Budynas SM ch03

budynas_SM_ch03.
qxd 11/28/2006 21:21 Page 14

FIRST PAGES
Chapter 3
3-1
W W
2 2
A B A B
RA RB RA RB
1 1 1
(a) (b)
1
1
RD
RC
3 2 D
C
RA RB B
A
(c)
W
1
RC
RB
RA
RB
2
RA
(d)
(e)
A RA
1
RBx B
RB
RBx RBy
RBy
1
Scale of
corner magnified
(f)
budynas_SM_ch03.qxd 11/28/2006 21:21 Page 15
FIRST PAGES
Chapter 3 15
3-2
(a) 2 kN
60°
RB R A = 2 sin 60 = 1.732 kN Ans.
90°
2 R B = 2 sin 30 = 1 kN Ans.
2 kN
30° 60°
RA
RB 30°
RA
(b) RA
0.4 m S = 0.6 m
B
0.6
A 45°
α = tan−1 = 30.96◦
800 N
0.4 + 0.6
0.6 m
RO O
s
RO RA 800
RA = ⇒ R A = 1100 N Ans.
135° sin 135 sin 30.96
30.96° 800 N
RO 800
45 30.96 14.04 = ⇒ R O = 377 N Ans.
sin 14.04 sin 30.96
30.96°
(c) 1.2 kN 1.2

RO = = 2.078 kN Ans.
tan 30
30° 1.2
RA = = 2.4 kN Ans.
RO RA sin 30
60° 90° 60°
RA 1.2 kN
RO
(d) Step 1: Find R A and R E

4.5
C 4.5 m h= = 7.794 m
tan 30

30°
400 N
y
+ MA = 0
2 4
h
9R E − 7.794(400 cos 30) − 4.5(400 sin 30) = 0
B D R E = 400 N Ans.
3
RAx 60°
A E x
RA 9m
RAy RE

Fx = 0 R Ax + 400 cos 30 = 0 ⇒ R Ax = −346.4 N

Fy = 0 R Ay + 400 − 400 sin 30 = 0 ⇒ R Ay = −200 N

R A = 346.42 + 2002 = 400 N Ans.
FIRST PAGES
16 Solutions Manual • Instructor’s Solution Manual to Accompany Mechanical Engineering Design
Step 2: Find components of RC on link 4 and R D

(RCy)4
+ MC = 0
C (RCx)4
400(4.5) − (7.794 − 1.9) R D = 0 ⇒ R D = 305.4 N Ans.

Fx = 0 ⇒ ( RC x ) 4 = 305.4 N
4
Fy = 0 ⇒ ( RC y ) 4 = −400 N
RD D
400 N
Step 3: Find components of RC on link 2

(RCy)2
Fx = 0
C (RCx)2
( RC x ) 2 + 305.4 − 346.4 = 0 ⇒ ( RC x ) 2 = 41 N

2 Fy = 0
( RC y ) 2 = 200 N
B 305.4 N
346.4 N
A
200 N
200 N 400 N 200 N 400 N
41 N 305.4 N C 41 N C 305.4 N
30°
Pin C
400 N
305.4 N B D 305.4 N
B D
346.4 N
E
A
200 N 400 N
400 N
Ans.
3-3
(a) y 40 lbf 60 lbf
+ M0 = 0
4" 4" 6" 4"
O x
A B C D
−18(60) + 14R2 + 8(30) − 4(40) = 0
R1 30 lbf R2
R2 = 71.43 lbf
V (lbf)

60
Fy = 0: R1 − 40 + 30 + 71.43 − 60 = 0
O
1.43 11.43
x
R1 = −1.43 lbf
41.43
M M1 = −1.43(4) = −5.72 lbf · in

(lbf • in)
M4
x
M2 = −5.72 − 41.43(4) = −171.44 lbf · in
O
M1
M2
M3 = −171.44 − 11.43(6) = −240 lbf · in
M3
M4 = −240 + 60(4) = 0 checks!
FIRST PAGES
Chapter 3 17

(b) y 2 kN 4 kN/m Fy = 0
A B C R0 = 2 + 4(0.150) = 2.6 kN
O x

MO RO 200 mm 150 mm 150 mm M0 = 0
V (kN) M0 = 2000(0.2) + 4000(0.150)(0.425)
2.6
= 655 N · m
0.6
O
O x
M1 = −655 + 2600(0.2) = −135 N · m
M
(N • m)
M2 = −135 + 600(0.150) = −45 N · m
M3
O x
1
M1
M2
M3 = −45 + 600(0.150) = 0 checks!
2
655

(c) y 1000 lbf
M0 = 0: 10R2 − 6(1000) = 0 ⇒ R2 = 600 lbf
6 ft 4 ft B
O
A
x
Fy = 0: R1 − 1000 + 600 = 0 ⇒ R1 = 400 lbf
R1 R2
V (lbf)
400
O x
600
M M1
(lbf • ft) M1 = 400(6) = 2400 lbf · ft
M2
x
M2 = 2400 − 600(4) = 0 checks!
O
y

(d) 1000 lbf 2000 lbf
+ MC = 0
O
2 ft
A
6 ft
B
2 ft
C
x −10R1 + 2(2000) + 8(1000) = 0
R1 R2 R1 = 1200 lbf

1200
Fy = 0: 1200 − 1000 − 2000 + R2 = 0
200
x
R2 = 1800 lbf
1800
M
M2 M1 = 1200(2) = 2400 lbf · ft
M1
M3
M2 = 2400 + 200(6) = 3600 lbf · ft
O x
M3 = 3600 − 1800(2) = 0 checks!
FIRST PAGES

(e) y 400 lbf 800 lbf + MB = 0
O
4 ft 3 ft B 3 ft
x −7R1 + 3(400) − 3(800) = 0
A C
R1 R2 R1 = −171.4 lbf

V (lbf)
800 Fy = 0: −171.4 − 400 + R2 − 800 = 0
O x
R2 = 1371.4 lbf
171.4
571.4
O
M3
x
M1 = −171.4(4) = −685.7 lbf · ft
M1 M2 = −685.7 − 571.4(3) = −2400 lbf · ft
M2
M3 = −2400 + 800(3) = 0 checks!
(f) Break at A
40 lbf/in
1
O
8"
A R1 = V A = 40(8) = 160 lbf
2
R1 VA
y
160 lbf 320 lbf + MD = 0
A B 5" 5" D
2" C 12(160) − 10R2 + 320(5) = 0
R2 R3 R2 = 352 lbf

40 lbf/in 320 lbf
Fy = 0
x −160 + 352 − 320 + R3 = 0
R3 = 128 lbf
160 lbf 352 lbf 128 lbf
V (lbf)
192
160
O x
128
160
1
M M4 M1 = 160(4) = 320 lbf · in
2
M1
1
O
M5
x
M2 = 320 − 160(4) = 0 checks! (hinge)
M2 2
M3 M3 = 0 − 160(2) = −320 lbf · in
M4 = −320 + 192(5) = 640 lbf · in
M5 = 640 − 128(5) = 0 checks!
FIRST PAGES
Chapter 3 19
3-4
(a) q = R1 x−1 − 40x − 4−1 + 30x − 8−1 + R2 x − 14−1 − 60x − 18−1
V = R1 − 40x − 40 + 30x − 80 + R2 x − 140 − 60x − 180 (1)
M = R1 x − 40x − 41 + 30x − 81 + R2 x − 141 − 60x − 181 (2)
for x = 18+ V =0 and M = 0 Eqs. (1) and (2) give
0 = R1 − 40 + 30 + R2 − 60 ⇒ R1 + R2 = 70 (3)
0 = R1 (18) − 40(14) + 30(10) + 4R2 ⇒ 9R1 + 2R2 = 130 (4)
Solve (3) and (4) simultaneously to get R1 = −1.43 lbf, R2 = 71.43 lbf. Ans.
+
From Eqs. (1) and (2), at x = 0 , V = R1 = −1.43 lbf, M = 0
x = 4+ : V = −1.43 − 40 = −41.43, M = −1.43x
x = 8+ : V = −1.43 − 40 + 30 = −11.43
M = −1.43(8) − 40(8 − 4) 1 = −171.44
x = 14+ : V = −1.43 − 40 + 30 + 71.43 = 60
M = −1.43(14) − 40(14 − 4) + 30(14 − 8) = −240 .
+
x = 18 : V = 0, M = 0 See curves of V and M in Prob. 3-3 solution.
(b) q = R0 x−1 − M0 x−2 − 2000x − 0.2−1 − 4000x − 0.350 + 4000x − 0.50

V = R0 − M0 x−1 − 2000x − 0.20 − 4000x − 0.351 + 4000x − 0.51 (1)
M = R0 x − M0 − 2000x − 0.21 − 2000x − 0.352 + 2000x − 0.52 (2)
at x = 0.5+ m, V = M = 0, Eqs. (1) and (2) give
R0 − 2000 − 4000(0.5 − 0.35) = 0 ⇒ R1 = 2600 N = 2.6 kN Ans.
R0 (0.5) − M0 − 2000(0.5 − 0.2) − 2000(0.5 − 0.35) 2 = 0
with R0 = 2600 N, M0 = 655 N · m Ans.
With R0 and M0, Eqs. (1) and (2) give the same V and M curves as Prob. 3-3 (note for
V, M0 x−1 has no physical meaning).
(c) q = R1 x−1 − 1000x − 6−1 + R2 x − 10−1
V = R1 − 1000x − 60 + R2 x − 100 (1)
M = R1 x − 1000x − 61 + R2 x − 101 (2)
at x = 10+ ft, V = M = 0, Eqs. (1) and (2) give
R1 − 1000 + R2 = 0 ⇒ R1 + R2 = 1000
10R1 − 1000(10 − 6) = 0 ⇒ R1 = 400 lbf , R2 = 1000 − 400 = 600 lbf
0 ≤ x ≤ 6: V = 400 lbf, M = 400x
6 ≤ x ≤ 10: V = 400 − 1000(x − 6) 0 = 600 lbf
M = 400x − 1000(x − 6) = 6000 − 600x
See curves of Prob. 3-3 solution.
(d) q = R1 x−1 − 1000x − 2−1 − 2000x − 8−1 + R2 x − 10−1
V = R1 − 1000x − 20 − 2000x − 80 + R2 x − 100 (1)
M = R1 x − 1000x − 21 − 2000x − 81 + R2 x − 101 (2)
FIRST PAGES
At x = 10+ , V = M = 0 from Eqs. (1) and (2)

R1 − 1000 − 2000 + R2 = 0 ⇒ R1 + R2 = 3000
10R1 − 1000(10 − 2) − 2000(10 − 8) = 0 ⇒ R1 = 1200 lbf ,
R2 = 3000 − 1200 = 1800 lbf
0 ≤ x ≤ 2: V = 1200 lbf, M = 1200x lbf · ft
2 ≤ x ≤ 8: V = 1200 − 1000 = 200 lbf
M = 1200x − 1000(x − 2) = 200x + 2000 lbf · ft
8 ≤ x ≤ 10: V = 1200 − 1000 − 2000 = −1800 lbf
M = 1200x − 1000(x − 2) − 2000(x − 8) = −1800x + 18 000 lbf · ft
Plots are the same as in Prob. 3-3.
(e) q = R1 x−1 − 400x − 4−1 + R2 x − 7−1 − 800x − 10−1

