly

 Is installed at the end of a tubing string. Long string

for the case of dual completion.
 Comprises a straight-slot or J-slot body, seal units,
and a mule shoe.
 Rigid blade tubing centralizer is encouraged to be
part of the tubing seal assemblies.
 Installed mule shoe only on the short string.
 Well spaceout starts from the straight slot or J-slot body.

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Tubing Assembly

65
Plug Assembly

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Casing Scraper

Do you know what is the function

of this equipment?

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Fishing

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 Fishing
Definitions
Fish - any undesirable object in the well
bore that cannot be withdrawn (e.g. bit
cones, broken pipe, spanner, wire line,
etc.)

Junk – generally considered to be any

relatively small, non-drillable objects

Fishing tool - any and all special pieces

of equipment that must be added to the
string to enable the operator to engage and
retrieve the fish

Fishing - is used in the manner that

encompases both the special equipment
and the special procedures required to
remove undesirable object from the well
hole
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 Fishing

Causes of fishing jobs

• Drill string failure (twist-off)

• Sticking the string
• Bit failures
• Junk in hole
• Accident or error in
judgments
• Other equipment failures

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 Fishing

Preventing fishing jobs

• Do not compress the drill string (bend, crooked hole)

• Rotate the drill string in tension (use sufficient drill collar)
• Use new drill strings (old pipes tend to corrode, wear, etc.)
• Check the equipment (connections, repair, replace, etc.)
• Tight the connection properly (do not over or under tighten)
• Use proper muds
• Unhurried, extreme caution should be exercised

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 Wireline / Slickline Operations

SLICKLINE OPERATIONS

…manipulation of downhole tools

from the surface using wireline. No
need to pull out tubing string.

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Wireline Equipment

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Wireline Equipment

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 Wireline Equipment

SURFACE EQUIPMENT: wireline unit, power

supply unit, accumulator, wireline BOP, and
lubricators.

SUBSURFACE EQUIPMENT: standard wireline

tool string (consists of rope socket, wireline
stem, wireline jar, and knuckle joint) and
special tools

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Wireline Control Unit

76
Wireline Drum

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Weight Indicator

78
Power Supply Unit

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Wireline Pressure Control Equipment

Grease Injection Control Head maintains a dynamic seal

around wireline and is comprised of three major sub-
assemblies:

• Stuffing Box
• Line Wiper
• Flotube Assembly.

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 Wireline Pressure Control Equipment

Tool Catcher Tool Trap

"Catches" cable head prevents the loss of wireline
to prevent loss of tool Lubricator tools downhole in the event Quick Test Sub
string Allow the wireline tool of the wire being pulled-off pressure tests and
string to be raised above the rope socket, by retaining verify the integrity of
the wellhead prior to and the dropping tool on a joint separately rather
after wireline operations, flapper. The flapper has an than having to test the
thereby enabling the opening larger than the whole assembly.
wellhead valve to be wireline, but smaller than
opened and closed the tool string.
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Wireline Equipment
Source: Fountain Petro
Wireline BOP

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Accumulator

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Stuffing Box

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 Subsurface Slickline Tool

Rope Socket
A standard set of wireline tool string typically
consist of:
Stem
• Wireline Socket (Rope Socket) for attaching
the wireline to the tool string
• Wireline Stem (Sinker Bar) for adding weight
Stem to sink the tool in the well bore against the
well pressure and different gravity fluids
encountered.
• Wireline Jars (Spang Link Jar) for securing
the hammering effect by upward or
Mechanical Jar downward movement.
• Wireline Knuckle Joint for obtaining flexibility
through the tool string.
• Wireline running or pulling tool for running
Knuckle Joint and retrieving devices from the well bore.

85
Subsurface Slickline Tools
Source: Peak Well System & Leutert
 Subsurface Slickline Tool

Rope Socket
Rope Sockets are used as a means
to connect wireline to the tool
string. Wireline Stem / Weight Bar
Wireline Stems are used to provide
weight to tool string to eliminate
friction with elastomers of stuffing box
and for smooth running of wireline
against well pressure.

Roller Stem
Roller Stems are used with tool string in
deviated wells. Its application is to reduce
friction against tubing ID.

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 Subsurface Slickline Tool
Wireline Link Jar
Spang Link or Mechanical Wireline Shock Absorber
Jars are used in wireline Wireline Shock Absorber is used
fishing operations with stems. to reduce the shocks to sub
The weight of stems and jars surface instruments, caused due
can be used by operator for to jarring, surging etc.
jarring by pulling and then
releasing wireline.

Wireline Knuckle Joint

Knuckle Joints are used to add
flexibility to the tool string and are
effective in deviated wells. Knuckle
Joints are run immediately below
Mechanical Jar.

87
 Subsurface Slickline Tool
Wireline Accelerator
Wireline Accelerator is used to run with
Hydraulic Jar to reduce shocks at Rope Socket
to avoid pulling of wire out of socket and
accelerate movement of stem, to achieve
effective jarring. Accelerator facilitate constant
pull at the time of opening of Hydraulic Jar.

