IETE Journal of Research

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Rain Attenuation Predicted Model for 5G Communication in

Terrestrial Region
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Journal: IETE Journal of Research

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Manuscript ID Draft

Manuscript Type: Original Article

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Date Submitted by the

n/a
Author:

Complete List of Authors: PATRA, TRILOCHAN; Techno India Group, ECE; Techno India Group,
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ECE
Mitra, Swarup; MCKV Institute of Engineering, Electronic &
Communication Engineering Department,
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Sil, Sanjib; Calcutta Institute of Engineering and Management, ECE

Frequency diversity technique, Frequency diversity improvement factor,

Keywords:
Fade margin, Fade mitigation Technique

In the heavy rainfall region, the signals are attenuated due to rain, ice
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particles etc.. In this paper we have designed a rain attenuation

predicted model. We have used 5G communication of sub-6 GHz and
mm WAVE. The used frequency ranges are 3.6-4.2 GHz, 4.4-4.9 GHz,
Abstract:
27.5-29.5 GHz, 37-40 GHz and 64-71 GHz. In this work we can increase
the fade margin and hence the microwave link will be more reliable. This
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predicted model gives the better result than ITU-R model. Here we have
used frequency diversity technique.

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Page 1 of 17 IETE Journal of Research

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Rain Attenuation Predicted Model for 5G
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Communication in Terrestrial Region
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1Trilochan Patra, 2Swarup Kumar Mitra, 3Sanjib Sil
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1Techno International Newtown, Megacity, Rajarhat, Kolkata-700156, West Bengal, India
12 2MCKV Institute of Engineering, 243, G T Road North, Liluah, Howrah, West Bengal 711204,India
13 3Calcutta Institute of Engineering and Management, 24/1A Chandi Ghosh Road, Kolkata-700040, West Bengal, India
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15 ABSTRACT
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17 In the heavy rainfall region, the signals are attenuated due to rain, ice particles etc.. In this paper we have designed a rain
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attenuation predicted model. We have used 5G communication of sub-6 GHz and mm WAVE. The used frequency ranges are
19 3.6-4.2 GHz, 4.4-4.9 GHz, 27.5-29.5 GHz, 37-40 GHz and 64-71 GHz. In this work we can increase the fade margin and hence
20 the microwave link will be more reliable. This predicted model gives the better result than ITU-R model. Here we have used
21 frequency diversity technique.
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23 Keywords:
24 Frequency diversity technique, Frequency diversity improvement factor, Fade margin, Fade mitigation Technique
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28 1. INTRODUCTION
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30 In this paper we have designed a new predicted model for observed that at the microwave frequency ranges rain
31 5G communication. This designed predicted model is very suffers severe fade attenuation.
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32 useful in tropical countries or tropical regions. Using this Using diversity scheme, we may improve the reliability and
33 predicted model by changing the diversity frequency we can quality of the communication system and it is considered as
34 minimize the signal attenuation due to rain. We have also the most powerful technique for rain fade mitigation. In the
used higher fade margin which is urgently required in this diversity scheme several channels having different
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regions operated at high frequency ranges. characteristics transmit the signal through faded channel and
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as a result the outage percentage of time of the link is
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The Ka and Q/V band are very important regarding the reduced. In the frequency diversity technique, the signal is
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amount of frequency bandwidth for use of satellite. But transmitted using different frequency channels which are
39 affected by frequency selective fading [11].
there is some limitation. The effect of radio wave
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propagation is limited only for lower level atmosphere. With A prediction model on the microwave link is
41 the increase of frequency the effect of rain, cloud becomes required to analyze the effect of rain rate. ITU proposed a
42 more severe. It requires high system static fade margin [2]. prediction model for rain attenuation level estimation. The
43 In our paper we have increased the static fade margin which fade mitigation technique relies on the estimation to satisfy
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is applicable to higher microwave frequency regions. the good quality of services.