V = R1 − 400x − 40 + R2 x − 70 − 800x − 100 (1)
M = R1 x − 400x − 41 + R2 x − 71 − 800x − 101 (2)
at x = 10+ , V = M = 0
R1 − 400 + R2 − 800 = 0 ⇒ R1 + R2 = 1200 (3)
10R1 − 400(6) + R2 (3) = 0 ⇒ 10R1 + 3R2 = 2400 (4)
Solve Eqs. (3) and (4) simultaneously: R1 = −171.4 lbf, R2 = 1371.4 lbf
0 ≤ x ≤ 4: V = −171.4 lbf, M = −171.4x lbf · ft
4 ≤ x ≤ 7: V = −171.4 − 400 = −571.4 lbf
M = −171.4x − 400(x − 4) lbf · ft = −571.4x + 1600
7 ≤ x ≤ 10: V = −171.4 − 400 + 1371.4 = 800 lbf
M = −171.4x − 400(x − 4) + 1371.4(x − 7) = 800x − 8000 lbf · ft
Plots are the same as in Prob. 3-3.
(f) q = R1 x−1 − 40x0 + 40x − 80 + R2 x − 10−1 − 320x − 15−1 + R3 x − 20
V = R1 − 40x + 40x − 81 + R2 x − 100 − 320x − 150 + R3 x − 200 (1)
M = R1 x − 20x + 20x − 8 + R2 x − 10 − 320x − 15 + R3 x − 20
2 2 1 1 1
(2)
M = 0 at x = 8 in ∴ 8R1 − 20(8) = 0 ⇒ R1 = 160 lbf
2
at x = 20+ , V and M = 0
160 − 40(20) + 40(12) + R2 − 320 + R3 = 0 ⇒
R2 + R3 = 480
160(20) − 20(20) 2 + 20(12) 2 + 10R2 − 320(5) = 0 ⇒
R2 = 352 lbf
R3 = 480 − 352 = 128 lbf
0 ≤ x ≤ 8: V = 160 − 40x lbf, M = 160x − 20x lbf · in
2
8 ≤ x ≤ 10: V = 160 − 40x + 40(x − 8) = −160 lbf ,

M = 160x − 20x 2 + 20(x − 8) 2 = 1280 − 160x lbf · in
10 ≤ x ≤ 15: V = 160 − 40x + 40(x − 8) + 352 = 192 lbf
M = 160x − 20x 2 + 20(x − 8) + 352(x − 10) = 192x − 2240
FIRST PAGES
Chapter 3 21
15 ≤ x ≤ 20: V = 160 − 40x + 40(x − 8) + 352 − 320 = −128 lbf

M = 160x − 20x 2 − 20(x − 8) + 352(x − 10) − 320(x − 15)
= −128x + 2560
Plots of V and M are the same as in Prob. 3-3.
3-5 Solution depends upon the beam selected.
3-6
(a) Moment at center, xc = (l − 2a)/2
2
w l l wl l
Mc = (l − 2a) − = −a
2 2 2 2 4
At reaction, |Mr | = wa 2 /2
a = 2.25, l = 10 in, w = 100 lbf/in

100(10) 10
Mc = − 2.25 = 125 lbf · in
2 4
100(2.252 )
Mr = = 253.1 lbf · in Ans.
2
(b) Minimum occurs when Mc = |Mr |

wl l wa 2
−a = ⇒ a 2 + al − 0.25l 2 = 0
2 4 2
Taking the positive root
1 l √
a= −l + l 2 + 4(0.25l 2 ) = 2 − 1 = 0.2071l Ans.

2 2
for l = 10 in and w = 100 lbf, Mmin = (100/2)[(0.2071)(10)]2 = 214 lbf · in
3-7 For the ith wire from bottom, from summing forces vertically
(a) Ti
xi
a Ti = (i + 1)W
W iW
From summing moments about point a,

Ma = W (l − xi ) − i W xi = 0
Giving,
l
xi =
i +1
FIRST PAGES
So
l l
W = =
1+1 2
l l
x= =
2+1 3
l l
y= =
3+1 4
l l
z= =
4+1 5
(b) With straight rigid wires, the mobile is not stable. Any perturbation can lead to all wires
becoming collinear. Consider a wire of length l bent at its string support:
Ti

il l
Ma = 0
i1
i1
iW
iWl ilW
W
Ma = cos α − cos β = 0
i +1 i +1
iWl
(cos α − cos β) = 0
i +1
Moment vanishes when α = β for any wire. Consider a ccw rotation angle β, which
makes α → α + β and β → α − β
iWl
Ma = [cos(α + β) − cos(α − β)]
i +1
2i W l . 2i W lβ
= sin α sin β = sin α
i +1 i +1
There exists a correcting moment of opposite sense to arbitrary rotation β. An equation
for an upward bend can be found by changing the sign of W . The moment will no longer
be correcting. A curved, convex-upward bend of wire will produce stable equilibrium
too, but the equation would change somewhat.
3-8
(a) 1 x
12 + 6
cw
(12, 4cw) C= =9
2s
2
12 − 6
2p
CD = =3
2
2 C D 1
R = 32 + 42 = 5
R
σ1 = 5 + 9 = 14
ccw
ccw
(6, 4 )
σ2 = 9 − 5 = 4
y 2
FIRST PAGES
Chapter 3 23

4 1 −1 4
φ p = tan = 26.6◦ cw
2 3
x
26.6
14
τ1 = R = 5, φs = 45◦ − 26.6◦ = 18.4◦ ccw

9
9
18.4
x
5
9
(b) y 1 9 + 16
cw C= = 12.5
(9, 5cw) 2
R 16 − 9
CD = = 3.5
2
D

2 C
2p
1
R = 52 + 3.52 = 6.10
2s σ1 = 6.1 + 12.5 = 18.6
(16, 5ccw) 1 5
ccw φ p = tan−1 = 27.5◦ ccw
2 x 2 3.5
σ2 = 12.5 − 6.1 = 6.4
6.4
18.6
27.5
x
τ1 = R = 6.10 , φs = 45◦ − 27.5◦ = 17.5◦ cw

12.5
6.10
x
17.5
12.5
(c) 1
cw 24 + 10
y
C= = 17
(24, 6cw) 2
R 24 − 10
CD = =7
D C
2
2 1
2p
R = 72 + 62 = 9.22
(10, 6 ccw
)
2s
σ1 = 17 + 9.22 = 26.22
ccw x σ2 = 17 − 9.22 = 7.78
2
FIRST PAGES

1 −1 7
26.22 φp = 90 + tan = 69.7◦ ccw
69.7 2 6
7.78
τ1 = R = 9.22, φs = 69.7◦ − 45◦ = 24.7◦ ccw
17 9.22
17
24.7
x
(d) x
1 9 + 19
cw
(9, 8cw)
C= = 14
2
2s
19 − 9
2p CD = =5
2
2 1
D C R = 52 + 82 = 9.434
R σ1 = 14 + 9.43 = 23.43
(19, 8ccw) σ2 = 14 − 9.43 = 4.57
ccw
2
y

1 −1 5
4.57 φp = 90 + tan = 61.0◦ cw
2 8
x
61
23.43
τ1 = R = 9.434, φs = 61◦ − 45◦ = 16◦ cw
14
x
16
14
9.434
FIRST PAGES
Chapter 3 25
3-9
(a) 1
cw
12 − 4
y
C= =4
(12, 7cw) 2
R 12 + 4
CD = =8
D C
2
2 1
R = 82 + 72 = 10.63
2p
(4, 7ccw) 2s σ1 = 4 + 10.63 = 14.63

x σ2 = 4 − 10.63 = −6.63
2
ccw

1 −1 8
14.63 φp = 90 + tan = 69.4◦ ccw
69.4
2 7
6.63
τ1 = R = 10.63, φs = 69.4◦ − 45◦ = 24.4◦ ccw
4
10.63
4
24.4
x
(b) y cw 1
6−5
(5, 8cw) C= = 0.5
2
R 6+5
CD = = 5.5
2
C D
1
2
2p R = 5.52 + 82 = 9.71
2s σ1 = 0.5 + 9.71 = 10.21
(6, 8ccw) σ2 = 0.5 − 9.71 = −9.21
2
ccw x
9.21 1 −1 8
10.21 φp = tan = 27.75◦ ccw
27.75 2 5.5
x
FIRST PAGES
τ1 = R = 9.71, φs = 45◦ − 27.75◦ = 17.25◦ cw

0.5
9.71
x
17.25
0.5
(c) cw
−8 + 7
1
C= = −0.5
x 2
(8, 6cw)
2s 8+7
2p
CD = = 7.5
2

2 D C 1 R = 7.52 + 62 = 9.60
R σ1 = 9.60 − 0.5 = 9.10
(7, 6ccw)
y
σ2 = −0.5 − 9.6 = −10.1
2
ccw

1 −1 7.5
φp = 90 + tan = 70.67◦ cw
10.1 2 6
x
70.67
9.1
τ1 = R = 9.60, φs = 70.67◦ − 45◦ = 25.67◦ cw
0.5
x
25.67
0.5
9.60
(d) cw 1
9−6
C= = 1.5
2
x
2s 9+6
(9, 3cw)
CD = = 7.5
2p 2
2 C D 1

R = 7.52 + 32 = 8.078
R
(6, 3ccw)
y
σ1 = 1.5 + 8.078 = 9.58
σ2 = 1.5 − 8.078 = −6.58
2
ccw
FIRST PAGES
Chapter 3 27
6.58 1 −1 3
φp = tan = 10.9◦ cw
2 7.5
x
10.9
9.58
τ1 = R = 8.078, φs = 45◦ − 10.9◦ = 34.1◦ ccw
1.5 1.5
34.1
x
8.08
3-10
(a) cw 1 20 − 10
C= =5
x
2
2s (20, 8cw) 20 + 10
CD = = 15
2p 2
2 C D 1

R R = 152 + 82 = 17
(10, 8ccw)
y σ1 = 5 + 17 = 22
σ2 = 5 − 17 = −12
ccw 2
1 −1 8
= 14.04◦ cw
12
φp = tan
2 15
x
14.04
22
τ1 = R = 17, φs = 45◦ − 14.04◦ = 30.96◦ ccw
5
5
30.96
x
17
FIRST PAGES
(b) cw 1
30 − 10
C= = 10
y 2
(10, 10cw) R 30 + 10
CD = = 20
D
2
2 C 2p 1
R = 202 + 102 = 22.36
(30, 10ccw)
2s
x σ1 = 10 + 22.36 = 32.36
σ2 = 10 − 22.36 = −12.36
2
ccw
12.36 1 −1 10
φp = tan = 13.28◦ ccw
32.36
2 20
13.28
x
τ1 = R = 22.36, φs = 45◦ − 13.28◦ = 31.72◦ cw

10
22.36
x
31.72
10
(c) cw 1
−10 + 18
C= =4
x 2
10 + 18
(10, 9cw) 2s
2p
CD = = 14
2

2 1
D C
R = 142 + 92 = 16.64
R
(18, 9ccw) σ1 = 4 + 16.64 = 20.64
y
σ2 = 4 − 16.64 = −12.64
2
ccw

1 −1 14
φp = 90 + tan = 73.63◦ cw
12.64 2 9
x
73.63
20.64
τ1 = R = 16.64, φs = 73.63◦ − 45◦ = 28.63◦ cw

