1

The spatial and temporal distribution of river pollution: A case study of the

Boyong/Code River in Sleman, Special Administrative Region of Yogyakarta

Wahyu Nugroho Mardi Utomo

Double Degree 16

ABSTRACT

Based on water quality surveys over 5 years (2014 until 2018) in Boyong River in Sleman

Regency, the variation Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD),

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Fecal Coliform, and Pollution Index was analyzed. The

results showed that the average concentration of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) is 7.1 mg/l,

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (15.98mg/l), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) (6.85

mg/l), Fecal Coliform (82871 MPN), and Pollution Index with 9.6 which is fairly polluted.

Temporal and spatial variations of Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Chemical Oxygen Demand

(COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Fecal Coliform, and Pollution Index in this river

were observed.

Spatially, the Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological

Oxygen Demand (BOD), Fecal Coliform, and Pollution Index concentrations followed the

same trend; i.e., higher in the city segment than in the suburbs, and decreasing along the river.

The water pollution in the studied segment reached heavily polluted levels at all times

(Pollution Index > 10). Spatially, its trend was clearly linked with land use and popullation.

Land farming, industry, housing, and popullation are the main reasons for the prominent

pollution in Boyong River.

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1. Introduction

River has always plays an important role in human throughout the time. Before the

technological advancement happened, all human civilization centered in the river bank. These

civilization used river water as their main water source because it was easier to collect and

manage differ from groundwater source. As the human achieve more technological

advancement, the civilization begun to widespread and no more depend on river as main

water source but human can utilize other water resources.

Code River is one of the important rivers in Special Administrative Region of Yogyakarta,

alongside other rivers such as Gadjahwong, Bedog, Tambakbayan, Oyo, Winongo, Progo,

Opak and Serang. The length of Code River is 32 km with 12 meters in width and about 5

meters in depth (IKPLHD DIY, 2016). Code River is a tributary of the Opak River that flows

through Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta City, and Bantul with a watershed area (DAS) of

62.191 km2. The Code River stretches from Turgo Hill on the slopes of Mount Merapi and

empties into the Opak River. The Code River is divided into two sections, namely: Boyong

River upstream boundary in Ngaglik District, Sleman Regency. Code River downstream is

right at the meeting with Opak River in Jetis District, Bantul Regency (Meidiansyah, 2014).

The Boyong/Code River is mostly used for various domestic, industrial and agricultural

activities. Waste from these activities is generally directly discharged into the river and will

have a profound bad impact for the water quality of these rivers. Bad impact on quality river

water of course depends on the type, amount and nature of the waste that enter the river. The

agricultural wastewater is come from upper Sleman Regency and in the downstream of the

river that located in Bantul Regency. While domestic wastewater come from all regencies and

city within the Code River is located.

 3

Fig. 1. Boyong River Map

The main objective of this study was to understand the temporal and spatial variations of

Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand

(BOD), Fecal Coliform, and Pollution Index based on those 4 parameters, and to assess the

river environmental factors in Boyong Code River in Sleman, Special Administrative Region

of Yogyakarta. Water shortages and pollution have been concomitant issues in the rivers in

Sleman Regency. The main emphasize of this study was to reveal the variation trends of

Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand

(BOD), Fecal Coliform, and Pollution Index based and their relationship with environmental

factors. This study will furnish some baseline measurements for planning policy to minimize

the pollution of rivers in Sleman Regency or other areas that have the same characteristics.
 4

2. Theoretical Framework

2.1 Planning and Spatial Planning

Due to the diversity of attempts to capture the concept of spatial planning and its

implications, many definitions of spatial planning exist and an all-embracing definition is

difficult. Generally speaking, it can be stated that spatial planning is concerned with the ways

in which people shape and govern spaces and takes into account social, economic, and

environmental issues. Another example for a definition which is formulated in a rather

general manner is the following, “Spatial planning is facilitating a change of emphasis by

governments in the way they think about the role of planning to support and manage

economic growth and improve quality of life through a growing understanding of the

dynamics of development, including where and when it occurs. Spatial planning emphasizes

that planning can be more than the traditional regulatory and zoning practices of land use”.

