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9 References 4 Figures
n 35 kV isolated networks: Causes and mitigations
Ad
Mensur Kasumovic
University of Tuzla 1.72 ∙ University of Tuzla
mir Demirović Irfan Turkovic
University of Tuzla 11.42 ∙ University of Sarajevo
onant states associated with inductive voltage transformers may be generated by elimination of singlephase shortcircuits
stribution networks. The paper presents a qualitative analysis of causes of ferroresonance initiation, and significant
mpacting ferroresonance, like zerosequence system capacitance and the number of connected voltage transformers. Using
he causes of shortcircuit occurrence for different system scenarios are investigated and damping devices for
ce mitigations in a 35 kV isolated network are presented.
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Mensur Kasumovic Author content
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Mensur Kasumovic Author content
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Amir Tokić1, Mensur Kasumović1, Damir Demirović1, Irfan Turković2
Affiliation: 1University of Tuzla, Faculty of electrical engineering, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2Faculty of electrical engineering
Sarajevo,Bosnia and Herzegovina
Email: amir.tokic@untz.ba
Abstract. The ferroresonant states associated with inductive voltage transformers may be generated by
elimination of singlephase shortcircuits in isolated distribution networks. The paper presents a qualitative
analysis of causes of ferroresonance initiation, and significant parameters impacting ferroresonance, like zero
sequence system capacitance and the number of connected voltage transformers. Using simulations, the causes of
shortcircuit occurrence for different system scenarios are investigated and damping devices for ferroresonance
mitigations in a 35 kV isolated network are presented.
Keywords: ferroresonance, isolated distribution networks, inductive voltage transformer
Feroresonanca v 35 kV izoliranem omrežju: vzroki in ferroresonance occurs between the zerosequence
zmanjševanje system capacitance and nonlinear inductance of the
V izoliranih distribucijskih omrežjih lahko pojavi feroreso voltage transformer. In a case of isolated distribution
pri izločitvi enofaznega kratkega stika pri induktivnih networks, initiation of ferroresonance is usually due to
napetostnih transformatorjih. V članku analiziramo vzroke za elimination of a singlephase shortcircuit from the
začetek feroresonance in bistvene parametre, ki vplivajo na ta system. This particular type of ferroresonance is the
pojav: zmogljivost sistema ničtega reda in število priključenih topic of this research. A special attention is devoted to
napetostnih transformatorjev. S simulacijami kratkega stika v the analysis of significant parameters on this type of
omrežju smo analizirali vzroke za nastanek feroresonance pri ferroresonance.
različnih scenarijih. Predstavili smo tudi gradnike za
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows.
zmanjšanje feroresonance v 35 kV izoliranem distribucijskem
Section II presents conditions of initiation of
ferroresonance and analysis of important parameters in
omrežju.
1 I the electrical circuit for the ferroresonance occurrence
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the electrical circuit for the ferroresonance occurrence
rroresonance is 1
a INTRODUCTION phenomenon
nonlinear dynamic Section III describes ferroresonance in threephase
belongs to the group of lowfrequency isolated networks due to singlephase shortcircuits.
electromagnetic transients [1][3]. Basic preconditions Section IV shows the simulated results for the different
the ferroresonance occurrence are a sinewave scenarios in the electrical distribution network. Section
source, capacitance, nonlinear inductance and relatively V concludes this paper.
loss in the system. Ferroresonance appears in the
following modes: a periodical, pseudoperiodical, 2 PARALLEL FERRORESONANCE
subharmonic and chaotic mode [4][5]. Results of
rroresonance are permanent overvoltages and For a simplified description of the ferroresonance
overcurrents in the system, which can affect the normal phenomena, in most literature, a serial ferroresonance
operation mode of the equipment, equipment circuit [1][2], [5] is analyzed. However, in isolated
malfunction, or its total damage [6][7]. The most threephase networks, ferroresonance can be classified
common examples of ferroresonances are serial into parallel ferroresonance due to the parallel
feroresonance due to compensation, ferroresonance with connection zerosequence system capacitance (line or
irregular operations in threephase breakers, and cable to the ground capacitance) and nonlinear
ferroresonance with an inductive voltage transformer inductance of the inductive voltage transformer. In order
[1][2]. With a high voltage inductive transformer, to qualitatively analyze conditions for initiation of
singlephase ferroresonance can be initiated between a ferroresonance in the inductive voltage transformer, a
grading and bus capacitance together with a nonlinear simplified nonlinear circuit shown in Fig. 1 is analyzed
inductance voltage transformer. In the middle voltage
isolated distributed networks, initiation of
Received 12 July 2016
Accepted 16 September 2016
TOKIĆ, KASUMOVIĆ, DEMIROVIĆ, TURKOVIĆ
corresponds to relatively small currents (voltages) in the
electric circuit. When the current rises above critical
value Ic, the operating point moves in the position of
point C where the values of currents (voltages) in the
circuit are large. When the input currents decrease to the
starting values, large currents (voltages) remain in the
circuit. Therefore, the circuit is in ferroresonance,
Figure 1. Simplified parallel ferroresonant circuit. which, by the theory of settings, remains indefinitely.