4
x
28.63
4
16.64
FIRST PAGES
Chapter 3 29
(d) cw 1 −12 + 22
C= =5
x 2
(12, 12cw) 2s
12 + 22
CD = = 17
2p
2
2 1
D C R = 172 + 122 = 20.81
R
(22, 12ccw) σ1 = 5 + 20.81 = 25.81
y σ2 = 5 − 20.81 = −15.81
2
ccw

1 −1 17
φp = 90 + tan = 72.39◦ cw
15.81 2 12
x
72.39
25.81
τ1 = R = 20.81, φs = 72.39◦ − 45◦ = 27.39◦ cw

5
x
27.39
5
20.81
3-11
(a) 1/3
14
7
2
1/2 5
2/3 2
4 y x 10

3 y 2 0 x 1
1/3
(b) 0 + 10
y
1/2
C= =5
(0, 4cw)
2
10 − 0
2/3
R
CD = =5
2
3 2
C D
1

R = 52 + 42 = 6.40
(10, 4ccw) σ1 = 5 + 6.40 = 11.40
x σ2 = 0, σ3 = 5 − 6.40 = −1.40
11.40 1.40
τ1/3 = R = 6.40, τ1/2 = = 5.70, τ2/3 = = 0.70
2 2
FIRST PAGES

(c) 2 circles (2, 4cw) x −2 − 8
C= = −5
2
Point is a circle
8−2
3
C
D 1 2
CD = =3
2

(8, 4ccw) R = 32 + 42 = 5
y
σ1 = −5 + 5 = 0, σ2 = 0
σ3 = −5 − 5 = −10
10
τ1/3 = = 5, τ1/2 = 0, τ2/3 = 5
2
1/3
(d) 10 − 30
2/3 C= = −10
2
y
(30, 10cw) 1/2 10 + 30
R CD = = 20
C D

2
3 2 1
(10, 10ccw)
R = 202 + 102 = 22.36
x
σ1 = −10 + 22.36 = 12.36
σ2 = 0
σ3 = −10 − 22.36 = −32.36
12.36 32.36
τ1/3 = 22.36, τ1/2 = = 6.18, τ2/3 = = 16.18
2 2
3-12
(a) 1/3
−80 − 30
2/3 C= = −55
x 2
(80, 20cw)
1/2
80 − 30
C
CD = = 25
3 2 1
2
D
R
(30, 20ccw)
R = 252 + 202 = 32.02
y
σ1 = 0
σ2 = −55 + 32.02 = −22.98 = −23.0
σ3 = −55 − 32.0 = −87.0
23 87
τ1/2 = = 11.5, τ2/3 = 32.0, τ1/3 = = 43.5
2 2
FIRST PAGES
Chapter 3 31
(b) 1/3 30 − 60
C= = −15
2/3 x 2
(30, 30cw)
R
60 + 30
1/2 CD = = 45
2
3 C 2 D 1

R = 452 + 302 = 54.1
(60, 30ccw)
y σ1 = −15 + 54.1 = 39.1
σ2 = 0
σ3 = −15 − 54.1 = −69.1
39.1 + 69.1 39.1 69.1

τ1/3 = = 54.1, τ1/2 = = 19.6, τ2/3 = = 34.6
2 2 2
(c) 1/3
40 + 0
y
1/2
C= = 20
2
(0, 20cw)
2/3 40 − 0
R CD = = 20
D

2
3 2 C 1
R = 202 + 202 = 28.3
(40, 20ccw)
x σ1 = 20 + 28.3 = 48.3
σ2 = 20 − 28.3 = −8.3
σ3 = σz = −30
48.3 + 30 30 − 8.3
τ1/3 = = 39.1, τ1/2 = 28.3, τ2/3 = = 10.9
2 2
(d) 1/3
x 50
1/2
(50, 30cw)
C= = 25
2
2/3 50
CD = = 25
3 2 1
2
C D
R = 252 + 302 = 39.1
(0, 30ccw)
σ1 = 25 + 39.1 = 64.1
y
σ2 = 25 − 39.1 = −14.1
σ3 = σz = −20
64.1 + 20 20 − 14.1
τ1/3 = = 42.1, τ1/2 = 39.1, τ2/3 = = 2.95
2 2
FIRST PAGES
3-13
F 2000
σ = = = 10 190 psi = 10.19 kpsi Ans.
A (π/4)(0.52 )
FL L 72
δ= = σ = 10 190 = 0.024 46 in Ans.
AE E 30(106 )
δ 0.024 46
1 = = = 340(10−6 ) = 340µ Ans.
L 72
From Table A-5, ν = 0.292
2 = −ν1 = −0.292(340) = −99.3µ Ans.

d = 2 d = −99.3(10−6 )(0.5) = −49.6(10−6 ) in Ans.
3-14 From Table A-5, E = 71.7 GPa

L 3
δ = σ = 135(106 ) = 5.65(10−3 ) m = 5.65 mm Ans.
E 71.7(109 )
3-15 With σz = 0, solve the first two equations of Eq. (3-19) simultaneously. Place E on the left-
hand side of both equations, and using Cramer’s rule,

Ex −ν
E 1 Ex + ν E y E(x + ν y )
σx = y = =
1 −ν 1 − ν2 1 − ν2
−ν 1
Likewise,
E( y + νx )
σy =
1 − ν2
From Table A-5, E = 207 GPa and ν = 0.292. Thus,
E(x + ν y ) 207(109 )[0.0021 + 0.292(−0.000 67)] −6
σx = = (10 ) = 431 MPa Ans.
1 − ν2 1 − 0.2922
207(109 )[−0.000 67 + 0.292(0.0021)] −6
σy = (10 ) = −12.9 MPa Ans.
1 − 0.2922
3-16 The engineer has assumed the stress to be uniform. That is,
t

F

F
Ft = −F cos θ + τ A = 0 ⇒ τ = cos θ
A
When failure occurs in shear
F
Ssu = cos θ
A
FIRST PAGES
Chapter 3 33
The uniform stress assumption is common practice but is not exact. If interested in the
details, see p. 570 of 6th edition.
3-17 From Eq. (3-15)

σ 3 − (−2 + 6 − 4)σ 2 + [−2(6) + (−2)(−4) + 6(−4) − 32 − 22 − (−5) 2 ]σ
− [−2(6)(−4) + 2(3)(2)(−5) − (−2)(2) 2 − 6(−5) 2 − (−4)(3) 2 ] = 0
σ 3 − 66σ + 118 = 0
Roots are: 7.012, 1.89, −8.903 kpsi Ans.
7.012 − 1.89 1/3 (kpsi)
τ1/2 = = 2.56 kpsi
2 2/3
8.903 + 1.89
τ2/3 = = 5.40 kpsi 1/2
2
(kpsi)
8.903 + 7.012 8.903
1.89 7.012
τmax = τ1/3 = = 7.96 kpsi Ans.
2
Note: For Probs. 3-17 to 3-19, one can also find the eigenvalues of the matrix

σx τx y τzx
[σ ] = τx y σ y τ yz
τzx τ yz σz
for the principal stresses
3-18 From Eq. (3-15)

√
2
σ 3 − (10 + 0 + 10)σ 2 + 10(0) + 10(10) + 0(10) − 202 − −10 2 − 02 σ
√
√
2
− 10(0)(10) + 2(20) −10 2 (0) − 10 −10 2 − 0(0) 2 − 10(20) 2 = 0
σ 3 − 20σ 2 − 500σ + 6000 = 0
Roots are: 30, 10, −20 MPa Ans. (MPa) 1/3
30 − 10
τ1/2 = = 10 MPa 2/3
2 1/2
10 + 20
τ2/3 = = 15 MPa
2 20 10 30 (MPa)
30 + 20
τmax = τ1/3 = = 25 MPa Ans.
2
FIRST PAGES
3-19 From Eq. (3-15)

σ 3 − (1 + 4 + 4)σ 2 + [1(4) + 1(4) + 4(4) − 22 − (−4) 2 − (−2) 2 ]σ
−[1(4)(4) + 2(2)(−4)(−2) − 1(−4) 2 − 4(−2) 2 − 4(2) 2 ] = 0
σ 3 − 9σ 2 = 0
Roots are: 9, 0, 0 kpsi
(kpsi) 1/2 1/3
2/3
(kpsi)
O 0 9
9
τ2/3 = 0, τ1/2 = τ1/3 = τmax = = 4.5 kpsi Ans.
2
3-20
c ac
(a) R1 = F Mmax = R1 a = F
l l
6M 6 ac σ bh 2l
σ = 2
= 2 F ⇒ F= Ans.
bh bh l 6ac
Fm (σm /σ )(bm /b) (h m / h) 2 (lm /l) 1(s)(s) 2 (s)

(b) = = = s2 Ans.
F (am /a) (cm /c) (s)(s)
For equal stress, the model load varies by the square of the scale factor.
3-21
wl wl l wl 2
R1 = , Mmax |x=l/2 = l− =
2 22 2 8
6M 6 wl 2 3W l 4 σ bh 2
σ = 2
= 2
= ⇒ W = Ans.
bh bh 8 4bh 2 3 l
Wm (σm /σ )(bm /b) (h m / h) 2 1(s)(s) 2

= = = s2 Ans.
W lm /l s
wm lm wm s2
= s2 ⇒ = =s Ans.
wl w s
For equal stress, the model load w varies linearily with the scale factor.
FIRST PAGES
Chapter 3 35
3-22
(a) Can solve by iteration or derive equations for the general case.
W1 W2 W3 . . . WT . . . Wn Find maximum moment under wheel W3
A B
a23 WT = W at centroid of W’s
d3 RB
RA a13
x3
l
l − x3 − d3
RA = WT
l
Under wheel 3
(l − x3 − d3 )
M3 = R A x3 − W1 a13 − W2 a23 = WT x3 − W1 a13 − W2 a23
l
d M3 WT l − d3
For maximum, = 0 = (l − d3 − 2x3 ) ⇒ x3 =
dx3 l 2
(l − d3 ) 2
substitute into M, ⇒ M3 = WT − W1 a13 − W2 a23
4l
This means the midpoint of d3 intersects the midpoint of the beam
l − di (l − di ) 2
i−1
For wheel i xi = , Mi = WT − W j a ji
2 4l j=1
Note for wheel 1: W j a ji = 0

104.4
WT = 104.4, W1 = W2 = W3 = W4 = = 26.1 kip
4
476 (1200 − 238) 2
Wheel 1: d1 = = 238 in, M1 = (104.4) = 20 128 kip · in
2 4(1200)
Wheel 2: d2 = 238 − 84 = 154 in
(1200 − 154) 2
M2 = (104.4) − 26.1(84) = 21 605 kip · in = Mmax
4(1200)
Check if all of the wheels are on the rail
84" 77" 84"
315"
xmax
600" 600"
(b) xmax = 600 − 77 = 523 in

(c) See above sketch.
(d) inner axles
FIRST PAGES
3-23
(a) D
a a
c1 0.833" 0.75"
Ga 0.083"
C 1.5"
1 1
1" b 0.167"
4
Gb
y c2 0.667"
3" B 0.5"
8
A
1" 1"
4
1 12 " 4
Aa = Ab = 0.25(1.5) = 0.375 in2

A = 3(0.375) = 1.125 in2
2(0.375)(0.75) + 0.375(0.5)
ȳ = = 0.667 in
1.125
0.25(1.5) 3
Ia = = 0.0703 in4
12
1.5(0.25) 3
Ib = = 0.001 95 in4
12
I1 = 2[0.0703 + 0.375(0.083) 2 ] + [0.001 95 + 0.375(0.167) 2 ] = 0.158 in4 Ans.
10 000(0.667)
σA = = 42(10) 3 psi Ans.
0.158
10 000(0.667 − 0.375)
σB = = 18.5(10) 3 psi Ans.
0.158
10 000(0.167 − 0.125)
σC = = 2.7(10) 3 psi Ans.
0.158
10 000(0.833)
σD = − = −52.7(10) 3 psi Ans.
0.158
(b) D
c1 1.155"
C a b
1.732"
0.982"
1 1
Ga 0.327" Gb
y B
c2 0.577" 0.577" 0.577"
0.25" 1.134"
A A
2"
Here we treat the hole as a negative area.