45 The advent of wireless communication started its journey
Frequency scaling models are very useful and give the
46 from 1970s. Wireless technology has emerged from 1G to
alternative of rain attenuation predicted model when data are
47 available in the site. Frequency ranges are up to 38 GHz [7]. 5G generations for the next five decades. Fifth generation
48 In our paper frequency range is up to 71 GHz. Our predicted technology offers very high data rate, higher system
49 model is applicable in the higher frequency regions. When capacity, energy saving, cost reduction and higher
50 Microwave radio frequency signal is scattered and absorbed bandwidth that a user never used before. The 5G
51 by rain, signal is attenuated [4]. In the terrestrial region technologies offer different new advanced features which
52 because of high rain rate the signal power level is reduced make it most powerful use in the future.
53 and as a result rain fade occurs and this phenomenon leads Among different rain attenuation predicted
54 to poor quality communication system which is unreliable. model ITU-R model is very famous and mostly used model
55 In the tropical climate region having high rain intensity the [16]. In this paper we have proposed a rain attenuation
56 signal is faded and it is considered as a fatal problem for predicted model for 5G communication and this model gives
57 microwave link design. Now a day the Telecommunication the better result than ITU-R model.
58 technology requires a highly reliable system having higher In this paper section 2 describes the frequency
speed and higher frequency bands i.e. bandwidth but it is diversity technique. Section 3 describes fade mitigation
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technique. Sub-section 3.1 describes frequency diversity
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2 improvement factor. Section4 describes the different rain power at the terminal by varying the effective isotropic
3 attenuation predicted model. Section5 describes the radiated power. If the link power is improved, then the
4 proposed model. Section6 describes the reliability and availability of the link in the heavy rainfall region is
5 section7 describes the conclusion part. improved. By using uplink power control or by using
6 downlink power control the carrier power can be adjusted.
7 2. FREQUENCY DIVERSITY TECHNIQUE The uplink power control is considered as the simplest way
8 for rain fade mitigation [13].
9 Frequency diversity technique is applicable for the The aim of adaptive transmission technique is to
10 transmission of the identical message signal at different change the way of signal processing and transmitting in the
carrier frequencies. In order to obtain the received signals communication link. This technique overcomes rain
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which are statistically independent or at least uncorrelated, attenuation either by using encoding technique or
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the carrier frequencies must hold a separation that is greater modulation technique. This technique comprises of data rate
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than the coherence bandwidth of the radio channel. The compression technique, adaptive modulation technique and
14 adaptive coding technique.
15 coherence bandwidth relies on the multipath delay spread
over the channel. There is a limitation of this technique In the data rate compression technique, the
16 bandwidth of the information signal is minimized as the data
which is the inability of the receiver to find out all these
17 rate is matched with the level of propagation effect. So, the
signals (i.e., the need for multiple receivers to tune to these
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frequencies). It is not usual actually to repeat the message signal to noise ratio (SNR) is increased.
19 signal at two different frequencies, as it greatly decreases The function of adaptive modulation technique is
20 spectral efficiency. Instead, the signal is spread over a large to alter the modulation scheme between two conditions. One
21 bandwidth, so parts of the signal are transmitted by different condition lies under clear air state where a modulation
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22 frequency components. Such spreading may be performed scheme of high spectral efficiency is used and the other lies
23 bydifferent ways, including multicarrier modulation using under faded channel in which lower efficient but vigorous
24 an inverse DFT and frequency hopping serving for widely- modulation scheme is employed [2].
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25 separated frequencies from burst to burst.The signal is The adaptive coding technique is used for error
26 transmitted using several frequency channels . correction and detection. These errors are produced from
27 signal propagation effect i.e. forward error correction.
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30 3.1 Frequency Diversity Improvement Factor
31 The performance of frequency diversity may be depicted as
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32 outage percentage of time. Frequency diversity is narrated as

33 the ratio between the outage percentage of time of a precise
34 and exact fade margin having no diversity PND (A) and the
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35 outage percentage of time with the unvarying fade margin at

36 the diversity frequency PWD (A).
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38 IDIF = PND (A)/ PWD (A) ……………….. (1)
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40 As the developed definition in equation (1) relies on the
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41 outage level at the desired attenuation, frequency

42 discontinuation and the base frequency or diversity
43 frequency, the specific attenuation of rain in terms of
44 frequency is treated as the very important event to the
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45 progress of improvement factor.