Spatial planning considers the interaction among policy sector according to different

territorial units, national, regional and local, across a wide range of policy sectors, addressing

different kinds of problems, economic, social and environmental. Spatial planning primarily

concerns the coordination of policies. This definition is particularly suited for the present

analysis of citizens’ acceptance of spatial planning measures because it takes into account that

spatial planning is not necessarily limited to a specific policy sector but comprises different

sectors instead. Moreover, the definition underlines two additional important aspects: First, it

underpins the relevance of policies associated with spatial planning. Second, it implies the

intention of spatial planning, which is “addressing different kinds of problems” (Pleger,

2019).
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2.2 Water Pollution

Water pollution is one of the more severe environment problems that the world faces. The

sources of clean and safe water for human consumption are becoming scarce due to improper

disposal of city sewage and industrial waste discharge. Contamination of water with toxic and

hazardous chemicals can cause serious health problems to human. A number of technologies

are currently available for the treatment of contaminated water such as reverse osmosis, ion

exchange, biological treatment, and adsorption. Some of these techniques (reverse osmosis

and ion exchange) require high capital investment and operational cost, whereas others are

considered as low-value processes (adsorption and biological treatment) (Sen, 2018).

Nonpoint source pollution is jargon for a variety of water pollution problems caused by land

Run off. The problems are associated with allochthonous inputs of sediment, nutrients,

oxygen consuming wastes, pathogens, and toxic substances such as pesticides and heavy

metals. The term nonpoint source is meant to imply that the input does not occur at the end of

a pipe or man-made wastewater outfall. Instead the input occurs in a more-or-less continuous

manner along the shoreline and/or has a diffuse source. Although urban runoff obviously

contains water derived from rainfall, it is clear that the concentration of most pollutants in

urban runoff is much higher than in rainfall. The implication is either that rainfall is a minor

source of the pollutants or that the urban watershed retains rainwater more efficiently than the

pollutants present in the rainwater. The latter explanation seems to account in part for the

elevated concentrations of COD and nutrients in urban runoff, but there is no doubt that the

watershed itself is a significant source of SS and, at least in commercial areas, of COD and

nutrients as well.
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2.3 Clean River Program (Program Kali Bersih/PROKASIH)

The purpose of the Clean River Program (Program Kali Bersih/PROKASIH) goals are to

achieve good river water quality, it can improve river functions in supporting sustainable

development, the creation of a system institutions that are able to carry out water pollution

control effectively and efficiently, realize the awareness and responsibility of the community

inside air pollution control. The Clean River Program in Permen No. 32 of 1995 concerning

the Program Clean River in article 1 of the Clean River Program abbreviated as PROKASIH

is a work program to control river water pollution with the aim of improving river water

quality so that it continues to function in accordance with its designation (Nisa, 2014).

The implementation of PROKASIH in Yogyakarta has been started since year 2003 which

focused on addressing river water quality issues in three large rivers in the city of Yogyakarta,

namely the Code River, Gajah Wong River and Winongo River. The PROKASIH policy

formulation requires the active participation of the community to be able to integrate

awareness of the surrounding environment in daily life and to be able to live harmoniously

alongside the surrounding environment. The formation of community institutions is intended

to be able to accommodate the people's aspirations and to organize the community in

protecting the environment. So it can be concluded also that the PROKASIH policy breath is

a bottom-up policy because it has appreciated the establishment of institutions at the most

basic level (community) and the expectation of the active participation of the community

(Oktarini, 2014).
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3. Data and Methods

3.1 Data

The data that being used in this paper is water quality in Sleman Regency. The Code River

water quality data is acquiring trough field sampling conducted by the Environmental Agency

of Sleman Regency. There are six sampling stations for Environmental Agency of Sleman

Regency to conducting sampling each year. These sampling points were choosen for the

reason of the easiness to cunducting sampling due to the location on bridges, so the sampling

officers do not have to go down to the river. The station location is presents in the table 1

below.

