WorldLiterature The Dark Ages and the Bards

An Introduction
The Dream of the Holy Rod
Prepared by: Dinglasa, Shara Marie
Medieval Period Famous Author
What do you mean by World Literature?
Geoffrey Chaucer
“Littera” means “Letter”
Thomas Aquinas
Knowledge of books
Martin Luther
Refer to the sum total of the world’s national
literatures Venerable Bede

Literature, History and Culture Significant Literary Genres

Literature through Ages Elegy

Overview
Religious Liturgy
Early Period of Literature
Narrative Romance
The Classical Period (1200 BCE – 455 CE)
Renaissance Period
The Medieval Period (455 CE – 1485 CE)
Considered to be the division between the Middle
The Renaissance Period (1485 – 1660 CE) Age and Modern Era

Classical period Renaissance Period Famous Author

A golden age for literature and arts William Shakespeare

The Illiad and The Odyssey Sir Thomas More

Writers and philosophers: Queen Elizabeth I

Gorgias Edmund Spencer

Aesop Literary Work

Plato Romeo and Juliet

Socrates When I was Fair and Young

Aristotle Utopia

Euripides The Faerie Queen

Medieval Period Later Period of Literature

Also known as Anglo-Saxon Period Enlightenment period (1660 BCE – 1790)

Significant Literary works: Romantic Period (1790 – 1830)

The Canterbury Tales Victorian Period (1832 – 1901)

Beowulf Modern Period (1914 – 1945)

Post-modern Period (1945 onwards)

Enlightenment Period Mary Shelley

Referred to as the Age of Reason Victorian Period

Era of Logic The reign of Queen Victoria

Literary Work Expressed the fusion of pure romance to gross

realism
All for Love
Victorian Period Literary Work
The Rake of the Man
Pickwick Papers
Elegy written in a Churchyard
How do I Love Thee
Enlightenment Period Famous Author
Ulysses
John Dryden
Famous Author
Alexander Pope
Charles Dickens
Thomas Paine
Elizabeth Browning
Thomas Gray
Alfred Lord Tennyson
Popular Types of Literature
Modern Period
Essay
Characterized by a self-conscious break with
Melodrama traditional ways of writing, in both poetry and prose
fiction
Letters
Modern Period Literary Work
Fables
Road Not Taken
Romantic Period
And Death Shall Have no Dominion
Great Age for the Novel
Insensibility
Emphasize on emotion, imagination, and
individualism Famous Author

Romantic Period Literary Work Robert Frost

I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud Dylan Thomas

Kubla Khan Wilfred Owen

Song of Innocence and of Experience Post-modern Period

Mathilda Characterized by reliance on narrative techniques

such as fragmentation, paradox, and the unreliable
Famous Author narrator
William Wordsworth Post-modern Period Literary Work
Samuel Taylor Coleridge Infinite Jest
William Blake
The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Actions
Waiting for Godot Speech
Famous Author Private thoughts
David Foster Wallace Responses
T.S. Eliot
Point of View
Samuel Beckett
First person – Limited to the consciousness of
the narrator; uses “I”

What is Literature?
Second person – Uses “you”; very rare
Generic Classification

Prose- fiction, Non Fiction Third person – uses “he” or “she”

Drama Point of View
Poetry Omniscient - Knows everything
Short story
Limited omniscient – Knows everything but
2000 – 6000 words limited to one person only
Eight to 24 pages Tone
Novella – 50 – 150 pages The writer’s attitude
Novel – expand beyond 250 pages Sorrowful, sentimental, angry, ironic,
Elements of short story sympathetic

Conflict Setting

The struggle between two opposing forces Interior place – objects that people own
comment on them
Can be external or internal

Person against person, human against nature,

person against self, the individual against Exterior place – People are influenced by their
society environment

Foreshadowing Symbol

Hint of things to come Represents or suggests a relationship

To prepare the reader for the later event Concrete objects used to represent abstract
ideas
Characterization

Appearance
 Catch the attention of the readers

Find nouns that are solid, specific and visual

Find verbs that are specific

Language of your own age

compress
Theme
Images
central insight or idea
Local Places – Howard Moss
Rarely stated; usually implied
The song you sang you will not sing again
Drama
Tragedy Floating in the spring to all your local places,

Comedy Lured by archaic sense to the wood

Farce To watch the frog jump from mossy rock,

Pantomime To listen to the stream’s small talk at dark,

Puppet Play Or feel the springy pine-floor where you walk –

Plays of Fantasy If your green secrecies were such as these,

What is a poem? The mystery is now in other trees

Four characteristics of Poetry The sound of words

Line length Rhyme

The heightened use of sound A device consist of two or more words linked by
an identity in sound
Use of rhythm
Non-rhyming devices
Compression
Alliteration – Repetition of consonants; initial
Language of Poetry
Assonance – repetition of vowel sounds
Levels of usage
Consonance – repetition of consonant sounds
Deals with personal feelings and insights
Onomatopoeia – Sounds like the object or
Find the appropriate words and phrases not action it describes
fancy ones
Rhythms of Stress
Appropriate to the tone of the poem and to the
persona Rhythm

