Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Biotechnology Application of
technology to Biology
Careers in Biology
- Computer analysts and web designers Genetics Study of heredity and
variation
- Lawyers and legal experts
- Medico-legal cases and crime investigators Evolution Theory that organisms
- Public servants change over time with
- Insurance companies (humane genome respect to their
project) environment
- Human resource managers
Ecology Study of biotic and
- Mass media industry
abiotic factors and their
interactions with each
Fields of Study other
Plastic Surgery
- surgical specialty involving the restoration,
reconstruction, or alteration of the human
body
- Advantages: attainment of desired features,
correction/reconstruction of parts damaged
by health issues
- Disadvantages: cost, risks and possible
complications such as infections and
implant leakage
Vaccines
- preventive drugs; administration of antigenic
material to stimulate an individual's immune
system to develop adaptive immunity to a
pathogen
- Advantages: prevents the spread of
diseases Types of Microscopes
- Disadvantages: not 100% guaranteed, mild
Compound Microscope
reactions to the vaccine, natural immunity
- Image is inverted
(ex: contracting chicken pox to develop - Movement is opposite
antibodies) > artificial immunity (vaccines) - LPO, HPO, and Oil Immersion Objectives
Stereomicroscope
CRISPR-Cas9
- 3D, colored image
- Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short
- Follows the movement of the specimen
Palindromic Repeats - Dissecting microscope
- Guide RNA partners with original DNA then
attracts Cas9, which cuts the DNA; gene is
then inserted
Higher Magnification, Lower FOV, Lower Light,
Lower Working Distance
Measurements in Microscopy
Resolution
- Shortest distance between 2 points on a
specimen that can still be observed as
separate entities
Laboratory Equipment
Magnification
- Process of enlarging something in
Compound Microscope- magnifies microscopic
appearance, NOT in physical size
organisms or specimen
Field of Vision
Stereomicroscope - used to magnify large
- Diameter of the circle of light seen through
specimen
the eyepiece
6) Life forms reproduce Organic Compounds
- Produce offspring - Compounds that contain both carbon and
- Parents pass on their characteristics to their hydrogen (hydrocarbons)
- Carbon atoms covalently bonded to one
offspring during reproduction
another
- Sexually: 2 parents, 2 gametes, genetic - Inorganic: Carbon not bonded to another
variation carbon or hydrogen
- Asexually: exact copy, no genetic variation - Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic
acids (Biomolecules)
Carbohydrates
- Main source of energy for cell activities
(starch & sugar)
- Made up of the elements carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen
- Long chains of monosaccharides (sugar
molecules) bonded together form
polysaccharides
Breaking-down of Polymers
- Important polysaccharides found in living
- Hydrolysis Reaction (Adds H2O to break the
things are starch & glucose
bond)
- Monomers
- The simple sugars
- Glucose (blood sugar) is used as the
main energy source in the body
- Fructose is a sugar found in honey
or fruits
- Galactose is a sugar found in milk
and yogurt
- Disaccharide - two sugar monomers formed
through dehydration synthesis
*hydrolysis vs. hydration - Sucrose (common table sugar) =
- hydrolysis occurs at the molecular level glucose + fructose
while hydration occurs at the macro-level - Lactose (major sugar found in milk)
= glucose + galactose
Nature and Structure (Sir Cheo) - Maltose (product of starch digestion)
Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds = glucose + glucose
- Organic: composed of carbons structured in - Polymers
chains or rings covalently bonded to - The complex carbohydrates
hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen - Starch & cellulose are long chains of
- Carbon atoms covalently bonded to one simple sugars
another - Starch - found in corn
- Inorganic: small and simple structure, - Cellulose - found in plant leaves &
usually does not contain carbons and long tree trunks (indigestible)
carbon chains - Glycogen - found in animal liver
- Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic
acids (Biomolecules) - Simple sugars are bonded together through
Glycosidic Bonds
Polymers
- Ex. starch is composed of glucose - The simplest unit or building block of nucleic
molecules bonded together through acids is the nucleotide
glycosidic bonds - Nucleotides are composed of a sugar
- Foods rich in carbohydrates molecule, a nitrogen base, and a phosphate
- Starchy Food: Bread, Cereals, group