To make it simple, to initiate ferroresonance, a change
Fig. 1, u is the input terminal voltage, C is the system is sufficient, such as.an increased input current of the
capacitance of lines or cables, R is the resistance due to minimal value:
system losses, and L is the nonlinear inductance of the
voltage transformer iron core. For the electrical system
in Fig. 1, in the time domain, we have the following:
Whenever the input current changes above the critical
value of I ≥ Imin(1)
, ferroresonance is initiated.
2.2 Impact of the system capacitance
Let us suppose that the input current is a sine wave with
effective value Is. After transformation into a phasor, Let us now consider the case of increasing the
in the domain of effective values, we get the capacitance in a system from C to C1 ≥ C, as shown
following system of nonlinear algebraic equations: Fig. 3.
The change in the system capacitance is due to
different places of elimination of the ground fault, as
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different places of elimination of the ground fault, as
(2) well as to a change in the number of connected lines and
cables in a system.
(3)
In relations (2) and (3), the capacitance and resistor are
shown with linear lines IC = C U and U = R I. We can
suppose that the inductance curve is defined with non
linear relation IL = f (U).
Normal ferroresonant states
At any time, the state of an electrical system can be
obtained in the intersection on nonlinear curves (2) and
the voltagecurrent ( UI) the coordinate system as
shown in Fig. 2.
Figure 3. Nonlinear curves of a parallel ferroresonant circuit:
case of an increased system capacitance.
The system capacitance changes the mutual position of
nonlinear curves (2) and (3). From Fig. 3 it is clearly
seen that increasing the system capacitance leads to
negligible change of the operating point in a normal
operating regime (point A1). Increasing the input current
for a minimal value leads to ferroresonance:
Figure 2. Nonlinear curves of a parallel ferroresonant circuit: According to Figs. 2 and 3, the following is applies:
basic case.
In a normal state, when the input current of the circuit is Therefore, it can be concluded that during an increase in
intersection of curves (2) and (3) are point A which the system capacitance, a bigger change in the value o
FERRORESONANCE IN 35 KV ISOLATED NETWORKS: CAUSES AND MITIGATIONS 261
TOKIĆ, KASUMOVIĆ, DEMIROVIĆ, TURKOVIĆ
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inductance voltage transformer is proposed according to
• source voltage: , Eq. (10). When simulating a power transformer and
• voltage and frequency: E = 35 kV, f = 50 Hz, inductive voltage transformers a special attention must
• network resistance: Rs = 0.055 , be paid to solvers and integration steps as well as to the
• network inductance: Ls = 0.5 mH, relative tolerance for the simulation configuration
• zero sequence system capacitance: C = 150 nF. parameters. Namely, the form of the state space of
dynamic system with transformers exhibits an extremely
Parameters of the inductive voltage transformer:
stiff differential equation system [10][11]. So for this
• rated power: S = 50 VA,
type of dynamic system simulations, the A and L stable
• winding resistance: = 13.7 k ,
numerical methods must be used as they are not prone
• leakage inductance: = 23.5 H, to numerical oscillations and numerical instabilities. For
• iron core loss equivalent resistance: = 65.95 M , this reason, for the ferroresonance simulation in a three
phase, a BDFbased solver ode 23tb is used, to
measured effective nonlinear curve of the current
implement a combination of the trapezoidal and BDF2
voltage (IU) of the inductive voltage transformer is
numerical method.
converted to currentflux (i ) magnetizing curve Three different scenarios of the electrical distribution
following the procedure described in paper [8]. By
network are analyzed: (a) basic case, (b) impact of the
using the fitting procedure, the nonlinear magnetizing
nonlinear magnetizing curve of the inductive voltage
of the voltage transformer is described using the
transformer and (c) impact of the system capacitance. I
following polynomial function:
each scenario, the phase voltages of the system and
voltage of neutral point of the network are simulated.
(9)
The total simulation time is set at Ttot = 2 s. The
Constants in Eq. (9) are: maximum value of the integration step is tmax =
and the relative tolerance is = 106.
, , .
4.1 Basic case of the isolated networks
singlephase short circuit in phase 1 is modeled as
ideal breaker with switched on at time = 40 ms In the basic case, an inductive voltage transformer is
and switched off at time = 295 ms. connected per phase and the basic zerosequence system
capacitance is C = 150 nF.
FERRORESONANCE SIMULATION IN All other parameters are the same as above in this
paper. The simulated phase and voltage of the neutral
ATHREEPHASE ISOLATED NETWORK
point are shown in Fig. 6.
In this part of the paper, results of a ferroresonance As seen from Fig. 6, there is no ferroresonance after
simulation made with a model of a threephase elimination of a shortcircuit from the system.
distributed network given in Fig. 5 are described.