NUMBE STATION STATION LOCATON SUBDISTRIC DISTRIC

R INITIAL
1 BS1 Jembatan Kemiri Purwobinangu Pakem
2 BS2 Jembatan RM.Boyong Candibinangun Pakem

Kalegan
3 BS3 Jembatan Timur Pasar Donoharjo Ngaglik

Rejodani
4 BS4 Jembatan Lojajar Sariharjo Ngaglik
5 BS5 Jembatan Asrama Haji Sinduadi Mlati
6 BS6 Jembatan Blunyah- Sinduadi Mlati

Sendowo
Table 1. Sampling Station

Environmental Agency of Sleman Regency from the year 2009, regularly conducts water

quality sampling in Boyong River. For this research purpose only, the data is collected from

the year 2014 until 2015, and the water quality parameters selected is Dissolved Oxygen

(DO), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), and Fecal

Coliform. The reason for the selection for all these parameter becasue it reflected the

pollution that cause by domestic activities, which is the dominant activities along the Boyong
 8

River. The table below show the time series data of water quality form 2014-2018 for the

parameters mention above.

NO Samplin Dissolved Oxygen (DO) (mg/l)

g Station
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
1 BS1 8,1 7,2 7 5,7 6,1
2 BS2 8,1 9 7,4 6,7 8
3 BS3 7,7 8,8 7,7 6,9 7
4 BS4 7,9 7,2 7,7 7 6,9
5 BS5 7,6 6,4 6,4 7,2 5,7
6 BS6 6,8 4,8 6,8 7 6,7
Table 2. Dissolved Oxygen (DO) data series

NO Samplin Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (mg/l)

g Station
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
1 BS1 19,84 11,6 14 12 12
2 BS2 29,76 15,1 14,2 14 12
3 BS3 14,88 18,1 15,3 12,9 11,7
4 BS4 19,84 10,8 14,7 16,5 15,4
5 BS5 19,84 17,9 15,4 14,8 15,4
6 BS6 17,36 24,1 17,4 17,1 15,4
Table 3. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) data series

NO Samplin Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) (mg/l)

g Station
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
1 BS1 11,77 4,2 4,2 9,8 3,8
2 BS2 13,64 5,2 5,7 9,8 4,8
3 BS3 7,74 9,3 4,9 4,9 3,8
4 BS4 11,83 6,1 5,2 4,9 8,6
5 BS5 10,88 8,5 6 4,9 3,8
6 BS6 9,54 6,7 5,3 5,9 3,8
Table 4. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) data series

NO Samplin Fecal Coliform (/100ml)

g Station
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
1 BS1 1,E+06 4,E+04 9,E+03 7,E+03 3,E+03
2 BS2 7,E+03 4,E+04 4,E+04 1,E+04 1,E+04
 9

3 BS3 2,E+04 4,E+04 9,E+03 3,E+03 9,E+03

4 BS4 2,E+05 2,E+04 3,E+04 2,E+03 1,E+04
5 BS5 9,E+04 2,E+05 7,E+03 4,E+04 2,E+04
6 BS6 5,E+05 2,E+05 2,E+05 8,E+04 8,E+04
Table 5. Fecal Coliform data series

3.2 Methods

The method to analyze water quality index is by using Pollution Index (PI) that developed by

Nomerov in 1974. Before the water quality data calculated with Pollution Index, the data

must be averaged in order to make only one data every year so it can be see it temporal trend

annually. This have to be done because every year the frequency of the sampling is not the

same between regencies and there are frequencies change within the environmental agencies

itself.

The pollution index can be defined as a truly relative term. The permissible pollutant level at

allocation of a water use is recommended here as standard value for the index. When the

multiple items of water qualities are expressed as Ci s and the permissible levels of the

respective items for a use are expressed as Lij s, the pollution index for the use j, PIj may

expressed as a function of the relative values (Ci/Lij). Here, i is the number of the i-th item of

water quality, and j is the number of the j-th use.