Pasta, Rice, Potatoes, Beans, - Phosphodiester Bond
Chestnuts - 5’ to 3’
- Two sugar molecules connected by
Lipids the phosphate group
- Include fats and oils - The phosphate group in a nucleotide
- Fats are solid in room temperature bonds with the 5th carbon of the first
- Oils are liquid in room temperature sugar molecule
- In living organisms, lipids form part of the - The phosphate group then bonds
structure of cell membranes (phospholipid with the 3rd carbon of the second
bilayer) sugar molecule
- Extra food that is not immediately needed - Flow of biological information
as a source of energy is changed to fat and DNA -> mRNA -> protein
stored
- Lipids are a source of stored energy in living Proteins
organisms - Form important cell products such as
- Also contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and
- The monomers of lipids are fatty acids and hemoglobin
glycerol - Pay an important role in cell repair and
- Formed through the dehydration synthesis growth
of fatty acids and glycerol - Made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and
- Saturated fatty acids (single bonds) nitrogen
- Solid due to the single bond
- Unsaturated fatty acids (double bonds) 4 Biomolecules (Sir Cheo)
- Liquid due to the double covalent
bond Carbohydrates
- Ester Linkage - connects the glycerol chain - Organic compound composed of C, H & O
to the fatty acid chains in a 1:2:1 ratio (except for the majority of
- Cholesterol - constituent of membranes and polysaccharides)
the source of steroid hormones - Function: main source of energy for all living
- Lipids in Biological Membranes things
(Phospholipids) - Building block: monosaccharide
- hydrophilic heads (polar) and - Terms:
hydrophobic tails (nonpolar) create a Monosaccharide: glucose, galactose
phospholipid bilayer fructose
- Triglyceride Disaccharide: sucrose (gl + f), lactose (gl +
- Long term energy storage ga), maltose (gl + gl)
- The energy stored will be used when Polysaccharide: starch (energy for plants),
the immediate source is depleted glycogen (energy for animals), cellulose
(makes up cell walls)
Nucleic Acids - Linked by glycosidic bonds
- Very large molecules made up of carbon, - Sugars: produced by plants during
oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus photosynthesis and are the primary sources
of enerygy for most organisms
- Used in cell walls of plants and other
organisms (when sugars are placed
together into complex carbs like cellulose,
they become strong and rigid)
Lipids
- Made up of a glycerol molecule attached to
three fatty acids
- Organic compound made up of C, H, & O,
but not in any fixed ratio
- Function: energy utilization, hormone
regulation, protection - Number of side chains: each of the 20
- Building block: fatty acid unique amino acids corresponds to a
- Triglyceride = 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids different side chain (20 side chains)
linked by ester bond - Functions: transport molecules through
- Lipids contain MORE ENERGY than membranes, attack germs, carry oxygen
carbohydrates through blood, send signals to body
- Fatty Acids - Order of amino acids give the protein its
● Saturated: all C atoms are joined by shape and in turn determines its function
single bonds (solid fats) - Types based on structure: primary,
● Unsaturated: C chain contain double secondary, tertiary, quaternary
or triple bonds (oils) ● Quaternary proteins
- Types of Lipids ○ Hemoglobin: transports
● Fats from animals(Saturated) oxygen and iron in the blood
● Oils from plants (Unsaturated) stream
● Phospholipid: hydrophilic, polar ○ Myoglobin: transports oxygen
heads with hydrophobic, nonpolar and iron in the muscle
tails (has a kink) that make up the
phospholipid bilayer of a cell Nucleic Acids
membrane - Main functions: heredity, protein synthesis,
● Steroids: has effect on emotions (ex. energy (ex. Adenosine triphosphate or ATP)
testosterone, Vitamin D, cholesterol - Building block: Nucleotide
● Carotenoids - Linked by phosphodiester bond (phosphate
to sugar)
Proteins - Structure: phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar
- Made up of amino acids (peptides) (pentose), nitrogenous base
- Also known as polypeptides - Nitrogenous bases (linked by hydrogen
- Most diverse group of biomolecules, bonds):
perform the largest variety of functions ● Purines (double ring): Adenine and
- Building block: amino acid Guanine
- Linked by peptide bond ● Pyrimidines (single ring): Cytosine,
- Composition of Monomer: amino group, Thymine, Uracil
hydroxyl group, side chain (R-group) - Types of pentose in nucleotide
● deoxyribose (deoxyribonucleic acid
or DNA)
● Ribose (ribonucleic acid or RNA)