Tubing Swage
Tubing Swages are used to remove large obstructions
and restore light collapse in the tubing. This allows
smooth running of tool string in well bore. The OD of
tubing swage should be equal to tubing drift ID
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 Subsurface Slickline Tool

Wireline Crossover
Wireline Crossover are used to
connect two tool string items with
different threads & connection
type

Swivel Joint
The Swivel Joint is a wireline accessory used to
minimize the effect of line twist caused by
subsurface devices being run. The Swivel
Joint has a bearing incorporated into its design
and is used to minimize rotation whilst running
tubing or casing calliper surveys
89
 Subsurface Slickline Tool

Quick Lock Connection

Quick Lock Connections provide a fast safe
and strong method of attaching and releasing
tools by hand. The male half is mated with
the female half, then rotated through 90 deg.
It eliminates the chance of items backing off
and does away with the need for pipe
wrenches.

90
 Subsurface Slickline Tool

Quick Lock Couplings Blind Box

Quick Couplings are used as a
Blind Boxes are used when heavy
fast, safe & strong method of tool
downward jarring is required to
coupling. Coupling can be made
dislodge a fish or push something
by hand, eliminating requirement
down the hole. Bottom surface
of wrenches / spanners etc.
of Blind Box is flat and hardened to
reduce wear and damage.

Gauge Cutter
Gauge/Paraffin Cutters are run in hole before
running sub surface equipment. Gauge/Paraffin
Cutters are used to check if sub surface equipment
can pass freely thru tubing & there are no
obstructions and to locate top of nipple. The bottom
of Gauge/Paraffin Cutter is suitable to cut paraffin,
scale and any other obstacles in tubing.

91
 Subsurface Slickline Tool

Wireline Overshot
Overshots consist of hardened Tubing End Locator
steel slips with sharpened Tubing End Locators are
upward teeth to engage the fish. used to locate end of tubing
during completions.

Releasable Overshot
Releasable Overshot is used in Wireline
Fishing Operation. Bowen and ‘O’ Banon
type Overshot cannot be released once
they are latched. However in Releasable
Overshots, the slips can be released by
downward jarring.

92
 Subsurface Slickline Tool

Pulling Tool
Pulling Tools are used to unlock and
pull various down hole equipment
with Internal Fishing Necks.

93
 Subsurface Slickline Tool

Impression Block
Impression Blocks are used during fishing
operations to check the shape / size of the
top of fish and to determine tool appropriate
for fishing operation. Lead is filled within
body of Impression Block

Magnetic Fishing Tool

Magnetic Fishing Tools are used to remove
small particles of metals from the top of tools
during operations.

94
Subsurface Slickline Tool

Center Spear
Center Spears are used to engage
broken wire in hole when in balled
condition. It is used in particular when
the broken wire is badly balled and can
not be engaged by wireline grab.

Wireline Grab
Wireline Grabs are used in wireline fishing
operations to engaged broken wire from
the tubing to retrieve to surface.
95
 Subsurface Slickline Tool

Bow Spring Centralizer

Bow Spring Centralizer is designed
to keep gauges and tool strings
centralized in tail pipes ranging
from 2” through 4” ID.

Fluted Centralizer
Fluted Centralizers are used in deviated wells to
ensure that tool string is at centralized position.

96
Subsurface Slickline Tools
Source: Peak Well System & Leutert
 Subsurface Slickline Tool

Wireline Cutter
Wireline Cutters are used to cut the wire near
the rope socket and retrieve to surface with cut
end of wire. It can cut all sizes of wires
of large dia. by changing its internals
appropriately.

Wireline Snipper
Wireline Snippers are used to cut / slice the wire
when operator finds it necessary to cut the wire
when struck in hole.
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 Subsurface Slickline Tool

Go-Devil
Go-Devils are used in wireline fishing
operations when wireline is required to be
cut. Go-Devils looks similar to wireline
stem and has a longitudinal slot on body
with a metallic strip pinned within slot to
prevent wireline from coming out.

Roller Go-Devil
Roller Go-Devil is used mainly in deviated wells
to reduce friction when tool string is run in hole.
Roller Go-Devil is similar to Go-Devil with
exception of rollers. Available in various lengths
and flat/angled bottom type.

98
 Subsurface Slickline Tool

Paraffin Scratcher
Paraffin Scratchers are used to clean the
paraffin deposition on the ID of tubing, nipple
profile etc.

Tubing Broach
Tubing Broach is used remove buss in the
tubing. Tubing Broach is also used to remove
scale, rust etc, from tubing I.D.

99
Subsurface Slickline Tools
Source: Peak Well System & Leutert
Subsurface Slickline Tool

Anti Blow-up Tool

Anti Blow-up Tool will help to prevent a
toolstring being blown up the production string
if the flow rates between zones try to push the
toolstring upwards.

The Anti Blow-up Tool has been designed so

that if the lower part of the toolstring starts to
lift, two arms are thrown outward to lock into
the tubing wall, stopping any further upward
movement. To release the arms, once
engaged, you simply pick up on the wireline
which lifts the upper body of the tool and closes
the arms, releasing the toolstring.

100
Subsurface Slickline Tools
Source: Peak Well System & Leutert
Subsurface Slickline Tool

Can you identify these slickline

tools now? 

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Subsurface Slickline Tool

THANK YOU

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