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47 Fig1: Frequency Diversity Technique 4. DIFFERENT RAIN ATTENUATION
48 MODELS
49 3. FADE MITIGATION TECHNIQUES Many researchers have designed many systems to overcome
50 the rain attenuation especially at higher frequencies. There
In the tropical region signal is attenuated due to rain and this
51 are different rain attenuation predicted models developed by
signal attenuation can be minimized using Fade Mitigation
52 different authors and the International Telecommunication
Technique (FMT). To minimize rain fade there are also
53 Union Radio communication Sector (ITU–R) model [6] for
different diversity techniques like time diversity, space
54 rain attenuation estimation is highly accepted throughout the
diversity, frequency diversity etc. Other than diversity
55 world and hence the developing models are compared with
technique there are also two types of fade mitigation
56 respect to it for reliability and especially for the cases where
techniques-adaptive power control technique and adaptive
57 measured data are unobtainable [20]. There are various
transmission technique. In the adaptive power control
58 models for rain estimation prediction but for performance
technique, the signal quality is degraded on account of
analysis the following models are considered i.e., ITU–R,
59 propagation effect. This signal degradation can be
SAM, Garcia–Lopez [19], Karasawa, Moupfouma and
60 compensated by maintaining a desired power level at the
Crane Global model [20]. These models are selected for
receiver either increasing antenna gain or increasing carrier
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2 their reliability, accuracy, and a broad survey conducted
3 earlier. Table 1 gives a comparison of the above maintained
4 three rain attenuation model-
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6 Table 1: Comparison of different existing predicted model
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8 Models Name Limitation
9 ITU-R It is good only for low
10 attenuation
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Garcia-Lopez This model is accurate only
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for Northern India
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14 SAM This model is simple but
15 inaccurate for 30mm/hr.
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Karasawa Applicable for Japanese
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environment.
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19 Moupfouma This model gives the highest

20 attenuation for the lower
21 frequency of 10 GHz
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22 Crane Global Gives high attenuation Fig 2: Specific rain attenuation (dB/Km) estimated for 3.6-4.2 GHz
23 predictions for the lower based on measured rain rate in South-East Asia
24 rainfall regions
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27 5. PROPOSED MODEL
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29 Our proposed model overcomes all the limitation of the

30 aforesaid predicted models. Our model is applicable for
31 higher rain attenuation, higher frequency and higher fade
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32 margin. It is suitable for all environments and also for higher

33 rain fall regions. The proposed model is for the frequency
34 ranges 3.6-4.2 GHz, 4.4-4.9 GHz, 27.5-295 GHz, 37-40
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35 GHz, and 64-71 GHz. Considering the fade margin12 dB-16

36 dB now for the specific rain attenuation the ITU-R model
37 [5] [14] is stated by the following equation (2)-
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39 γ= k R %P α dB/ km………………. (2)
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41 Where k and α denote the scattering co-efficient. R%P

42 denotes the rain rate at outage of P percentage. For
43 prediction of specific rain attenuation for the above
44 frequency ranges we have used the measured rain rate at
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45 South-East Asia 118 mm/hr. At 0.01% using equation (2)

46 for the above frequency ranges and measured rain rate we Fig 3: Specific rain attenuation (dB/Km) estimated for 4.4-4.9 GHz
have plotted the following graphs- based on measured rain rate in South-East Asia
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Fig 6: Specific rain attenuation (dB/Km) estimated for 64-71 GHz