PIj= A function of [(Ci/Lij )s] .......................................(1)

The index may be expressed by the relative value (Ci/Lij)s as shown in relation (1). Each

value of (Ci/Lij) shows the relative pollution contributed by the single item .A value of 1.0 is

the critical value for each (Ci/Lij).Values greater than 1.0 indicate that the water requires

some treatment prior to use for specific purpose .Likewise, when combining the individual

values of (Ci/Lij)s in to a common index ,values over 1.0 signify a critical condition under

which a proper treatment is necessary for the water use, we propose a reasonable method for
 10

an overall expression of pollution .The average value of all the calculated (Ci/Lij) values may

be recommended as one of the most important parameters for the PIj The index may be

expressed using the maximum and mean values of the (Ci/Lij) values as shown in the next

relation.

PIj=f(max.of(Ci/Lij)s and mean of(Ci/Lij)s) ......................(2)

The general quality expression of pollution for use j is related to the length of a line between

the origin and each point .The length is determined by the two values of the maximum and

mean of (Ci/Lij) values , we propose to neglect the effect of angle θ in fig (3) .The pollution

index for use j ,PIj is measured by the length of the radii of the cocentric circles ,therefore

relation (2) is expressed as follows:

Fig. 2. Pollution Index Concentric Circle

PIj=m √ max(Ci/Lij)2+mean(Ci/Lij)2 ............................ (3)

Here ,m =the proportionality constant A critical condition to determine the coefficient m is

recommended as follows

PIj=1.0,when max Ci/Lij =1.0 and mean Ci/Lij=1.0 ...........................(4)

 11

This means that the index for use j is expressed as 1.0 when all items of water qualities are

just equal to their respective permissible levels for the use .the relation (3) is as follows under

relation (4) :1.0=m√12+12,m=1/√2

Therefore, PIj is proposed as follows :PIj=√max(Ci/Lij)2+mean (Ci/Lij)2/2

(Rafa and Nasser, 2008).

 12

4. Finding And Discussion

4.1 Spatial and temporal variation of pollution level

Dissolved Oxygen (DO) is very crucial parameter for aquatic or marine lifes. DO value

indicates the amount of Oxygen that present in the water body. If dissolved oxygen

concentrations ever fall below 1.2 mg/l, the waters are considered impaired, above that level,

however, the effect on water organism may vary depend on species, and age of the organism.

exposure to a dissolved oxygen concentration as low as 2.9 mg/l is limited to 1 day, while

exposure to 4.8 mg L1 is allowed for up to 40 days before become harm to aquatic life.

Special Administrative Region of Yogyakarta set minumum standar for river water in Class I

(for raw drinking water material) is 6 mg/l. This standard number is high because almost all

water organism can life in the water that has 6 mg/l of DO. The data that were collected

during the 5 years period almost all are above the standard level except for station BS6 in

2015 with 4.8 mg/l and station BS5 in 2018, while the rest result show that the water quallity

for DO is in good condition as we can see from the .

10
9
8
7
6 BS1
BS2
5
BS3
4 BS4
3 BS5
2 BS6
1 Standard
0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Dissolved Oxygen

Fig. 3. Spatial and temporal Boyong River DO trends (higher is better)

 13

From the spatial perspective, the tendency for the upstream Boyong river areas are they have

better DO quality than the downstream areas. The highest number of DO is in station BS3

that located in Donoharjo in Ngaglik Distric with 8.8 mg/l. On the other hand, the lowest

number of DO, happened in station BS1 and BS6 that is located in Mlati Distric with 5.7

mg/l. From the temporal prespective, there was declining in Do quality in Boyong river that

start from 2014 until 2017, however there is increase in DO quality in 2018 from the previous

year.

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is the amount of oxygen used to oxidize chemical

substances through chemical processes. A high COD level indicates the amount of oxidized

organic matter in the sample, which will reduce oxygen levels in river body. The higher COD

level is more bad for the environment. That is why the Special Administrative Region of

Yogyakarta set minumum standar for river water in Class I (for raw drinking water material)

is 10 mg/l. If a river have more than 10 mg/l of COD level, then the organism of the river will

be endangered.