Achieving vitality in language Systematic variation in the flow of sound

Meter – system of stressed and unstressed Expresses the author’s mood, emotion, and
syllables reflection in musical language

Free verse – written without meter Narrative Poem

Elements of poetry Tells a story of love, adventure and romance

SSSS in poetry Lyric Poem

Sense Ode

Sound Elegy

Structure Sonnet

Sense Song

Revealed through the words, images ad Simple lyric

symbols

Diction – choice of words

Narrative Poem
Images and Sense Impression
Epic
Figures of speech
Ballad – a story of ordinary people
Sound
Literary devices in Poetry
Creative combination of words
* Figures of speech * Literary allusions and
Rhythm expressions * Sound Devices *

Meter – duration, stress, or number of syllables Simile

Rhyme scheme – formal arrangements of lines Comparison of two things by using the words
like and as
Structure
Just like daggers, words hurt.
Organization of parts to form the whole
Metaphor
Word order – natural or unnatural arrangement
Direct comparison of two unlike things or ideas
Ellipsis – Omitting some words
She is a phantom of delight.
Punctuation – abundance or lack of
punctuation Personification

Shape – contextual or visual design Gives human traits to inanimate objects

Types of poems The shining sun kissed my skin.

Lyric Poem
Synecdoche Beware of Greeks bearing gifts – be careful if an
enemy suddenly becomes friendly
Using a part for the whole
Sound Devices
No busy hand provoke a tear
No roving foot shall crush thee here Onomatopoeia

Metonymy Alliteration

Using another word which is identifiable or Assonance

associated with the idea referred to
Rhyme
A pen is mightier than a sword.
Consonance
Hyperbole
Anaphora
exaggeration
Onomatopoeia
I breathed a song in the air
It fell to earth, I knew not where; Imitate the sounds
For who has sight so keen and strong,
Hiss, Swoosh, Bang, Buzz
That it can follow a flight of song?
Alliteration
Apostrophe
Repetition of consonant sounds; initial
Direct address to something inanimate or dead
or absent The splendor falls on castle walls
And snowy summits told in story
Break, break, break
On thy cold grey stones, o Sea! Assonance
Oxymoron Repetition of vowel sounds
Using contradictory terms Long, long afterward, in an oak
I found the arrow, still unbroke
O heavy lightness, serious vanity!
I found again in the heart of a friend
Allusion
Rhyme
Any scientific, historical, mythological, literary,
Repetition of sounds at the end of words
or biblical event or figure
And what shoulder and what art
I am not Lazarus nor Prince Hamlet.
could twist the sinews of my heart?
Literary Allusions and Expressions And, when thy heart began to beat,
What dread hand and what dread feet?
Penelope’s web – A task that is never ending
Consonance
Achilles’ heel – The weakest point of a person
Identity of consonant sounds
Herculean task – impossible task
Black-block
Apple of discord – The object of conflict
 Eikhenbaum began his pedagogical activities,
Slip-slop and became a teacher in the school.
Creak-crock
Viktor Shklovsky
Anaphora
Shklovsky is perhaps best known for developing
Repetition of a word or words at the beginning the concept of ostranenie or defamiliarization in
of two or more successive clauses or verses literature. He explained the concept in 1917 in
the important essay "Art as Technique" which
Lay me an anvil, O God! comprised the first chapter of his seminal
Beat me and hammer me into a crowbar, Theory of Prose, first published in 1925. He
argued for the need to turn something that has
Lay me an anvil, O God! become over-familiar, like a cliché in the literary
Beat me and hammer me into a steel spike. canon, into something revitalized
Theory of Formalism

What is Formalism?

Formalism is a school of literary criticism and

literary theory having mainly to do with
structural purposes of a particular text. It is the
study of a text without taking into account any
outside influence.

Formalism rejects or sometimes simply

"brackets" (i.e., ignores for the purpose of
analysis) notions of culture or societal influence,
authorship, and content, and instead focuses on
modes, genres, discourse, and forms.

In literary theory, formalism refers to critical

approaches that analyze, interpret, or evaluate
the inherent features of a text. These features
include not only grammar and syntax but also
literary devices such as meter and tropes.

Formalism emerged primarily and particularly

out of the work of :

Roman Jacobson

was one of the most celebrated and influential

linguists of the twentieth century. he developed
revolutionary new techniques for the analysis of
linguistic sound systems, in effect founding the
modern discipline of phonology.

Boris Eikhenbaum published in a number of

periodicals, and conducted reviews of foreign
literature in the newspaper In 1914,