The model is developed in the software package
SimPowerSystems [9]. The model of a nonlinear
Figure 5. Equivalent model of ferroresonance in a threephase isolated network: the case of initiation and elimination of single
phase short circuits.
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FERRORESONANCE IN 35 KV ISOLATED NETWORKS: CAUSES AND MITIGATIONS 263
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Figure 7. Phase voltages and voltage of the neutral point, two
6. Phase voltages and the voltage of the neutral point,
inductive voltage transformers, C = 150 nF.
one inductive voltage transformer, C = 150 nF.
TOKIĆ, KASUMOVIĆ, DEMIROVIĆ, TURKOVIĆ
Impact of nonlinear curve magnetizing of an
inductive voltage transformer
This case involves two inductive voltage transformers
phase; the basic zerosequence system capacitance
150 nF . Again, all other parameters are the same
as above in this paper.
The simulated phase voltage and voltage of the
neutral point are shown in Fig 7.
Fig. 7 clearly shows that there is ferroresonance after
elimination of a shortcircuit from the system. The
enlarged part of the voltage phase 1 (time interval from
1.8 to 2 s) shows the dominant seventh subharmonic
component.
The main reason for the ferroresonance occurrence is
lowering the equivalent nonlinear magnetizing curve of
parallel inductive voltage transformers. Therefore,
each point of the equivalent nonlinear curve of the
two transformers, the iron core equivalent inductance of
the voltage transformer is decreased.
Impact of the system capacitance
This case involves two per phase connected inductive
voltage transformers and an increased zerosequence
system capacitance at the point of a singlephase short
circuit of value C = 575 nF. The results of the simulated
voltages and of voltage of the neutral point are
shown in Fig. 8.
From Fig. 8 it is shown that in this case there is no
ferroresonance after elimination of a shortcircuit from
the system. The main reason for the ferroresonance
disappearance is the increasing zero sequence system
capacitance which significantly decreases the
probability of initiation of the ferroresonance state.
Ferroresonance mitigation
are three basic types of the ferroresonance
FERRORESONANCE IN 35 KV ISOLATED NETWORKS: CAUSES AND MITIGATIONS 265
is a Professor at the University of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and
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is a Professor at the University of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and
5 Cstate Herzegovina. His areas of interest include power system
ferroresonance in the inductive voltage
ONCLUSION transients, power quality, and applied numerical and
transformers operating in neutral electrical distribution optimization methods.
networks can be initiated as a result of clearing
Mensur Kasumović received his M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in
operations of singlephase shortcircuits. In this paper,
electrical engineering from the University of Tuzla, Tuzla,
significant parameters for initiation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2006 and 2012, respectively.
ferroresonance after elimination of a shortcircuit are Currently he is an assistant Professor at the University o
researched. It is shown that increasing the zero Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina. His areas of interest
sequence system capacitance decreases the probability include electric motor drives and power electronics.
initiation of ferroresonance. Also, increasing the
number of the connected inductive voltage transformers Damir Demirović received his M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in
increases the probability of the ferroresonance entering electrical engineering and computing from the University of
the neutral networks. Damping devices used to mitigate Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2006 and 2011
ferroresonance in neutral networks are presented. Our respectively. Currently he is an assistant Professor at the
work will include measurements of University of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina. His areas
of interest include modeling and simulations, pattern
ferroresonance in three phase neutral networks
recognition and signal processing.
occuring to the elimination of shortcircuits.
Irfan Turković received his M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in
REFERENCES electrical engineering from the University of Sarajevo, Bosnia
and Herzegovina, in 2003 and 2010, respectively. Currently,
Tokić, V. Milardić, “Power Quality”, Printcom, Grafički he is an associate Professor at the University of Sarajevo
inženjering, Tuzla, 2015. Faculty of Electrical Engineering. His topics of interest
WG on Modelling and Analysis of System Transients Using include cathodic protection, electrical measurements, safety in
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Transients – Part III: The Study of Ferroresonance”, IEEE Trans.
on Power Delivery, 15 (1), pp. 255265, Jan. 2000.
WG C5, “Mathematical Models for Current, Voltage, and
Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformers”, IEEE Trans. on
Power Delivery, 15 (1), pp. 6272, Jan. 2000.
Janssens, Th. Van Craenenbroeck, D. Van Dommelen F., Van
De Meulebroeke, “Direct Calculation of the Stability Domains of
Threephase Ferroresonance in Isolated Neutral Networks with
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References (9)
stem parameters on the ferroresonant modes
eephase transformer inrush currents by using backward and numerical differentiation formulae
t available
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Ivo Uglešić ∙ Amir Tokic ∙ Viktor Milardić
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mulations of Ferroresonance by Using BDF/NDF Numerical Methods
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Amir Tokic
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ć, V. Milardić, G. Štumberger, "Conversion of RMS to instantaneous saturation curve: inrush current and ferroresonance cases",
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