35

30

25
BS1
20 BS2
15 BS3
BS4
10 BS5
BS6
5 Standard
0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

Fig. 4. Spatial and temporal Boyong River COD trends (lower is better)
 14

From the Figure 4 above, the COD trends fluctuate between stations. There are no clear

pattern between upstream stations, middle station, and downstream station in COD values.

The higest COD value that recorded in the given period was in station BS2 in Candibinangun,

Pakem with 29.76 mg/l in the year 2014. Contrary, the lowes COD value that recorded was in

2015 in BS4 station wit 10.8 mg/l just above the standard level which is 10 mg/l. Overall, the

COD value exceed the standard for all stations and for all year from 2014 until 2018. Thus,

the COD level in Boyong River is in Bad condition.

Beside COD, the other parameter that is commonly use to evaluate water quality is Biological

Oxygen Demand (BOD). Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is the amount of oxygen used

by aerobic microorganism to break down the organic matters into more stable form. BOD

values thus are always smaller than COD values while it takes longer time for BOD

measurement usually five days as compare to COD measurement that only a few hours.

Several studies on BOD and COD have been conducted to seek for reliable data as cross

checking information for effective management water quality in river.

16
14
12
10 BS1
BS2
8
BS3
6 BS4
BS5
4
BS6
2 Standard
0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)

Fig. 5. Spatial and temporal Boyong River BOD trends (lower is better)
 15

The spatial and temporal distribution of BOD level in Boyong River same as COD level

which is fluctuated. Unlike the DO level that is more consistent, the BOD level is fluctuated

in all sampling stations or year by year trends as it can be seen in the Figure 5. The highest

BOD value was recorded in station BS2 in Candibinangun Pakem with 13.64 mg/l. On the

contrary, the lowes value of BOD level was recorded in year 2018 in 4 different sampling

station which are BS1, BS2, BS5, and BS6 with 3.8 mg/l.

Fecal Coliforms are introduced to water bodies from various sources that include agricultural

runoff, sewage, re-suspension from streambeds, and wild and domestic animal feces.

Although fecal coliforms are not inevitably pathogenic, their abundance in human and other

animal waste products can indicate the presence of pathogenic bacteria. meteorological

conditions affect the levels of fecal coliform. Temperature is one of controlling factors

affecting soil microbial growth with soil moisture contents. the United States Environmental

Protection Agency (USEPA) consider FC as an indicator for recreation waters and in the

World Health Organization (WHO), Fecal Coliforms are used as indicator in the guidelines

on the use of wastewaters in agriculture and aquaculture.

1200000

1000000

800000
BS1
BS2
600000
BS3
BS4
400000
BS5
200000 BS6
Standard
0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Fecal Coliform

Fig. 6. Spatial and temporal Boyong River fecal coliforn trends (lower is better)
 16

All of Fecal Coliform values are recorded exceed way beyond the standard. However, the

value of the Fecal Coliform have clear pattern. From the Figure 6. We can see that the

Downstream stations have higher Fecal Coliform value than the Upstream. The highest

number of Fecal Coliform is in year 2014 with 1.1 million/100ml in station BS1. Meanwhile,

the lowest Fecal Coliform number is also at station BS1 in the year of 2018.

Using the Pollution Index that was developed by Nomerov, it can be analyzed the overall

trends of the pollution relative to the standard. There are 4 classes in Pollution Index that

resulted from the calculation. Class 1 has the range score of 0≤IP≤1,0 is fulfill the standard

requirment (good). While the score of 1,0<IP≤5,0 is slightly polluted, while score between

5,0<IP≤10 is categorized as fairly polluted, and the last class is IP>10,0 it have meaning that

water body has categorized as heavily polluted. Tabel 6 below shows the calculation result of

the Pollution Index for 4 parameter in that is use in this research.