Aa = 1.732 in2

0.982
Ab = 1.134 = 0.557 in2
2
FIRST PAGES
Chapter 3 37
A = 1.732 − 0.557 = 1.175 in2

1.732(0.577) − 0.557(0.577)
ȳ = = 0.577 in Ans.
1.175
bh 3 2(1.732) 3
Ia = = = 0.289 in4
36 36
1.134(0.982) 3
Ib = = 0.0298 in4
36
I1 = Ia − Ib = 0.289 − 0.0298 = 0.259 in4 Ans.
because the centroids are coincident.

10 000(0.577)
σA = = 22.3(10) 3 psi Ans.
0.259
10 000(0.327)
σB = = 12.6(10) 3 psi Ans.
0.259
10 000(0.982 − 0.327)
σC = − = −25.3(10) 3 psi Ans.
0.259
10 000(1.155)
σD = − = −44.6(10) 3 psi Ans.
0.259
(c) Use two negative areas.
D
C
c1 1.708"
b
1 1
Gb Gc
1.5" c
c2 2.292"
2"
B
a G
a 0.25"
A
Aa = 1 in2 , Ab = 9 in2 , Ac = 16 in2 , A = 16 − 9 − 1 = 6 in2 ;

ȳa = 0.25 in, ȳb = 2.0 in, ȳc = 2 in
16(2) − 9(2) − 1(0.25)
ȳ = = 2.292 in Ans.
6
c1 = 4 − 2.292 = 1.708 in
2(0.5) 3
Ia = = 0.020 83 in4
12
3(3) 3
Ib = = 6.75 in4
12
4(4) 3
Ic = = 21.333 in4
12
FIRST PAGES
I1 = [21.333 + 16(0.292) 2 ] − [6.75 + 9(0.292) 2 ]

− [0.020 83 + 1(2.292 − 0.25) 2 ]
= 10.99 in4 Ans.
10 000(2.292)
σA = = 2086 psi Ans.
10.99
10 000(2.292 − 0.5)
σB = = 1631 psi Ans.
10.99
10 000(1.708 − 0.5)
σC = − = −1099 psi Ans.
10.99
10 000(1.708)
σD = − = −1554 psi Ans.
10.99
(d) Use a as a negative area.
C
c1 1.355" b
B
1 1
1.490" a 3.464"
c2 2.645"
Ga
1.155"
A
Aa = 6.928 in2 , Ab = 16 in2 , A = 9.072 in2 ;

ȳa = 1.155 in, ȳb = 2 in
2(16) − 1.155(6.928)
ȳ = = 2.645 in Ans.
9.072
c1 = 4 − 2.645 = 1.355 in
bh 3 4(3.464) 3
Ia = = = 4.618 in4
36 36
4(4) 3
Ib = = 21.33 in4
12
I1 = [21.33 + 16(0.645) 2 ] − [4.618 + 6.928(1.490) 2 ]
= 7.99 in4 Ans.
10 000(2.645)
7.99
10 000(3.464 − 2.645)
σB = − = −1025 psi Ans.
7.99
10 000(1.355)
σC = − = −1696 psi Ans.
7.99
FIRST PAGES
Chapter 3 39
(e) a
C Aa = 6(1.25) = 7.5 in2
c1 1.422"
B Ab = 3(1.5) = 4.5 in2
A = Ac + Ab = 12 in2
c2 2.828"
b
3.625(7.5) + 1.5(4.5)
A
ȳ = = 2.828 in Ans.
12
1 1
I = (6)(1.25) 3 + 7.5(3.625 − 2.828) 2 + (1.5)(3) 3 + 4.5(2.828 − 1.5) 2
12 12
= 17.05 in Ans.
4
10 000(2.828)
17.05
10 000(3 − 2.828)
σB =− = −101 psi Ans.
17.05
10 000(1.422)
σC =− = −834 psi Ans.
17.05
(f) D Let a = total area
a
c 1.5
C A = 1.5(3) − 1(1.25) = 3.25 in2
b b 1 1
c 1.5
B I = Ia − 2Ib = (1.5)(3) 3 − (1.25)(1) 3
12 12
A
1.5 = 3.271 in Ans.
4
10 000(1.5)
σA = = 4586 psi, σ D = −4586 psi
3.271
Ans.
10 000(0.5)
σB = = 1529 psi, σC = −1529 psi
3.271
3-24
(a) The moment is maximum and constant between A and B
1
M = −50(20) = −1000 lbf · in , I = (0.5)(2) 3 = 0.3333 in4
12

E I 1.6(106 )(0.3333)
ρ = = = 533.3 in
M 1000
(x, y) = (30, −533.3) in Ans.
(b) The moment is maximum and constant between A and B

M = 50(5) = 250 lbf · in, I = 0.3333 in4
1.6(106 )(0.3333)
ρ= = 2133 in Ans.
250
(x, y) = (20, 2133) in Ans.
FIRST PAGES
3-25
(a) 1000 lbf 1
I = (0.75)(1.5) 3 = 0.2109 in4
O
12" 6"
B
12
A
A = 0.75(1.5) = 1.125 in
333 lbf 667 lbf
Mmax is at A. At the bottom of the section,
V (lbf)
Mc 4000(0.75)
333 σmax = = = 14 225 psi Ans.
O x I 0.2109
Due to V, τmax constant is between A and B
667
at y = 0
M
(lbf • in)
4000 3V 3 667
τmax = = = 889 psi Ans.
2A 2 1.125
O x
(b) 1000 lbf 1000 lbf 1

I = (1)(2) 3 = 0.6667 in4
12
8" A 8"
x
O B Mmax is at A at the top of the beam
2000 lbf 8000(1)
σmax = = 12 000 psi Ans.
V (lbf)
1000
0.6667
O x
|Vmax | = 1000 lbf from O to B at y = 0
3V 3 1000
1000 τmax = = = 750 psi Ans.
2A 2 (2)(1)
M
(lbf • in)
O x
8000
(c) 120 lbf/in 1

I = (0.75)(2) 3 = 0.5 in4
O x 12
5" A 15" B 5" C
1
1500 lbf 1500 lbf M1 = − 600(5) = −1500 lbf · in = M3
2
V (lbf)
1
900
600
M2 = −1500 + (900)(7.5) = 1875 lbf · in
2
O x
Mmax is at span center. At the bottom of the
600 beam,
900
1875(1)
M M2 σmax = = 3750 psi Ans.
(lbf • in) 0.5
O x At A and B at y = 0
M1 M3 3 900
τmax = = 900 psi Ans.
2 (0.75)(2)
FIRST PAGES
Chapter 3 41
(d) 100 lbf/in 1

I = (1)(2) 3 = 0.6667 in4
x 12
O 6" A 12" B
600
1350 lbf 450 lbf M1 = − (6) = −1800 lbf · in
2
V (lbf) 750 1
M2 = −1800 + 750(7.5) = 1013 lbf · in
O x 2
7.5"
600
450 At A, top of beam
M 1800(1)
σmax = = 2700 psi
M2
(lbf • in) Ans.
x
0.6667
O
M1
At A, y = 0
3 750
2 (2)(1)
3-26
wl 2 wl 2 c 8σ I
Mmax = ⇒ σmax = ⇒ w=
8 8I cl 2
(a) l = 12(12) = 144 in, I = (1/12)(1.5)(9.5) 3 = 107.2 in4
8(1200)(107.2)
w= = 10.4 lbf/in Ans.
4.75(1442 )
(b) l = 48 in, I = (π/64)(24 − 1.254 ) = 0.6656 in4
8(12)(103 )(0.6656)
1(48) 2
.
(c) l = 48 in, I = (1/12)(2)(33 ) − (1/12)(1.625)(2.6253 ) = 2.051 in4
8(12)(103 )(2.051)
1.5(48) 2
(d) l = 72 in; Table A-6, I = 2(1.24) = 2.48 in4
0.842"
2.158"
cmax = 2.158"
8(12)(103 )(2.48)
2.158(72) 2
(e) l = 72 in; Table A-7, I = 3.85 in4
2 8(12)(103 )(3.85)
2(722 )
(f) l = 72 in, I = (1/12)(1)(43 ) = 5.333 in4

8(12)(103 )(5.333)
(2)(72) 2
FIRST PAGES
3-27 (a) Model (c)

π
500 lbf 500 lbf
I = (0.54 ) = 3.068(10−3 ) in4
64
0.4375
π
1.25 in A = (0.52 ) = 0.1963 in2
4
500 lbf 500 lbf
Mc 218.75(0.25)
V (lbf) σ = =
500 I 3.068(10−3 )
= 17 825 psi = 17.8 kpsi Ans.
O
4V 4 500
500
3A 3 0.1963
M Mmax 500(0.4375)
(lbf • in) 218.75 lbf • in
(b) Model (d)

1333 lbf/in
0.25"
1.25"
1
500 lbf 500 lbf Mmax = 500(0.25) + (500)(0.375)
2
V (lbf)
500 = 218.75 lbf · in
Vmax = 500 lbf
O
Same M and V
500
∴ σ = 17.8 kpsi Ans.
M Mmax
τmax = 3400 psi Ans.
3-28
F
l p2
p1 b
a
p1 + p2
q = −Fx−1 + p1 x − l0 − x − l1 + terms for x > l + a
a
p1 + p2
V = −F + p1 x − l1 − x − l2 + terms for x > l + a
2a
p1 p1 + p2
M = −F x + x − l2 − x − l3 + terms for x > l + a
2 6a
At x = (l + a) + , V = M = 0, terms for x > l + a = 0
p1 + p2 2 2F
−F + p1 a − a =0 ⇒ p1 − p2 = (1)
2a a
FIRST PAGES
Chapter 3 43
p1 a 2 p1 + p2 3 6F(l + a)
−F(l + a) + − a =0 ⇒ 2 p1 − p2 = (2)
2 6a a2
2F 2F
From (1) and (2) p1 = (3l + 2a), p2 = (3l + a) (3)
a2 a2
b a ap2
From similar triangles = ⇒ b= (4)
p2 p1 + p2 p1 + p2
Mmax occurs where V = 0
F
l a 2b
p2
p2
xmax = l + a − 2b
p2
p1 b b
p1 p1 + p2
Mmax = −F(l + a − 2b) + (a − 2b) 2 − (a − 2b) 3
2 6a
p1 p1 + p2
= −Fl − F(a − 2b) + (a − 2b) 2 − (a − 2b) 3
2 6a
Normally Mmax = −Fl
The fractional increase in the magnitude is
F(a − 2b) − ( p1 /2)(a − 2b) 2 − [( p1 + p2 )/6a](a − 2b) 3

