Some Famous Unix Commands

1. Famous Unix directories and files include the following:

/ - called "slash", the top level directory

/etc - directory containing system configuration files

and management command, rhymes with Betsy

/etc/hosts, /etc/services, /etc/protocols - famous network files

/etc/resolv.conf, /etc/passwd, /etc/groups - more configuration files

/bin, /usr/bin, /usr/local/bin, - directories of commands

/sbin, /usr/sbin, /usr/local/sbin - superuser commands

/home - user home directories

2. The man command (e.g. "man telnet") can be used to get more information
on any of the following commands.

3. If you enter a command (e.g. ping) and receive the message "Command not
found", it usually means that Unix is not looking in the directory that
contains the command. If this happens, try "whereis ping", then "cd" to
the correct directory and reenter the command. (For a permanent fix, edit
the "path" statement in the file ".login").

4. "telnet astro.temple.edu" - to log in to astro.temple.edu (very insecure).

5. "ssh stafford@astro.temple.edu" - to log in to stafford's account on

astro.temple.edu using secure shell (encrypted password and data).

6. "ftp ftp.rfc-editor.org" - transfer a file from ftp.rfc-editor. Log in using

account "anonymous" with your E-mail address as password. Try "dir",
"cd in-notes", "ascii", "dir" again, and finally "get rfc791.txt". Use
"bye" to exit ftp and "more rfc-index.txt" to read the document.
(To do all of this automatically, enter the web address
"ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc791.txt" in your browser.)

7. "more /etc/hosts" to see your local "internet name and address" file

8. "more /etc/protocols" to see what protocols can be carried in IP packets.

9. "more /etc/services" to see the ports are used by "well known" services.

10. "more /etc/resolv.conf" to see the nameservers your computer uses.

11. "ping www.temple.edu" - to see if computer www.temple.edu is alive and

reachable.

12. "arp -a" to print Ethernet and IP address of other active computers on
your LAN

13. "ifconfig to see your computer's Ethernet and IP addresses.

14. "netstat -nr" to print your computer's IP routing tables

15. "netstat -lut" (Listening Udp or Tcp sockets) to see the network services
offered on Linux based systems.

16. "netstat -af inet | grep LISTEN" to see the network services on Sun or Dec
Unix systems.

17. "netstat -i" to see statistics on packets sent and received.

18. "nslookup www.temple.edu" to find IP address of computer www.temple.edu

19. "nslookup", then "?" to do a lot more.

20. "traceroute www.bucks.edu" to determine the path to "www.bucks.edu"

Results of executing Networking commands on the Linux system in my office.

1. linux:~ # ifconfig
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:50:04:D3:C0:CA
inet addr:192.168.1.102 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::250:4ff:fed3:c0ca/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST NOTRAILERS RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:2517 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:2057 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:100
RX bytes:1493378 (1.4 Mb) TX bytes:217474 (212.3 Kb)
Interrupt:10 Base address:0x1000

lo Link encap:Local Loopback

inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1
RX packets:30 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:30 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:1956 (1.9 Kb) TX bytes:1956 (1.9 Kb)

2. linux:~ # netstat -lut

Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
tcp 0 0 *:sunrpc *:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 *:x11 *:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 localhost:smtp *:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 *:ssh *:* LISTEN
udp 0 0 *:bootpc *:*
udp 0 0 *:sunrpc *:*

3. linux:~ # netstat -i
Kernel Interface table
Iface MTU Met RX-OK RX-ERR RX-DRP RX-OVR TX-OK TX-ERR TX-DRP TX-OVR Flg
eth0 1500 0 2528 0 0 0 2062 0 0 0 BMNRU
lo 16436 0 30 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 LRU

4. linux:~ # /sbin/arp -a
? (192.168.1.147) at 00:06:5B:52:1D:70 [ether] on eth0
? (192.168.1.1) at 00:04:5A:F3:D9:E1 [ether] on eth0
5. linux:~ # ping www.bucks.edu
PING www.bucks.edu (192.231.233.6) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from www.bucks.edu (192.231.233.6): icmp_seq=1 ttl=47 time=18.1 ms
64 bytes from www.bucks.edu (192.231.233.6): icmp_seq=2 ttl=47 time=20.2 ms
64 bytes from www.bucks.edu (192.231.233.6): icmp_seq=3 ttl=47 time=15.8 ms
64 bytes from www.bucks.edu (192.231.233.6): icmp_seq=4 ttl=47 time=25.0 ms
--- www.bucks.edu ping statistics ---
4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3026ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 15.872/19.820/25.003/3.367 ms

6. linux:~ # traceroute -n www.bucks.edu

traceroute to www.bucks.edu (192.231.233.6), 30 hops max, 40 byte packets
1 155.247.107.1 2.469 ms 2.336 ms 2.732 ms
2 155.247.4.1 32.380 ms 31.799 ms 31.181 ms
3 155.247.119.226 32.213 ms 32.263 ms 19.595 ms
4 4.25.94.49 18.467 ms 18.293 ms 18.317 ms
5 64.159.3.29 18.478 ms 12.350 ms 12.138 ms
...
12 38.112.5.30 17.077 ms 17.709 ms 13.827 ms
13 207.103.5.101 14.883 ms 17.671 ms 16.511 ms
14 207.103.5.222 15.299 ms 15.814 ms 19.462 ms
15 207.103.5.30 31.109 ms 76.618 ms 67.554 ms
16 207.103.210.203 29.076 ms 38.247 ms 59.058 ms
17 * * *
18 * * *

7. linux:/ # more /etc/services

# See: http://www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbers
echo 7/tcp Echo
echo 7/udp Echo
discard 9/tcp Discard sink null
discard 9/udp Discard sink null
daytime 13/tcp Daytime # Daytime (RFC 867)
daytime 13/udp Daytime # Daytime (RFC 867)
ftp-data 20/tcp # File Transfer [Default Data]
ftp 21/tcp # File Transfer [Control]
ssh 22/tcp # SSH Remote Login Protocol
telnet 23/tcp # Telnet
smtp 25/tcp mail # Simple Mail Transfer
domain 53/tcp # Domain Name Server
domain 53/udp # Domain Name Server
http 80/tcp # World Wide Web HTTP
epmap 135/tcp # DCE endpoint resolution
netbios-ns 137/tcp # NETBIOS Name Service
netbios-ssn 139/tcp # NETBIOS Session Service
https 443/tcp # http protocol over TLS/SSL

8. linux:/etc # more /etc/protocols

# See: http://www.iana.org/assignments/protocol-numbers
#
ip 0 IP # internet protocol v4
icmp 1 ICMP # internet control message protocol
#ip 4 IP # internet protocol v4
tcp 6 TCP # transmission control protocol
udp 17 UDP # user datagram protocol
ipv6 41 IPv6 # IPv6