PATH-506 Livestock Health Hazards Management

To The Point & Well-illustrated

Class Lectures
For

Mid Exam

TOP STORIES
● Hazard, its Types and Classification
● Disaster, Vulnerability and Risk
● Hazard Management
● Disaster Risk Management
● Risk Assessment
● Disaster Management Cycle
● Establishment & Organogram of NDMC
● Emergency Response in Disaster
● Role & Responsibilities of Different Deptt.
● Disease Surveillance

Presented by:
Muhammad Sajjad Hussain
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Up to Date: 27 Dec 2011, Tuesday

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Hazard
Anything which has danger or potential to damage life, property or environment.

Types of Hazards
There are three main types of hazards as follows;
(i) Natural Hazard:
Flood, heavy rain, earthquake, volcanic eruption, cyclones, tsunamis.
(ii) Man Made Hazard:
Due to human negligence and are associated with industries, energy generation failures,
explosions, leakage of toxic wastes, pollution, wars, hospital and labs infections leading to
epidemics, and fire.
(iii) Socio-natural:
Natural + human negligence involved; e.g. Fire, Land sliding.

Classification of Hazards
Following are the major categories of hazards;
1. Geological Hazards:
Earthquake, land slide, land burst, tsunami, mine fire
2. Water and Climatic Hazards:
Cyclones, tornado, floods, lightening, drought, snow avalanche, heat and cold waves
3. Environmental Hazards:
Pollution, deforestation, pest attack, desertification
4. Biological Hazards:
Human & animal epidemics, pest attack, food poisoning, bioweapons
5. Chemical/Industrial/Nuclear Hazards:
Chemical disaster, industrial nuclear, oil spills
6. Accidents Related:
Boat, train accidents, rural/urban fires, bomb blast, forest fires, building collapse, electrical
accidents, and festival related disaster.

(Universal symbol for biological hazards)

Disaster
A serious destruction in functioning of community causing wide spread material, social,
economical losses that reduces the ability of the society to cope with its own resources.
Disaster = hazards × vulnerability

Vulnerability
The extent of damage OR the extent to which community structure, services or the geographic area
is likely to be damaged by impact of particular hazard.

Risk
It is the measure of expected losses due to a hazard occurring in a living area over a specific period
of time. Risk is function of probability of particular hazard and losses. Level of risk depends on the
following:

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o Nature of hazard
o Vulnerability of elements
o Economic value of elements

Hazard Management
A sum of all activities, measures, or programs taken to avoid a disaster due to a hazard.

Disaster Risk Management

All the activities/measures which are taken to reduce the disaster related losses of life property or
assets by either reducing the hazards or the vulnerability of elements and risk.

Risk Assessment
Intensity or Severity:
It may be
Negligible: 1
Minor: 2
Major: 3
Fatal: 4
Frequency of Hazard:
If regularly flood: 5
After 2-3 years: 4
In last decade: 3
After month: 2
May come or not: 1
(We can take the wave level as in severity)

Intensity or severity
1 2 3 4
1 1 2 3 4
Fre- 2 2 4 6 8
quency 3 3 6 9 12
4 4 8 12 16
5 5 10 15 20

Disaster Management Cycle

It is the sum of all activities, programs, measures which can be taken up before, during, or after a
disaster with the purpose;
o To avoid a disaster
o To reduce its impact
o To recover from its losses

Pre-disaster Management (to Avoid Disaster)

Two steps are involved in the pre-disaster management:
(a) Preparedness: (to make a plan, warning system, rescue system)
A protective process embraces measures which enable government, communities and
individuals to respond rapidly to disaster situation to cope with them effectively. It includes:
o Development of warning system
o Maintenance of warning system
o Training of personals.
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o Search and rescue operations

o Evacuation plan for affected areas
o Formation of viable emergency plan
(b) Mitigation:
It is the reduction of effects of hazard and vulnerability of elements. It involves all the measures
taken to reduce both the effect of the hazards and the vulnerable condition to it in order to
reduce the scale of future disaster.

During Disaster (Emergency Response Activities)

All the measures are taken to reduce the suffering of victims. OR All the initiatives taken to ensure
that sufferings of victims are minimized and provision of victims are met and all these activities are
known as emergency response activities.

After Disaster (Response and Recovery Activities)

All the Initiatives are taken in response to a disaster with a purpose to achieve early recovery and
rehabilitation of affected communities immediately after disaster strikes.
(NDMA manual: National Disaster Management Authority)

Common Hazards in Pakistan

Earthquake, flood, wind storm, and draught
Why Vulnerability is high?
Vulnerability to these hazards is more in Pakistan due to:
o Poor construction either of housing facilities, buildings or infrastructure
o Poor livestock and agriculture practices
o Weak early warning system
o Lack of communication
o Lack of awareness and education
o Poverty

Priorities for Disaster Risk Management

o Institutional and legal arrangements (police, army, fire brigade and other institutes were
assigned their duties)
o National hazard and vulnerability assessment
o Training, education and awareness about hazard
o Disaster risk management planning
o Community and local level risk reduction programming
o Multi hazard early warning system (flood forecasting system, disease early warning system,
cyclones warning system, draught monitoring, tsunami early warning system, earthquake
research capacity upgradation).
o Main streaming disaster risk reduction into development
o Emergency response system
o Capacity development for post disaster recovery

Establishment of NDMC & its Organogram

In 1970s in East Pakistan an Emergency Relief Cell (ERC) was established in response to cyclone.
Then in 2006 NDM (National Disaster Management) Ordinance was passed and NDM Commission
was formed under which NDM Authority started work.
Organogram (Organizational Chart) of NDMC:

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NDMC

Ministries & Divisions NDMA GHQ, NHQ, AHQ

Media PDMA/FATA DMA/

SDMA/NADMA/ICTDMA CDMC
UNO

DDMA/ADMA
Local Representatives DDMC

Livestock Department
Implementation partner

NDMC: National Disaster Management Commission

NDMA: National Disaster Management Authority
DDMC: Divisional Disaster Management Commission
DDMA: Divisional Disaster Management Authority
PDMA: Provincial Disaster Management Authority
NADMA: Northern Areas Disaster Management Authority
ICTDMA: Islamabad Capital Territory Disaster Management Authority
FATADMA: Federal Administered Tribal Areas Disaster Management Authority
ADMA: Army Disaster Management Authority
SDMA: State Disaster Management Authority
UNO: United Nation Organization

Emergency Response to Animals in Disaster

After notification of disaster, apply emergency response activities as soon as possible.

Role and Responsibilities of Agri. & Livestock Deptt.

o Response allocation and teams for treatment etc.
o Resources needed
o Need based assessment
o Transport of person and heavy machinery to disaster site
o Communication and alerting system
o Quarantine and restrict animal movement
o Co-ordinate with medical and health department
o Establish and ensure biosecurity measures
o Coordinate with public work and engineers for heavy machinery, site remediation to remove
pollutants and contaminants.
o Coordinate with other departments and agencies
o Establish sentinel surveillance measures (rate of monitoring of any disease)
o Assist the affected owners for repopulation efforts

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o Collect and maintain status information like status of contaminant and disposal efforts, road
closure, traffic control point, statistical effort such as no. of animals culled or destroyed
o No. of affected farms and operations
o Status of quarantine economic impact of losses
o Status of critical facilities
o Major animal health issues and health activities
o No. of animals sheltered, treated, rescued and identified
o Safety and resource short fall

Role and Responsibilities of Environmental Deptt

o Provide guidance regarding potential ground water contamination due to barrier of
contaminated animal carcass.
o Provide guidance in the appropriate methods to prevent contamination of water resources
due to run off during decontamination procedure.

Role and Responsibilities of Health Department

o Assist to ensure the safety and health of rescuing personals
o Provide and assist in dissemination of information regarding public health and personal
protecting actions.
o Ensure sanitation measures and safety of food and water.
o Assist in epidemiological investigation including trace backs of affected animals.
o Provide public health lab services
o Provide guidance for diagnosis, prevention, control and treatment of zoonotic problems.

Role and Responsibilities of Wildlife Department

o Provide personal and vehicles to support monitoring and surveillance efforts involving wild
life population in a region.
o Assist in entrancing quarantine areas.
o Assist in diagnostics efforts to collect specimen and prepare lab submission forms
o Assist in disposal operation of wild animals
o Provide expertise and assistance in capture, control and restraining of wild animals if it is in
best interest of public and animals.
o Provide wild life information and education to general public and commercial agencies.

Role and Responsibilities of PVMC

o Assist in establishment of Triage Units for injured animals (priority of patient on severity of
disease basis).
o Provide emergency equipments and supplies for animals
o Provide preventive care and treatment for rabies and other zoonotic diseases for animals in
shelter if necessary.
o Provide animal shelter support
o Euthanize sick and injured animals if needed.
o Assist in return of animals
o Provide documentation of injured animals or dead animals for owners or for insurance
purposes.
o Assist in provision of veterinary pharmaceutical drugs and supplies from unaffected areas.

Role of Private Organization/Humane Organization

o Help in providing animal shelter, services for animals

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o Assist in rescue of at risk and injured animals.

o Help in euthanasia of affected and injured animals
o Facilitate transportation of injured and stray animals
o Animal care facilities and appropriate foster
o Assist in coordination of outside assistant and relocation of animals outside the affected
areas
o Assist in the disposal of affected carcass
o Quarantine the domestic animals that were bitten for observation regarding potential human
rabies exposure.
o Facilitate capture of domestic animals
o Return of displaced animals to their owners

Role of Extension Services

o Provide animal information and educational material to general public and mobilize
volunteers to assist with capture and care for animal.
o Assist in the coordination of resources for relocation of livestock.

Role and Responsibilities of other Agencies/NGO’s

o Crisis counseling services to victims
o Assist in the provision of food, water and living facilitation for response personals.
o Provide volunteer and under the guidance of veterinarians with trainee in first aid for
emergency care of injured animals.
o Provide animal information and education to general public and agencies in conjunction
with veterinary medical council.
o Assist with sheltering of animals.
o Provide temporary animal shelter candidates with overall shelter management training.

Assignment Included: Disease Surveillance (Assignment Pages must be consulted)

Disease Surveillance
Surveillance (word “surveillance” is derived from the French, surveiller “to watch or guard a
person”) is a more intensive form of data recording than monitoring. It has three distinct elements
as follows;
1. gathering, recording and analysis of data
2. dissemination of information to interested parties
3. actions taken to control disease
Disease surveillance is of two types:
Passive Surveillance:
It is based on information collected from farmers, field veterinary officer reports, diagnostic lab
reports and abattoir or slaughter house reports but there is no direct examination of animal.
Active Surveillance:
You will go into field yourself, attend meeting with farmer community directly and get information
and examine the animals; postmortem examination; collection of specimens e.g. serum, tissue
sample; and wild life monitoring.
Disease surveillance work starts after disaster and should be completed on recovery phase.
Surveillance team will represent epidemiological data, its implication and control measures.

THE END --------------------------------------------------------------------- Up to Date: 27 Dec 2011, Tuesday

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Compiled & Presented by:

Muhammad Sajjad Hussain
dvmdoctors@gmail.com
0322-6272278