= (5)
Fl
For example, consider F = 1500 lbf, a = 1.2 in, l = 1.5 in
2(1500)
(3) p1 = [3(1.5) + 2(1.2)] = 14 375 lbf/in
1.22
2(1500)
p2 = [3(1.5) + 1.2] = 11 875 lbf/in
1.22
(4) b = 1.2(11 875)/(14 375 + 11 875) = 0.5429 in
Substituting into (5) yields

= 0.036 89 or 3.7% higher than −Fl
FIRST PAGES
y 600(15) 20
3-29 600 lbf/ft R1 = + 3000 = 8500 lbf
3000 lbf 2 15
x 600(15) 5
5'
R1
15'
R2 R2 = − 3000 = 3500 lbf
2 15
V (lbf) 3500
5500 a= = 5.833 ft
a 600
O x
3000 3500
M
3500(5.833) 20420
(lbf • ft)
O x
15000
1(12) + 5(12)
(a) ȳ = = 3 in
z 24
1
y
Iz = [2(53 ) + 6(33 ) − 4(13 )] = 136 in4
3
−15000(12)(−3)
At x = 5 ft, y = −3 in, σx = − = −3970 psi
136
−15000(12)5
y = 5 in, σx = − = 6620 psi
136
20420(12)(−3)
At x = 14.17 ft, y = −3 in, σx = − = 5405 psi
136
20420(12)5
y = 5 in, σx = − = −9010 psi
136
Max tension = 6620 psi Ans.
Max compression = −9010 psi Ans.
(b) Vmax = 5500 lbf
Q n.a. = ȳ A = 2.5(5)(2) = 25 in3
5 in
z
VQ 5500(25)
V Ib 136(2)
|σmax | 9010
(c) τmax = = = 4510 psi Ans.
2 2
FIRST PAGES
Chapter 3 45
3-30
y c
F
R1 = F
a c
x l
l
c
R1 R2 M = Fx 0≤x ≤a
l

6M 6(c/l) Fx 6cFx
σ = 2
= ⇒ h= 0≤x ≤a Ans.
bh bh 2 blσmax
3-31 From Prob. 3-30, R1 = c

l F = V, 0≤x ≤a
3V 3 (c/l) F 3 Fc
τmax = = ∴ h= Ans.
2 bh 2 bh 2 lbτmax

6Fcx
e From Prob. 3-30 = sub in x = e and equate to h above
x lbσmax
h

3 Fc 6Fce
h(x) =
2 lbτmax lbσmax
3 Fcσmax
e= 2
Ans.
8 lbτmax
3-32
F b
a b R1 = F
l
l
R1 R2 b
M = Fx
l
32M 32 b
σmax = = Fx
πd 3 πd 3 l

32 bFx 1/3
d= 0≤x ≤a Ans.
π lσmax
3-33 t
b b
Square: Am = (b − t) 2
Tsq = 2Am tτall = 2(b − t) 2 tτall
Round: Am = π(b − t) 2 /4
Trd = 2π(b − t) 2 tτall /4
FIRST PAGES
Ratio of torques
Tsq 2(b − t) 2 tτall 4
= = = 1.27
Trd π(b − t) tτall /2
2 π
Twist per unit length
square:

2Gθ1 t L L 4(b − t)
θsq = = C = C
tτall A m A m (b − t) 2
Round:

L π(b − t) 4(b − t)
θrd = C =C =C
A m π(b − t) /4
2 (b − t) 2
Ratio equals 1, twists are the same.
Note the weight ratio is
Wsq ρl(b − t) 2 b−t
= = thin-walled assumes b ≥ 20t
Wrd ρlπ(b − t)(t) πt
19
= = 6.04 with b = 20t
π
= 2.86 with b = 10t
3-34 l = 40 in, τall = 11 500 psi, G = 11.5(106 ) psi, t = 0.050 in

rm = ri + t/2 = ri + 0.025 for ri > 0
=0 for ri = 0
π
Am = (1 − 0.05) 2 − 4 rm2 − rm2 = 0.952 − (4 − π)rm2
4
L m = 4(1 − 0.05 − 2rm + 2πrm /4) = 4[0.95 − (2 − π/2)rm ]
Eq. (3-45): T = 2Am tτ = 2(0.05)(11 500) Am = 1150Am
Eq. (3-46):
180 T L m l 180 T L m (40) 180
θ(deg) = θ1 l = =
π 4G Am t π
2 4(11.5)(10 ) Am (0.05) π
6 2
T Lm
= 9.9645(10−4 )
A2m
Equations can then be put into a spreadsheet resulting in:
ri rm Am Lm ri T(lbf · in) ri θ(deg)

0 0 0.902 5 3.8 0 1037.9 0 4.825
0.10 0.125 0.889 087 3.585 398 0.10 1022.5 0.10 4.621
0.20 0.225 0.859 043 3.413 717 0.20 987.9 0.20 4.553
0.30 0.325 0.811 831 3.242 035 0.30 933.6 0.30 4.576
0.40 0.425 0.747 450 3.070 354 0.40 859.6 0.40 4.707
0.45 0.475 0.708 822 2.984 513 0.45 815.1 0.45 4.825
FIRST PAGES
Chapter 3 47
1200
1000
800
T (lbf • in)
600
400
200
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
ri (in)
4.85
4.80
4.75
(deg)
4.70
4.65
4.60
4.55
4.50
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
ri (in)
Torque carrying capacity reduces with ri . However, this is based on an assumption of uni-
form stresses which is not the case for small ri . Also note that weight also goes down with
an increase in ri .
3-35 From Eq. (3-47) where θ1 is the same for each leg.
1 1
T1 = Gθ1 L 1 c13 , T2 = Gθ1 L 2 c23
3 3
1
1
T = T1 + T2 = Gθ1 L 1 c13 + L 2 c23 = Gθ1 L i ci3 Ans.
3 3
τ1 = Gθ1 c1 , τ2 = Gθ1 c2
τmax = Gθ1 cmax Ans.
3-36
(a) τmax = Gθ1 cmax
τmax 12 000
Gθ1 = = = 9.6(104 ) psi/in
cmax 1/8
1 1
T1/16 = Gθ1 (Lc3 ) 1/16 = (9.6)(104 )(5/8)(1/16) 3 = 4.88 lbf · in Ans.
3 3
FIRST PAGES
1
T1/8 = (9.6)(104 )(5/8)(1/8) 3 = 39.06 lbf · in Ans.
3
τ1/16 = 9.6(104 )1/16 = 6000 psi, τ1/8 = 9.6(104 )1/8 = 12 000 psi Ans.
9.6(104 )
(b) θ1 = = 87(10−3 ) rad/in = 0.458◦ /in Ans.
12(106 )
3-37 Separate strips: For each 1/16 in thick strip,
Lc2 τ (1)(1/16) 2 (12 000)

T = = = 15.625 lbf · in
3 3
∴ Tmax = 2(15.625) = 31.25 lbf · in Ans.
For each strip,
3T l 3(15.625)(12)
θ= = = 0.192 rad Ans.
Lc3 G (1)(1/16) 3 (12)(106 )
kt = T /θ = 31.25/0.192 = 162.8 lbf · in /rad Ans.
Solid strip: From Eq. (3-47),
Lc2 τ 1(1/8) 2 12 000
Tmax = = = 62.5 lbf · in Ans.
3 3
τl 12 000(12)
θ = θ1 l = = = 0.0960 rad Ans.
Gc 12(106 )(1/8)
kl = 62.5/0.0960 = 651 lbf · in/rad Ans.
3-38 τall = 60 MPa, H 35 kW

(a) n = 2000 rpm
9.55H 9.55(35)103
Eq. (4-40) T = = = 167.1 N · m
n 2000

16T 16T 1/3 16(167.1) 1/3
τmax = ⇒ d= = = 24.2(10−3 ) m 24.2 mm Ans.
πd 3 πτmax π(60)10 6
(b) n = 200 rpm T = 1671 N · m

∴

16(1671) 1/3
d= = 52.2(10−3 ) m 52.2 mm Ans.
π(60)106
3-39 τall = 110 MPa, θ = 30◦ , d = 15 mm, l = ?

16T π 3
τ= ⇒ T = τd
πd 3 16

Tl 180
θ=
JG π
FIRST PAGES
Chapter 3 49

π J Gθ π π d 4 Gθ π dGθ
l= = =
180 T 180 32 (π/16) τ d 3 360 τ
π (0.015)(79.3)(109 )(30)
= = 2.83 m Ans.
360 110(106 )
3-40 d = 3 in, replaced by 3 in hollow with t = 1/4 in

π π (34 − 2.54 )
(a) Tsolid = τ (33 ) Thollow = τ
16 32 1.5
(π/16)(33 ) − (π/32) [(34 − 2.54 )/1.5]

%
T = (100) = 48.2% Ans.
(π/16)(33 )
(b) Wsolid = kd 2 = k(32 ) , Whollow = k(32 − 2.52 )

k(32 ) − k(32 − 2.52 )
%
W = (100) = 69.4% Ans.
k(32 )
3-41 T = 5400 N · m, τall = 150 MPa

Tc 5400(d/2) 4.023(104 )
(a) τ= ⇒ 150(106 ) = =
J (π/32)[d 4 − (0.75d) 4 ] d3
1/3
4.023(104 )
d= 6
= 6.45(10−2 ) m = 64.5 mm
150(10 )
From Table A-17, the next preferred size is d = 80 mm; ID = 60 mm Ans.
π
(b) J= (0.084 − 0.064 ) = 2.749(10−6 ) mm4
32
5400(0.030)
τi = = 58.9(106 ) Pa = 58.9 MPa Ans.
2.749(10−6 )
3-42
63 025H 63 025(1)
(a) T = = = 12 605 lbf · in
n 5

16T 16T 1/3 16(12 605) 1/3
τ= ⇒ dC = = = 1.66 in Ans.
πdC3 πτ π(14 000)
From Table A-17, select 1 3/4 in
16(2)(12 605)
τstart = = 23.96(103 ) psi = 23.96 kpsi
π(1.753 )
(b) design activity
FIRST PAGES
3-43 ω = 2πn/60 = 2π(8)/60 = 0.8378 rad/s

H 1000
T = = = 1194 N · m
ω 0.8378

16T 1/3 16(1194) 1/3
dC = = = 4.328(10−2 ) m = 43.3 mm
πτ π(75)(10 )
6
From Table A-17, select 45 mm Ans.