22 based on measured rain rate in South-East Asia
23 Fig 4: Specific rain attenuation (dB/Km) estimated for 27.5-29.5 GHz
24 based on measured rain rate in South-East Asia The above figures (Fig 2, 3, 4, 5 & 6) show the changes of
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25 outage percentage with respect to specific rain attenuation

26 corresponding to the different fade margins which are
27 necessary for the system. We consider the fade margin 12-
28 16 dB for the system. For the aforesaid frequency ranges
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29 and fade margins we apply the above equation (1) in the

30 above results shown in fig 2, 3, 4, 5 & 6. The estimated
31 improvement factors are shown in table 2-
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33 Table 2: Improvement Factor Table From definition
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Fig 5: Specific rain attenuation (dB/Km) estimated for 37-40 GHz
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Fig7: Improvement factor for 3.6-4.2, 4.4-4.9, 27.5-29.5, 37-40 and 64-
22 71 GHz frequencies in frequency diversity scheme
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24 For developing an estimated model, each graph in Fig. 7
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25 represents an equation between the Improvement factor and

26 the diversity frequency. To come out with a model
27 combining these equations, all the curves are fitted with
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respect to the fade margin (F) as shown in Fig. 8

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51 Fig8: Estimated improvement factor fitting at 14dB/Km fade margin
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53 Fig. 8 shows the general frequency diversity Improvement
54 Model and is represented by equation (3) as best fit. (b)
55 Fig9: Plot of (a) Co-efficient a (b) Co-efficient b
56 I= a*e^ (b*f d) ………………. (3)
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Where a and b are the coefficients related to fading and each Using Equation (3) the improvement factors model is
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having a value for various fade margins which are predicted estimated for the same specific rain attenuation and shown
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and represented in Table 3. The coefficients a, b are also in Fig 10 below
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plotted in figure 9.

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23 Fig 10: Improvement factor dependent on proposed model
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26 margin the diversity improvement factor is minimized and
27 for 16 dB fade margin the diversity improvement factor is
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30 6. RELIABILITY
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32 When we compare between Fig 7 and Fig 10 then it shows

33 the difference between the calculated diversity improvement
34 factor by the general definition and the predicted from the
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35 proposed model. For fixed fade margin Fig 11 indicates the

36 reliability comparison for the above frequency ranges
37 improvement at 12-16 dB/Km margins for predicted
38 (estimated) and ITU-R calculated based on measured rain
39 rate. From Fig 11 the difference is very clear due to the non-
40 linear co-efficient of proposed model.
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2 Satellite Communication Systems’’, Proc. 2nd International
3 Workshop of COST Action (Vol. 280).
4
5 3. B. D. Hodge, ‘‘An Improved Model for Diversity Gain
6 on Earth-Space Propagation Paths’’, Radio Sci., Volume 17,
7 No.6, pp- 1393–1399(1982).
8
9 4. T. Patra, S. Sil, ‘‘Frequency Diversity Improvement
10 Factor Using Different MIMO Techniques for Rain Fade
Mitigation in South-East Asia’’,J.Mech.Cont. & Math .Sci.
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12 Vol.-13, No.-3, July-August (2018) Pages87-102.
13
14
5. ITU-R (2012) ‘‘Propagation Data and Prediction Methods
15
Required for the Design of Terrestrial Line-of-Sight
16 Systems’’, ITU-R P.530-14.
17
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6.ITU-R (2013) ‘‘Propagation Data and Prediction Methods

19 Required for the Design of Earth-Space Telecommunication
20 (c) Systems’’, ITU-R P.618/11.
21 Fig11: Predicted and calculated frequency diversity improvement
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22 factor at (a) 14 dB/Km (b) 15 dB/Km (c) 16 dBkm

