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(c) Describes: Adaptation is the Explains how adaptations help Discusses why adaptations help
process whereby an organism animals avoid the threats or exploit animals increase their chances of
becomes better suited to its habitat, available resources in their habitats. survival or reproductive success.
or in some way increases its
chances of survival. Gives one appropriate example at Gives one example at excellence level.
merit level and one at describe level.
Gives two appropriate examples of Eg, streamlining of a shark allows it to
different types of adaptations. Eg, the streamlined body shape of a be an efficient swimmer and its
shark is a structural adaptation that counter shading allows it to be better
Eg, structural adaptations are enables it to be an efficient swimmer hidden in the water column, therefore
physical structures, like the wings to catch prey. more able to remain unseen by its
of a bird that enable flight. prey.
Eg, shoaling fish swim as a
Eg, adaptations help animals coordinated group, this is a Eg, shoaling fish that swim as a
survive. Fish swimming in shoals behavioural adaptation that confuses coordinated group in the same
is a behavioural adaptation. predators. direction can confuse their predators
and decrease the chances of individual
Eg, the kea has a structural adaptation capture.
of dense plumage to provide insulation
in a cool alpine environment. Eg, making venom is a physiological
adaptation that enables animals such as
Eg, Harrier hawks hunt for rats and snakes to paralyse prey, therefore
mice during the day, this behavioural increasing predation success.
adaptation reduces inter-specific
Eg, the mating rituals of a number of
completion with moreporks / owls that
animals are behavioural adaptations
hunt during the night.
that ensure that good mate selection
takes place resulting in the genes of
those organisms with the best displays
/ calls / dances to be passed on.
ONE 2a = A 1a + 1m = M 1a + 1e = E
TWO Describes succession as a pattern Explains the pattern of succession Discusses how the ecological pattern
by which communities in a new where pioneer species colonise and of succession is different from the
habitat change over time modify a sterile environment / bare patterns of zonation AND
AND one of zonation OR ground through to a climax stratification.
stratification. community.
AND Eg, The change in the species
Gives appropriate examples. patterns of zonation OR stratification composition over a period of time is
are explained for an appropriate called succession. The first organisms
Eg, zonation is a horizontal environmental gradient. to colonise a new habitat, that may
banding pattern on a rocky shore. become available through a landslip,
The abiotic factor causing the are pioneer plant species that are
Eg, stratification is a vertical environmental gradient is named. tolerant of low soil fertility. When
layering of plants in a native Two parts of the environment are pioneer species die and decompose
forest. compared to show an understanding of they increase soil fertility. Other
how a change in an abiotic factor can species grow and shade them out.
produce a distribution of species. Replacement continues until a stable
climax community is established.
Examples given of named species in
zones or strata OR some strata are
identified.
NCEA Level 2 Biology (90461) 2009 — page 3 of 4
(b) Describes that the biomass / Explains the concept that only a small
number of individuals / energy of proportion of energy is available to the
each trophic level is less than that next step in the food chain. The rest of
of the level below. the energy is lost via respiration / as
heat (90%) leaving only 10% as
biomass that can directly transfer
energy.
There is not enough energy left in the
food chain, after four or five steps, to
support a longer food chain.
(c) Describes the importance of Explains the importance of Discusses the importance of
decomposers and what would decomposers in the recycling of decomposers in an ecosystem.
happen if decomposers were nutrients.
unavailable or inactive. Eg, decomposers return chemical
Eg, in consuming dead or decaying elements to an ecosystem in a form
Eg, decomposers are consumers organisms, decomposers release that can be used by plants, which in
that feed on / breakdown dead nutrients from dead organisms into the turn feed animals. Nitrates are
organisms or their waste products soil to improve soil fertility / to be returned to the soil and are absorbed
and if there were none, nutrients used by plants / nitrogen is returned by the roots of plants. Nitrates (which
would remain locked in the dead to the soil and absorbed by the roots of are combined with carbon compounds)
plant and animal cells / recycling plants. make plant proteins. Nitrate ions are
of nutrients would be stopped. useless to animals which must obtain
their nitrogen in the form of protein by
eating plants or other animals.
Nitrogen / carbon passes from one
organism to another along the food
chain. If decomposers were to
disappear, the chemical cycles that
sustain life would come to a halt.
Judgement Statement
Note: Lower case a, m, e may be used throughout the paper to indicate contributing evidence for overall grades for
questions. Only the upper case A, M and E grades shown at the end of each full question are used to make the final
judgement.
2A 2M 1E+1M