√
3-44 s= A, d = 4A/π
Square: Eq. (3-43) with b = c
4.8T
τmax =
c3
4.8T
(τmax ) sq =
( A) 3/2
16 T 16T 3.545T
Round: (τmax ) rd = = =
π d3 π(4A/π) 3/2 ( A) 3/2
(τmax ) sq 4.8
= = 1.354
(τmax ) rd 3.545
Square stress is 1.354 times the round stress Ans.
√
3-45 s= A, d= 4A/π
Square: Eq. (3-44) with b = c, β = 0.141
Tl Tl
θsq = =
0.141c4 G 0.141( A) 4/2 G
Round:
Tl Tl 6.2832T l
θrd = = /
=
JG 4
(π/32) (4A/π) G2 ( A) 4/2 G
θsq 1/0.141
= = 1.129
θrd 6.2832
Square has greater θ by a factor of 1.13 Ans.
3-46 Dz
808 lbf
y Dx x
E
z
D
92.8 lbf 362.8 lbf
3.9 in
4.3 in
Cz
Q
2.7 in
Cx 362.8 lbf
FIRST PAGES
Chapter 3 51

MD = 7C x − 4.3(92.8) − 3.9(362.8) = 0
z
C x = 259.1 lbf

MC = −7Dx − 2.7(92.8) + 3.9(362.8) = 0
z
Dx = 166.3 lbf
4.3
MD ⇒ Cz = 808 = 496.3 lbf
x 7
2.7
MC ⇒ Dz = 808 = 311.7 lbf
x 7
y 311.7 lbf 808 lbf 496.3 lbf

E
362.8 lbf
166.3 lbf
x
92.8 lbf D Q C
x z
D Q C
259.1 lbf
My
311.7(4.3) 1340 lbf • in
Mz
259.1(2.7) 699.6 lbf • in

O
O
166.3(4.3) 715.1 lbf • in
Torque : T = 808(3.9) = 3151 lbf · in

x=4.3+

in
Bending Q : M = 699.62 + 13402 = 1512 lbf · in

x=4.3+
in
Torque:
16T 16(3151)
τ= = = 8217 psi
πd 3 π(1.253 )
Bending:
32(1512)
σb = ± = ±7885 psi
π(1.253 )
Axial:
F 362.8
σa = − = − = −296 psi
A (π/4)(1.252 )
|σmax | = 7885 + 296 = 8181 psi

8181 2
τmax = + 82172 = 9179 psi Ans.
2
FIRST PAGES
2
7885 − 296 7885 − 296
σmax = + + 82172 = 12 845 psi Ans.
tens. 2 2
3-47 Ay B
x
Az 3 in
Bz
y 2.6 in 92.8 lbf By
A
P
1.3 in
z
E
92.8 lbf 808 lbf

362.8 lbf

MB = −5.6(362.8) + 1.3(92.8) + 3A y = 0
z
A y = 637.0 lbf

M A = −2.6(362.8) + 1.3(92.8) + 3B y = 0
z
B y = 274.2 lbf
5.6
M B = 0 ⇒ Az = 808 = 1508.3 lbf
y 3
2.6
M A = 0 ⇒ Bz = 808 = 700.3 lbf
y 3
Torsion: T = 808(1.3) = 1050 lbf · in
16(1050)
τ= = 5348 psi
π(13 )
Bending: M p = 92.8(1.3) = 120.6 lbf · in

M A = 3 B y2 + Bz2 = 3 274.22 + 700.32
= 2256 lbf · in = Mmax

32(2256)
σb = ± = ±22 980 psi
π(13 )
92.8
Axial: σ = − = −120 psi
inAP (π/4)12
2
−22980 − 120
τmax = + 53482 = 12 730 psi Ans.
2
2
22980 − 120 22980 − 120
σmax = + + 53482 = 24 049 psi Ans.
tens 2 2
FIRST PAGES
Chapter 3 53
3-48
Gear F 1000 lbf • in
1000
2.5R
Ft = = 400 lbf
2.5
Shaft ABCD Fn = 400 tan 20 = 145.6 lbf
Ft
y Fn
Torque at C TC = 400(5) = 2000 lbf · in
RAy
666.7 lbf
2000
2000 lbf • in P= = 666.7 lbf
A 3
3" B
145.6 lbf
z RAz
2000 lbf • in
10"
RDy
C
C
400 lbf 5"

D x
RDz

( M A)z = 0 ⇒ 18R Dy − 145.6(13) − 666.7(3) = 0 ⇒ R Dy = 216.3 lbf

( M A) y = 0 ⇒ −18R Dz + 400(13) = 0 ⇒ R Dz = 288.9 lbf

Fy = 0 ⇒ R Ay + 216.3 − 666.7 − 145.6 = 0 ⇒ R Ay = 596.0 lbf

Fz = 0 ⇒ R Az + 288.9 − 400 = 0 ⇒ R Az = 111.1 lbf

M B = 3 5962 + 111.12 = 1819 lbf · in

MC = 5 216.32 + 288.92 = 1805 lbf · in
∴ Maximum stresses occur at B. Ans.
32M B 32(1819)
σB = = = 9486 psi
πd 3 π(1.253 )
16TB 16(2000)
= τB =
= 5215 psi
πd 3 π(1.253 )

σB σB 2 9486 9486 2
σmax = + + τB =
2
+ + 52152 = 11 792 psi Ans.
2 2 2 2

σB 2
τmax = + τ B2 = 7049 psi Ans.
2
3-49 r = d/2
(a) For top, θ = 90◦ ,
σ
σr = [1 − 1 + (1 − 1)(1 − 3)cos 180] = 0 Ans.
2
FIRST PAGES
σ
σθ = [1 + 1 − (1 + 3)cos 180] = 3σ Ans.
2
σ
τrθ = − (1 − 1)(1 + 3)sin 180 = 0 Ans.
2
For side, θ = 0◦ ,
σ
σr = [1 − 1 + (1 − 1)(1 − 3)cos 0] = 0 Ans.
2
σ
σθ = [1 + 1 − (1 + 3)cos 0] = −σ Ans.
2
σ
τrθ = − (1 − 1)(1 + 3)sin 0 = 0 Ans.
2
(b)

1 100 3 104 1 25 3 104
σθ /σ = 1+ 2 − 1+ cos 180 = 2+ 2 +
2 4r 16 r 4 2 r 16 r 4
r σθ /σ 兾
3.0
5 3.000
6 2.071 2.5
7 1.646
8 1.424 2.0
9 1.297
1.5
10 1.219
11 1.167
1.0
12 1.132
13 1.107 0.5
14 1.088
15 1.074 0
0 5 10 15 20
16 1.063 r (mm)
17 1.054
18 1.048
19 1.042
20 1.037
FIRST PAGES
Chapter 3 55
(c)

1 100 3 104 1 25 3 104
σθ /σ = 1+ 2 − 1+ cos 0 = −
2 4r 16 r 4 2 r2 16 r 4
r σθ /σ 兾
0.2
5 1.000
6 0.376 0
7 0.135
8 0.034 0.2
9 0.011
10 0.031 0.4
11 0.039
0.6
12 0.042
13 0.041 0.8
14 0.039
15 0.037 1.0
0 5 10 15 20
16 0.035 r (mm)
17 0.032
18 0.030
19 0.027
20 0.025
3-50
1.5
D/d = = 1.5
1
1/8
r/d = = 0.125
1
.
Fig. A-15-8: K ts = 1.39
.
Fig. A-15-9: K t = 1.60
Mc 32K t M 32(1.6)(200)(14)
σ A = Kt = = = 45 630 psi
I πd 3 π(13 )
Tc 16K ts T 16(1.39)(200)(15)
τ A = K ts = = = 21 240 psi
J πd 3 π(13 )

σA σA 2 45.63 45.63 2
σmax = + + τA =
2
+ + 21.242
2 2 2 2
= 54.0 kpsi Ans.

45.63 2
τmax = + 21.242 = 31.2 kpsi Ans.
2
FIRST PAGES
3-51 As shown in Fig. 3-32, the maximum stresses occur at the inside fiber where r = ri . There-
fore, from Eq. (3-50)

ri2 pi ro2
σt, max = 2 1+ 2
ro − ri2 ri

ro2 + ri2
= pi Ans.
ro2 − ri2

ri2 pi ro2
σr, max = 2 1 − 2 = − pi Ans.
ro − ri2 ri
3-52 If pi = 0, Eq. (3-49) becomes

− poro2 − ri2ro2 po /r 2
σt =
ro2 − ri2

poro2 ri2
=− 2 1+ 2
ro − ri2 r
The maximum tangential stress occurs at r = ri . So

2 poro2
σt, max = − Ans.
ro2 − ri2
For σr , we have
− poro2 + ri2ro2 po /r 2
σr =
ro2 − ri2

poro2 ri2
= 2 −1
ro − ri2 r 2
So σr = 0 at r = ri . Thus at r = ro

por 2 ri2 − ro2
σr, max = 2 o2 = − po Ans.
r o − ri ro2
3-53
F = p A = πrav
2
p
rav
F πrav
2
p prav
t
p
σ1 = σ2 = = = Ans.
Awall 2πrav t 2t
F
FIRST PAGES
Chapter 3 57
3-54 σt > σl > σr
τmax = (σt − σr )/2 at r = ri where σl is intermediate in value. From Prob. 4-50
1
τmax = (σt, max − σr, max )
2

pi ro2 + ri2
τmax = +1
2 ro2 − ri2
Now solve for pi using ro = 75 mm, ri = 69 mm, and τmax = 25 MPa. This gives
pi = 3.84 MPa Ans.
3-55 Given ro = 5 in, ri = 4.625 in and referring to the solution of Prob. 3-54,

350 (5) 2 + (4.625) 2
τmax = +1
2 (5) 2 − (4.625) 2
= 2 424 psi Ans.
3-56 From Table A-20, S y = 57 kpsi; also, ro = 0.875 in and ri = 0.625 in

From Prob. 3-52
2 poro2
σt, max = −
ro2 − ri2
Rearranging
2
ro − ri2 (0.8S y )
po =
2ro2
Solving, gives po = 11 200 psi Ans.
3-57 From Table A-20, S y = 390 MPa; also ro = 25 mm, ri = 20 mm.

From Prob. 3-51

ro2 + ri2 ro2 − ri2
σt, max = pi therefore pi = 0.8S y
ro2 − ri2 ro2 + ri2
solving gives pi = 68.5 MPa Ans.
3-58 Since σt and σr are both positive and σt > σr

τmax = (σt ) max /2
where σt is max at ri
Eq. (3-55) for r = ri = 0.375 in
FIRST PAGES

0.282 2π(7200) 2 3 + 0.292
(σt ) max =
386 60 8

(0.3752 )(52 ) 1 + 3(0.292)
× 0.375 + 5 +
2 2
− (0.375 ) = 8556 psi
2
0.3752 3 + 0.292
8556
2

r 2r 2
Radial stress: σr = k ri2 + ro2 − i 2o − r 2
r

dσr ri2ro2 √
Maxima: = k 2 3 − 2r = 0 ⇒ r = ri ro = 0.375(5) = 1.3693 in
dr r

0.282 2π(7200) 2 3 + 0.292 0.3752 (52 )
(σr ) max = 0.375 + 5 −
2 2
− 1.36932
386 60 8 1.36932
= 3656 psi Ans.
3-59 ω = 2π(2069)/60 = 216.7 rad/s,

ρ = 3320 kg/m3 , ν = 0.24, ri = 0.0125 m, ro = 0.15 m;
use Eq. (3-55)

3 + 0.24
σt = 3320(216.7) 2
(0.0125) 2 + (0.15) 2 + (0.15) 2
8

1 + 3(0.24)
− (0.0125) (10) −6
2
3 + 0.24
= 2.85 MPa Ans.
3-60
(6/16)
ρ=
386(1/16)(π/4)(62 − 12 )
= 5.655(10−4 ) lbf · s2 /in
4
σt
τmax is at bore and equals
2
Eq. (3-55)
2
2π(10 000)
−4 3 + 0.20 1 + 3(0.20)
(σt ) max = 5.655(10 ) 0.5 + 3 + 3 −
2 2 2
(0.5) 2
60 8 3 + 0.20
= 4496 psi
4496
2
FIRST PAGES
Chapter 3 59
3-61 ω = 2π(3000)/60 = 314.2 rad/s

0.282(1.25)(12)(0.125)
m=
386
= 1.370(10−3 ) lbf · s2 /in

F F
6"
F = mω2r = 1.370(10−3 )(314.22 )(6)