7.M.R. Islam, J. Chebil and A. R. Tharek, “Frequency
23 Scaling of Rain Attenuation From 23-GHz To 38-GHz
From the above figures for 14dB/Km, 15dB/Km and
24 Microwave Signals Measured in Malaysia”, published in
16dB/km fade margin it is cleared that diversity
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25 Asia Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC), IEEE,

improvement with respect to base frequency is less for
26 Singapore, 6th August,2002.
predicted model rather than the calculated value. We may
27 repeat this for other fade margins also. So, the predicted
28 8.U. Kesavan, A.R. Tharek, S.K.A. Rahim, andM. R. Islam,
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model for 5G communication frequency ranges gives better

29 “Review of Rain Attenuation Studies in Tropical and
performance in the above fade margins. The reliability is
30 Equatorial Regions in Malaysia – An Overview”, Antennas
also supported with measured rain attenuation from 50-90
31 and Propagation Magazine, IEEE, Volume: 55, No. 1, pp.
GHz frequency range and 5-40 GHz frequency range also.
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32 103-113 (2013).
[14]
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34 9.J. D. Laster, and W. L.Stutzman,“ Frequency scaling of
rain attenuation for satellite communication links”,IEEE
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35 7.CONCLUSION Transactions on Antennas andPropagation, vol-43,No

36
(11),pp-1207-1216 (1995)
37 Frequency diversity may be implemented using a proposed
38 Diversity improvement factor model for the above 5G 10. P. Majithiya, K. A. Sisodia, V. Muralidhar, and K. V.
39 frequency ranges based on the aforesaid fade margin useful Garg, ‘‘Novel down link rain fade mitigation technique for
40 for the system designing. It is observed that for higher fade
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Ka-band multi beam systems‟‟ International journal of

41 margin the improvement factor is reduced. We may Satellite communication and networking’’, Wiley Inter
42 conclude that the predicted model gives the better result than Science, pp-45-51(2006).
43 the ITU-R model. The proposed frequency diversity model
44 is very useful and important tool in designing a reliable
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11. M. R. Islam, L.M. Altajjar, M.M. Rashid, and L. K.

45 microwave communication links in the tropical countries Bashar, ‘‘Frequency Diversity Improvement Factor for Rain
46 like Malaysia, Indonesia i.e. South-East Asia, where the Fade Mitigation in Malaysia’’, IEEE international WIE
47 diversity system’s reliability may be acquired according to conference on electrical and computer engineering, BUET,
48 the improvement between the base frequency and the Dhaka, Bangladesh, 19-20 Dec (2015).
49 diversity frequency.
50 12. Q.W. Pan, J. E. Allnutt, and C. Tsui, ‘‘Evaluation of
51 Diversity and Power Control Techniques for Satellite
52 REFERENCES Communication Systems in Tropical and Equatorial Rain
53 Climates’’, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,
54 1. I.K.Charilaos, andD.P.Athanasios, ‘‘Multi Satellite Vol. 56, No. 10(2008).
55 MIMO Systems at Ka Band and Above: Outage Capacity
56 Analysis Using Bivariate IG Distribution’’, IEEE 8th 13. T. Patra, and S. Sil, ‘‘Frequency Diversity Improvement
57 European conference on Antenna and propagation (EuCAP), factor for Rain Fade Mitigation Technique for 50-90 GHz in
58 The Hague, Netherlands, 6-11 April (2014). tropical region’’, IEEE conference (IEMECON), Thailand,
16-18 August (2017).
59
60 2.L.Castanet,A.BoleaAlamañac,andM.Bousquet,‘‘Interferen
ce and Fade Mitigation Techniques for Ka and Q/V Band