NO Samplin Pollution Index (PI)

g Station
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
1 BS1 15,27 10,18 7,77 7,42 6,06
2 BS2 7,47 10,20 10,20 8,49 8,07
3 BS3 9,25 10,23 7,78 6,07 7,76
4 BS4 12,18 9,08 9,64 5,46 8,49
5 BS5 11,44 12,90 7,40 10,20 9,23
6 BS6 13,91 12,18 12,15 11,07 11,05
Table 6. Pollution Index data series

As it can been seen from the Table 6 above, the result of the calculations show vary result

from fairly polluted until heavily polluted. The lowest value of Pollution index is 5.46 at

station BS4 in the year 2017. Meanwhile, the highest value of pollution Index is 15.27 at BS1

in the year 2014. In general, there are clear spatial distribution of the Pollution Index value

whic can be concluded that there is significant different value between upstream sampling

station result and at downstream. However, the temporal distribution of the pollution is
 17

fluctuated and does not showany clear decline or increase in terms of Pollution Index, as it

can be seen in the Figure 7 below.

18
16
14
12
10 BS1
BS2
8 BS3
6 BS4
4 BS5
BS6
2
0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Pollution Index

Fig. 7. Spatial and temporal Boyong River Pollution Index trends (lower is better)

4.2 Cause of spatial and temporal variation of pollution

There are many factors affected pollution temporal and spatial variation in Boyong River.

Factors such as percipitation level, slope, terrain, soil type also play role to contributed in

terms of spatial and temporal distribution of a river. Nonetheless, there are 2 dominant factors

for the responsible for the variation, land use and number of population. These 2 factors

contribute the most for the pollution variation in Boyong Code River, as a result of the

differnt characteristics in the upper stream, middle stream and downstream.

In Fig. 8. The upper steram area dominated by land farm land, especially paddy field, Snake

fruite farms, and livestocks farms such as cow, goat and pig. This condition make BS1

sampling station, which is the most upper sampling station have second highest pollution for

Dissolve Oxygen, Biological Oxygen Demand, Fecal Coliform and overall pollution

performance that can be reflected by Pollution Index result. The farm land discharge large
 18

amount of untreated wastewater into the Boyong River. By their very nature, non-point

sources, such as extensive livestock farming and manure applied to agricultural fields,

contribute much lower BOD values than effluents from intensive livestock farming, albeit

over larger areas (Wen et al., 2017).

Fig. 8. Map of Sleman Rengency land use

The middle stream of Boyong River, consist of mix land use between farm area, industries,

and housing. The variety of the land use, resulted in better water quality than in the most

upper stream, in result of there are not to many pollution from the farmland area and housing

area is not high as in down stream area. On the other hand, the downstream area that reflected

by BS5 and BS6 sampling stations have high pollution level compare to middle stream, due

to high density of housing area.

 19

Fig. 9. Map of Sleman Regency Population

 20

Population also highly contributed to the spatial and temporal distribution of pollution in

Boyong River. In Figure 9, the high population density is in BS6 sampling station which

located in Sinduadi, Mlati. With the population around 72.436 people, the contribution

toward water pollution is maximum. The huge discharge of municipal wastewater and urban

drainage into river basins, the effect is more pronounced in the water quality in these areas.

Water quality is worst in highly populated areas, average in medium populated areas and less

serious in less populated areas (Liyanage and Yamada, 2017).

 21

5. Conclusions

This study has show several conclusion that can be drawn from the the discussion about

Boyong River above:

1. There is spatial and temporal distribution of pollution in the Boyong River for the

period of 2014 until 2018.

2. The water quality of Boyong River mainly affected by land use and population.

3. The downsteram part of Boyong River is more polluted than the other part in

Upstream and middle stream.

4. Sleman Regency must incorporate factors that influenced the water quality of Boyong

River for Planning Documents making process.

Research for further study, can be conducted to analyze the main factors of pollution for land

use and population in the spatial and temporal variotation of pollution in Boyong River by

overlapping the factors into one attribute so it can be more detailed and rigid reserch in term

of spatial planning.
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