= 811.5 lbf
Anom = (1.25 − 0.5)(1/8) = 0.093 75 in2
811.5
σnom = = 8656 psi Ans.
0.093 75
.
Note: Stress concentration Fig. A-15-1 gives K t = 2.25 which increases σmax and fatigue.
3-62 to 3-67
ν = 0.292, E = 30 Mpsi (207 GPa), ri = 0
R = 0.75 in (20 mm), ro = 1.5 in (40 mm)
Eq. (3-57)

30(106 )δ (1.52 − 0.752 )(0.752 − 0)
ppsi = = 1.5(107 )δ (1)
0.753 2(1.52 − 0)

207(109 )δ (0.042 − 0.022 )(0.022 − 0)
pPa = = 3.881(1012 )δ (2)
0.0203 2(0.042 − 0)
3-62
1
δmax = [40.042 − 40.000] = 0.021 mm Ans.
2
1
δmin = [40.026 − 40.025] = 0.0005 mm Ans.
2
From (2)
pmax = 81.5 MPa, pmin = 1.94 MPa Ans.
3-63
1
δmax = (1.5016 − 1.5000) = 0.0008 in Ans.
2
1
δmin = (1.5010 − 1.5010) = 0 Ans.
2
Eq. (1) pmax = 12 000 psi, pmin = 0 Ans.
FIRST PAGES
3-64
1
δmax = (40.059 − 40.000) = 0.0295 mm Ans.
2
1
δmin = (40.043 − 40.025) = 0.009 mm Ans.
2
Eq. (2) pmax = 114.5 MPa, pmin = 34.9 MPa Ans.
3-65
1
δmax = (1.5023 − 1.5000) = 0.001 15 in Ans.
2
1
δmin = (1.5017 − 1.5010) = 0.000 35 in Ans.
2
Eq. (1) pmax = 17 250 psi pmin = 5250 psi Ans.
3-66
1
δmax = (40.076 − 40.000) = 0.038 mm Ans.
2
1
δmin = (40.060 − 40.025) = 0.0175 mm Ans.
2
Eq. (2) pmax = 147.5 MPa pmin = 67.9 MPa Ans.
3-67
1
δmax = (1.5030 − 1.500) = 0.0015 in Ans.
2
1
δmin = (1.5024 − 1.5010) = 0.0007 in Ans.
2
Eq. (1) pmax = 22 500 psi pmin = 10 500 psi Ans.
3-68
1
δ = (1.002 − 1.000) = 0.001 in ri = 0, R = 0.5 in, ro = 1 in
2
ν = 0.292, E = 30 Mpsi
Eq. (3-57)

30(106 )(0.001) (12 − 0.52 )(0.52 − 0)
p= = 2.25(104 ) psi Ans.
0.53 2(12 − 0)
Eq. (3-50) for outer member at ri = 0.5 in

0.52 (2.25)(104 ) 12
(σt ) o = 1+ = 37 500 psi Ans.
12 − 0.52 0.52
FIRST PAGES
Chapter 3 61
Inner member, from Prob. 3-52

poro2 ri2 2.25(104 )(0.52 ) 0
(σt ) i = − 2 1+ 2 =− 1+ = −22 500 psi Ans.
ro − ri2 ro 0.52 − 0 0.52
3-69
νi = 0.292, E i = 30(106 ) psi, νo = 0.211, E o = 14.5(106 ) psi
1
δ = (1.002 − 1.000) = 0.001 in, ri = 0, R = 0.5, ro = 1
2
Eq. (3-56)
2
0.5 12 + 0.52 0.5 0.5 + 0
0.001 = + 0.211 + − 0.292 p
14.5(106 ) 12 − 0.52 30(106 ) 0.52 − 0
p = 13 064 psi Ans.
Eq. (3-50) for outer member at ri = 0.5 in

0.52 (13 064) 12
(σt ) o = 1+ = 21 770 psi Ans.
12 − 0.52 0.52
Inner member, from Prob. 3-52

13 064(0.52 ) 0
(σt )i = − 1+ = −13 064 psi Ans.
0.52 − 0 0.52
3-70
1
δmax = (1.003 − 1.000) = 0.0015 in ri = 0, R = 0.5 in, ro = 1 in
2
1
δmin = (1.002 − 1.001) = 0.0005 in
2
Eq. (3-57)

30(106 )(0.0015) (12 − 0.52 )(0.52 − 0)
pmax = = 33 750 psi Ans.
0.53 2(12 − 0)
Eq. (3-50) for outer member at r = 0.5 in

0.52 (33 750) 12
(σt ) o = 1+ = 56 250 psi Ans.
12 − 0.52 0.52
For inner member, from Prob. 3-52, with r = 0.5 in
(σt ) i = −33 750 psi Ans.
For δmin all answers are 0.0005/0.0015 = 1/3 of above answers Ans.
FIRST PAGES
3-71
νi = 0.292, E i = 30 Mpsi, νo = 0.334, E o = 10.4 Mpsi
1
δmax = (2.005 − 2.000) = 0.0025 in
2
1
δmin = (2.003 − 2.002) = 0.0005 in
2
2 2
1.0 2 + 12 1.0 1 +0
0.0025 = + 0.334 + − 0.292 pmax
10.4(106 ) 22 − 12 30(106 ) 12 − 0
pmax = 11 576 psi Ans.
Eq. (3-50) for outer member at r = 1 in

12 (11 576) 22
(σt ) o = 1 + 2 = 19 293 psi Ans.
22 − 12 1
Inner member from Prob. 3-52 with r = 1 in
(σt ) i = −11 576 psi Ans.
For δmin all above answers are 0.0005/0.0025 = 1/5 Ans.
3-72
(a) Axial resistance
Normal force at fit interface
N = p A = p(2π Rl) = 2π p Rl
Fully-developed friction force
Fax = f N = 2π f p Rl Ans.
(b) Torsional resistance at fully developed friction is
T = f R N = 2π f p R 2l Ans.
3-73 d = 1 in, ri = 1.5 in, ro = 2.5 in.

From Table 3-4, for R = 0.5 in,
rc = 1.5 + 0.5 = 2 in
0.52
rn = √
= 1.968 245 8 in
2 2 − 22 − 0.52
e = rc − rn = 2.0 − 1.968 245 8 = 0.031 754 in
ci = rn − ri = 1.9682 − 1.5 = 0.4682 in
co = ro − rn = 2.5 − 1.9682 = 0.5318 in
A = πd 2 /4 = π(1) 2 /4 = 0.7854 in2
M = Frc = 1000(2) = 2000 lbf · in
FIRST PAGES
Chapter 3 63
Using Eq. (3-65)

F Mci 1000 2000(0.4682)
σi = + = + = 26 300 psi Ans.
A Aeri 0.7854 0.7854(0.031 754)(1.5)
F Mco 1000 2000(0.5318)
σo = − = − = −15 800 psi Ans.
A Aero 0.7854 0.7854(0.031 754)(2.5)
3-74 Section AA:

D = 0.75 in, ri = 0.75/2 = 0.375 in, ro = 0.75/2 + 0.25 = 0.625 in
From Table 3-4, for R = 0.125 in,
rc = (0.75 + 0.25)/2 = 0.500 in
0.1252
rn = √
= 0.492 061 5 in
2 0.5 − 0.52 − 0.1252
e = 0.5 − rn = 0.007 939 in
co = ro − rn = 0.625 − 0.492 06 = 0.132 94 in
ci = rn − ri = 0.492 06 − 0.375 = 0.117 06 in
A = π(0.25) 2 /4 = 0.049 087
M = Frc = 100(0.5) = 50 lbf · in
100 50(0.117 06)
σi = + = 42 100 psi Ans.
0.049 09 0.049 09(0.007 939)(0.375)
100 50(0.132 94)
σo = − = −25 250 psi Ans.
0.049 09 0.049 09(0.007 939)(0.625)
Section BB: Abscissa angle θ of line of radius centers is

−1 r2 + d/2
θ = cos
r2 + d + D/2

−1 0.375 + 0.25/2
= cos = 60◦
0.375 + 0.25 + 0.75/2
D+d
M=F cos θ = 100(0.5) cos 60◦ = 25 lbf · in
2
ri = r2 = 0.375 in
ro = r2 + d = 0.375 + 0.25 = 0.625 in
e = 0.007 939 in (as before)
Fcos θ Mci
σi = −
A Aeri
100 cos 60◦ 25(0.117 06)
= − = −19 000 psi Ans.
0.049 09 0.049 09(0.007 939)0.375
100 cos 60◦ 25(0.132 94)
σo = + = 14 700 psi Ans.
0.049 09 0.049 09(0.007 939)0.625
On section BB, the shear stress due to the shear force is zero at the surface.
FIRST PAGES
3-75 ri = 0.125 in, ro = 0.125 + 0.1094 = 0.2344 in

From Table 3-4 for h = 0.1094
rc = 0.125 + 0.1094/2 = 0.1797 in
rn = 0.1094/ln(0.2344/0.125) = 0.174 006 in
e = rc − rn = 0.1797 − 0.174 006 = 0.005 694 in
ci = rn − ri = 0.174 006 − 0.125 = 0.049 006 in
co = ro − rn = 0.2344 − 0.174 006 = 0.060 394 in
A = 0.75(0.1094) = 0.082 050 in2
M = F(4 + h/2) = 3(4 + 0.1094/2) = 12.16 lbf · in
3 12.16(0.0490)
σi = − − = −10 240 psi Ans.
0.082 05 0.082 05(0.005 694)(0.125)
3 12.16(0.0604)
σo = − + = 6670 psi Ans.
0.082 05 0.082 05(0.005 694)(0.2344)
3-76 Find the resultant of F1 and F2 .