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2 14. P. W. Raut, and S. L .Badjate, ‘‘Diversity Techniques attached as associate professor in ECE in MCKV Institute of
3 for Wireless Communication’’, IJARET, Volume 4, Issue 2, Engineering, Liluah, Howrah, India and awarded with PhD
4 pp. 144-160. (Engg.) 2012 from Jadavpur University. His present
5 research area is wireless sensor network and its architecture
6 15. Recommendation ITU-R P.530-16 (07/2015), etc.
7 “Propagation data and prediction methods required for the E-mail:swarup.subha@gmail.com
8 design of terrestrial line of sight systems,” July 2015
9
10 16. N. Sachdeva, D. Sharma, ‘‘Diversity: A Fading
Reduction technique’’, IJARCSSE, Volume 2, No.6, pp-58- Sanjib Sil received his M. Tech Degree
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61 (2012). from BIT Mesra and awarded his PhD
12
Degree from Jadavpur University in
13
17. B. Segal, “Rain Attenuation Statistics for Terrestrial 1991 and 2011 respectively. His
14 Microwave Links in Canada”, Communi. Res. Centre interested research area is wireless
15 Rep.No.1351-E, Ottawa, Canada, pp. 14, Jan. (1982). communication, Microwave
16 Communication etc.
17 18. M. Tamrakar, K. Bandyopadhyay, and A. De, E-mail:sanjib_sil@hotmail.com
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“Comparison of Rain Attenuation Prediction Models with

19 Ku-Band Beacon Measurement for Satellite Communication
20 System’’, IEEE international conference on signal
21 processing and communication (SPCOM),Bangalore, India,
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22 18-21 July (2010). .

23
24 19. ParthPanchal, Rutvij Joshi,“Performance Analysis and
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25 Simulation of Rain Attenuation Modelsat 12–40 GHz Band

26 for an Earth Space Path over Indian Cities’’, 7thInternational
27 Conference on Communication, Computing and
28 Virtualization 2016, 801-808.
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30 20. M. O. Fashuyi and T. J. Afullo, “Rain attenuation
31 prediction and modeling for line-of-sight links on terrestrial
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32 paths in South Africa’’, RADIO SCIENCE, VOL. 42,

33 RS5006, 2007.
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36 AUTHORS
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40 Trilochan Patra has obtained
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41 his B. Tech and M. Tech degree

from MCKV Institute of
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Engineering under Maulana
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Abul Kalam Azad University of
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Technology, W.B, India

45 (Formerly known as West
46 Bengal University of Technology) in 2009 and 2011. He is
47 working as an assistant professor in ECE Department in
48 Techno International Newtown (Formerly known as Techno
49 India College of Technology) from 2011.His interested
50 research area is Wireless communication, Microwave
51 Communication etc.
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53 E-mail:trilochanpatra266@gmail.com
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55 Swarup Kumar Mitra received
56 his B. Tech degree from kalyani
57 University, India in 2000. He has
58 achieved his M. Tech in VLSI
59 Design and Microelectronics
60 technology from Jadavpur
University, India in 2007. He is
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Fig 3: Specific rain attenuation (dB/Km) estimated for 4.4-4.9 GHz based on measured rain rate in South-East Asia
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Fig 4: Specific rain attenuation (dB/Km) estimated for 27.5-29.5 GHz based on measured rain rate in South-East Asia
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Fig 6: Specific rain attenuation (dB/Km) estimated for 64-71 GHz based on measured rain rate in South-East Asia
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Page 13 of 17 IETE Journal of Research

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 IETE Journal of Research Page 14 of 17

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Page 15 of 17 IETE Journal of Research

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 IETE Journal of Research Page 16 of 17

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6 Table 1: Comparison of different existing predicted model
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8 Models Name Limitation
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ITU-R It is good only for low attenuation
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12 Garcia-Lopez This model is accurate only for Northern India
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14 SAM This model is simple but inaccurate for 30mm/hr.
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17 Karasawa Applicable for Japanese environment.
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19 Moupfouma This model gives the highest attenuation for the
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21 Crane Global Gives high attenuation predictions for the lower
22 rainfall regions
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Page 17 of 17 IETE Journal of Research

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