Fx = F1x + F2x = 250 cos 60◦ + 333 cos 0◦
= 458 lbf
Fy = F1 y + F2 y = 250 sin 60◦ + 333 sin 0◦
= 216.5 lbf
F = (4582 + 216.52 ) 1/2 = 506.6 lbf
This is the pin force on the lever which acts in a direction
Fy 216.5
θ = tan−1 = tan−1 = 25.3◦
Fx 458
On the 25.3◦ surface from F1
2000 lbf • in Ft = 250 cos(60◦ − 25.3◦ ) = 206 lbf
25.3
142 206 Fn = 250 sin(60◦ − 25.3◦ ) = 142 lbf
507 rc = 1 + 3.5/2 = 2.75 in
A = 2[0.8125(0.375) + 1.25(0.375)]
= 1.546 875 in2
The denominator of Eq. (3-63), given below, has four additive parts.
A
rn =
(d A/r)
FIRST PAGES
Chapter 3 65

For d A/r , add the results of the following equation for each of the four rectangles.
ro
bdr ro
= b ln , b = width
ri r ri

dA 1.8125 2.1875 3.6875 4.5
= 0.375 ln + 1.25 ln + 1.25 ln + 0.375 ln
r 1 1.8125 3.3125 3.6875
= 0.666 810 6
1.546 875
rn = = 2.3198 in
0.666 810 6
e = rc − rn = 2.75 − 2.3198 = 0.4302 in
ci = rn − ri = 2.320 − 1 = 1.320 in
co = ro − rn = 4.5 − 2.320 = 2.180 in
Shear stress due to 206 lbf force is zero at inner and outer surfaces.
142 2000(1.32)
σi = − + = 3875 psi Ans.
1.547 1.547(0.4302)(1)
142 2000(2.18)
σo = − − = −1548 psi Ans.
1.547 1.547(0.4302)(4.5)
3-77
A = (6 − 2 − 1)(0.75) = 2.25 in2
6+2
rc = = 4 in
2
Similar to Prob. 3-76,

dA 3.5 6
= 0.75 ln + 0.75 ln = 0.635 473 4 in
r 2 4.5
A 2.25
rn = = = 3.5407 in
(d A/r) 0.635 473 4
e = 4 − 3.5407 = 0.4593 in
5000 20 000(3.5407 − 2)
σi = + = 17 130 psi Ans.
2.25 2.25(0.4593)(2)
5000 20 000(6 − 3.5407)
σo = − = −5710 psi Ans.
2.25 2.25(0.4593)(6)
3-78 ro 6
2 6
A= b dr = dr = 2 ln
ri 2 r 2
= 2.197 225 in2
FIRST PAGES
ro 6
1 1 2r
rc = br dr = dr
A ri 2.197 225 2 r
2
= (6 − 2) = 3.640 957 in
2.197 225
A 2.197 225
rn = ro = 6
ri (b/r) dr 2
2 (2/r ) dr
2.197 225
= = 3.295 837 in
2[1/2 − 1/6]
e = R − rn = 3.640 957 − 3.295 837 = 0.345 12
ci = rn − ri = 3.2958 − 2 = 1.2958 in
co = ro − rn = 6 − 3.2958 = 2.7042 in
20 000 20 000(3.641)(1.2958)
σi = + = 71 330 psi Ans.
2.197 2.197(0.345 12)(2)
20 000 20 000(3.641)(2.7042)
σo = − = −34 180 psi Ans.
2.197 2.197(0.345 12)(6)
3-79 rc = 12 in, M = 20(2 + 2) = 80 kip · in
π 3 π
From statics book, I = a b = (23 )1 = 2π in4
4 4
F M y rc 20 80(2) 12
Inside: σi = + = + = 33.7 kpsi Ans.
A I ri 2π 2π 10
F M y rc 20 80(2) 12
Outside: σo = − = − = −18.6 kpsi Ans.
A I ro 2π 2π 14
Note: A much more accurate solution (see the 7th edition) yields σi = 32.25 kpsi and
σo = −19.40 kpsi
3-80
0.4" 0.4"
0.4"R
dA
1" 1" For rectangle, = b ln ro /ri
r
A r2
For circle, =
, Ao = πr 2
(d A/r) 2 rc − rc2 − r 2

dA
∴ = 2π rc − rc − r
2 2
r
FIRST PAGES
Chapter 3 67
dA 2.6
= 1 ln − 2π 1.8 − 1.82 − 0.42 = 0.672 723 4
r 1
A = 1(1.6) − π(0.42 ) = 1.097 345 2 in2

1.097 345 2
rn = = 1.6312 in
0.672 723 4
e = 1.8 − rn = 0.1688 in
ci = 1.6312 − 1 = 0.6312 in
co = 2.6 − 1.6312 = 0.9688 in
M = 3000(5.8) = 17 400 lbf · in
3 17.4(0.6312)
σi = + = 62.03 kpsi Ans.
1.0973 1.0973(0.1688)(1)
3 17.4(0.9688)
σo = − = −32.27 kpsi Ans.
1.0973 1.0973(0.1688)(2.6)
3-81 From Eq. (3-68)

1/3
3 2[(1 − ν 2 )/E]
a = KF 1/3
=F 1/3
8 2(1/d)
Use ν = 0.292, F in newtons, E in N/mm2 and d in mm, then

1/3
3 [(1 − 0.2922 )/207 000]
K = = 0.0346
8 1/25
3F 3F
pmax = =
2πa 2 2π(K F 1/3 ) 2
3F 1/3 3F 1/3
= =
2π K 2 2π(0.0346) 2
= 399F 1/3 MPa = |σmax | Ans.
τmax = 0.3 pmax
= 120F 1/3 MPa Ans.
3-82 From Prob. 3-81,

1/3
3 2[(1 − 0.2922 )/207 000]
K = = 0.0436
8 1/25 + 0
3F 1/3 3F 1/3
pmax = = = 251F 1/3
2π K 2 2π(0.0436) 2
and so, σz = −251F 1/3 MPa Ans.
τmax = 0.3(251) F 1/3 = 75.3F 1/3 MPa Ans.
z = 0.48a = 0.48(0.0436)181/3 = 0.055 mm Ans.
FIRST PAGES
3-83 ν1 = 0.334, E 1 = 10.4 Mpsi, l = 2 in, d1 = 1 in, ν2 = 0.211, E 2 = 14.5 Mpsi, d2 = −8 in.
With b = K c F 1/2 , from Eq. (3-73),
1/2
2 (1 − 0.3342 )/[10.4(106 )] + (1 − 0.2112 )/[14.5(106 )]
Kc =
π(2) 1 − 0.125
= 0.000 234 6
Be sure to check σx for both ν1 and ν2 . Shear stress is maximum in the aluminum roller. So,
τmax = 0.3 pmax
4000
pmax = = 13 300 psi
0.3
Since pmax = 2F/(πbl) we have
2F 2F 1/2
pmax = =
πl K c F 1/2 πl K c
So,
2
πl K c pmax
F=
2
2
π(2)(0.000 234 6)(13 300)
=
2
= 96.1 lbf Ans.
3-84 Good class problem
3-85 From Table A-5, ν = 0.211

σx 1 1
= (1 + ν) − = (1 + 0.211) − = 0.711
pmax 2 2
σy
= 0.711
pmax
σz
=1
pmax
These are principal stresses
τmax 1 1
= (σ1 − σ3 ) = (1 − 0.711) = 0.1445
pmax 2 2
FIRST PAGES
Chapter 3 69
3-86 From Table A-5: ν1 = 0.211, ν2 = 0.292, E 1 = 14.5(106 ) psi, E 2 = 30(106 ) psi, d1 = 6 in,
d2 = ∞, l = 2 in

2(800) (1 − 0.2112 )/14.5(106 ) + (1 − 0.2922 )/[30(106 )]
(a) Eq. (3-73): b =
π(2) 1/6 + 1/∞
= 0.012 135 in
2(800)
pmax = = 20 984 psi
π(0.012 135)(2)
For z = 0 in,
σx 1 = −2ν1 pmax = −2(0.211)20 984 = −8855 psi in wheel
σx 2 = −2(0.292)20 984 = −12 254 psi
In plate
σ y = − pmax = −20 984 psi
σz = −20 984 psi
These are principal stresses.
(b) For z = 0.010 in,
σx1 = −4177 psi in wheel
σx2 = −5781 psi in plate
σ y = −3604 psi
σz = −16 194 psi

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qxd 11/28/2006 21:21 Page 14

(c) 1.2 kN 1.2

60° 90° 60°

(d) Step 1: Find R A and R E

16 Solutions Manual • Instructor’s Solution Manual to Accompany Mechanical Engineering Design

Step 2: Find components of RC on link 4 and R D

Step 3: Find components of RC on link 2

200 N 400 N 200 N 400 N

M M1 = −1.43(4) = −5.72 lbf · in

18 Solutions Manual • Instructor’s Solution Manual to Accompany Mechanical Engineering Design

(b) q = R0 x−1 − M0 x−2 − 2000x − 0.2−1 − 4000x − 0.350 + 4000x − 0.50

20 Solutions Manual • Instructor’s Solution Manual to Accompany Mechanical Engineering Design

At x = 10+ , V = M = 0 from Eqs. (1) and (2)

(e) q = R1 x−1 − 400x − 4−1 + R2 x − 7−1 − 800x − 10−1

8 ≤ x ≤ 10: V = 160 − 40x + 40(x − 8) = −160 lbf ,

15 ≤ x ≤ 20: V = 160 − 40x + 40(x − 8) + 352 − 320 = −128 lbf

3-5 Solution depends upon the beam selected.

a= −l + l 2 + 4(0.25l 2 ) = 2 − 1 = 0.2071l Ans.

From summing moments about point a,

22 Solutions Manual • Instructor’s Solution Manual to Accompany Mechanical Engineering Design

τ1 = R = 5, φs = 45◦ − 26.6◦ = 18.4◦ ccw

τ1 = R = 6.10 , φs = 45◦ − 27.5◦ = 17.5◦ cw

24 Solutions Manual • Instructor’s Solution Manual to Accompany Mechanical Engineering Design

τ1 = R = 9.22, φs = 69.7◦ − 45◦ = 24.7◦ ccw

τ1 = R = 9.434, φs = 61◦ − 45◦ = 16◦ cw

(4, 7ccw) 2s σ1 = 4 + 10.63 = 14.63

τ1 = R = 10.63, φs = 69.4◦ − 45◦ = 24.4◦ ccw

26 Solutions Manual • Instructor’s Solution Manual to Accompany Mechanical Engineering Design

τ1 = R = 9.71, φs = 45◦ − 27.75◦ = 17.25◦ cw

τ1 = R = 9.60, φs = 70.67◦ − 45◦ = 25.67◦ cw

τ1 = R = 8.078, φs = 45◦ − 10.9◦ = 34.1◦ ccw

τ1 = R = 17, φs = 45◦ − 14.04◦ = 30.96◦ ccw

28 Solutions Manual • Instructor’s Solution Manual to Accompany Mechanical Engineering Design

τ1 = R = 22.36, φs = 45◦ − 13.28◦ = 31.72◦ cw

τ1 = R = 16.64, φs = 73.63◦ − 45◦ = 28.63◦ cw

τ1 = R = 20.81, φs = 72.39◦ − 45◦ = 27.39◦ cw

30 Solutions Manual • Instructor’s Solution Manual to Accompany Mechanical Engineering Design

39.1 + 69.1 39.1 69.1

32 Solutions Manual • Instructor’s Solution Manual to Accompany Mechanical Engineering Design

3-14 From Table A-5, E = 71.7 GPa

3-17 From Eq. (3-15)

3-18 From Eq. (3-15)

34 Solutions Manual • Instructor’s Solution Manual to Accompany Mechanical Engineering Design

3-19 From Eq. (3-15)

Fm (σm /σ )(bm /b) (h m / h) 2 (lm /l) 1(s)(s) 2 (s)

Wm (σm /σ )(bm /b) (h m / h) 2 1(s)(s) 2

Note for wheel 1: W j a ji = 0

(b) xmax = 600 − 77 = 523 in

36 Solutions Manual • Instructor’s Solution Manual to Accompany Mechanical Engineering Design

Aa = Ab = 0.25(1.5) = 0.375 in2

Here we treat the hole as a negative area.

A = 1.732 − 0.557 = 1.175 in2

because the centroids are coincident.

Aa = 1 in2 , Ab = 9 in2 , Ac = 16 in2 , A = 16 − 9 − 1 = 6 in2 ;

38 Solutions Manual • Instructor’s Solution Manual to Accompany Mechanical Engineering Design

I1 = [21.333 + 16(0.292) 2 ] − [6.75 + 9(0.292) 2 ]

Aa = 6.928 in2 , Ab = 16 in2 , A = 9.072 in2 ;

(b) The moment is maximum and constant between A and B

40 Solutions Manual • Instructor’s Solution Manual to Accompany Mechanical Engineering Design

(b) 1000 lbf 1000 lbf 1

(c) 120 lbf/in 1

(d) 100 lbf/in 1