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Rizwan Lab 9
Lab 9: Pulse Amplitude Modulation
9.1 Objective
The objective of this lab is to understand the underlying principles of the pulse amplitude
modulation and demodulation.
9.2 Theory
Pulse modulation may be used to transmit analog information, such as continuous speech or
data. It is a system in which continuous waveforms are sampled at regular intervals.
Information regarding the signal is transmitted only at the sampling times, together with any
synchronizing pulses that may be required. At the receiving end, the original waveforms may be
reconstituted from the information regarding the samples, if these are taken frequently
enough. Despite the fact that information about the signal is not supplied continuously as in
AM and FM, the resulting receiver output can have negligible distortion. Pulse modulation may
be subdivided broadly into two categories, analog and digital. In the former, the indication of
sample amplitude may be infinitely variable, while in the latter a code which indicates the
sample amplitude to the nearest predetermined level is sent. Pulse‐amplitude and pulse‐time
modulation are both analog, while the pulse code and delta modulation systems are both
digital. All the modulation systems to be discussed have sampling in common, but they differ
from each other in the manner of indicating the sample amplitude. The two types of analog
pulse modulation, pulse–amplitude and pulse‐time modulation correspond roughly to
amplitude and frequency modulation. Pulse Amplitude Modulation, the simplest form of pulse
modulation. It forms an excellent introduction to pulse modulation in general. PAM is a pulse
modulation system in which the signal is sampled at regular intervals, and each sample is made
proportional to the amplitude of the signal at the instant of sampling. The pulses are then sent
by either wire or cable, or else are used to modulate a carrier. The two types are double‐
polarity PAM which is self‐explanatory and single‐polarity PAM, in which a fixed dc level is
added to the signal, to ensure that the pulses are always positive. The ability to use constant‐
amplitude pulses is a major advantage of pulse modulation, and since PAM does not utilize
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EE‐413, Fall 2008 Communication Systems Lab
Rizwan Lab 9
constant‐amplitude pulses, it is infrequently used. When it is used, the pulses frequency‐
modulate the carrier. It is very easy to generate and demodulate PAM. In a generator, the
signal to be converted to PAM is fed to one input of an AND gate. Pulses at the sampling
frequency are applied to the other input of the AND gate to open it during the wanted time
intervals. The output of the gate then consists of pulses at the sampling rate, equal in amplitude
to the signal voltage at each instant. The pulses are then passed through a pulse‐shaping
network, which gives them flat tops. As mentioned above, frequency modulation is then
employed, so that the system becomes PAM‐FM. In the receiver the pulses are first recovered
with a standard FM demodulator. They are then fed to an ordinary diode detector, which is
followed by a low‐pass filter. If the cutoff frequency of this filter is high enough to pass the
highest signal frequency, but low enough to remove the sampling frequency ripple, an
undistorted replica of the original signal is reproduced.
9.3 Simulation
1. Place the Simulate Signal function VI in the block diagram and configure it as signal type
of sine wave form with the frequency of 100Hz.
2. Place the another Simulate Signal function VI in the block diagram and configure it as
signal type of square wave form with the frequency of 10Hz.
3. Place the Multiply VI in the Block diagram in order to multiply the sine signal with the
square wave form signal.
4. Connect a filter to the output of the Multiply VI block according to the following
specifications as shown in Figure 9.1.
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EE‐413, Fall 2008 Communication Systems Lab
Rizwan Lab 9
Figure 9.1
5. Make the Lower Cut‐Off of the filter equal to sine signal frequency with an offset of 15.
6. Place the waveform graphs in the block diagram according to the Figure 9.2 and wire
the blocks to the each output function in the block diagram.
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EE‐413, Fall 2008 Communication Systems Lab
Rizwan Lab 9
Figure 9.2
7. Place the sub diagrams inside the loop in order to repeat the operation until the stop
button is enabled.
8. Add a time delay block to add a delay of 0.500 sec. Your final block diagram should be
similar to Figure 9.3.
Figure 9.3
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9. Now switch to the front panel, it should appear like Figure 9.4.
Figure 9.4
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EE‐413, Fall 2008 Communication Systems Lab
Rizwan Lab 9
Lab Submission
[1] Draw Message signal, Carrier pulse signal, Pulse Modulated signal & Demodulated signal, when
1 1
1 100
[2] Draw Message signal, Carrier pulse signal, Pulse Modulated signal & Demodulated signal, when
1 1
5 100
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EE‐413, Fall 2008 Communication Systems Lab
Rizwan Lab 9
[3] Draw Message signal, Carrier pulse signal, Pulse Modulated signal & Demodulated signal, when
1 1
10 100
[4] Draw Message signal, Carrier pulse signal, Pulse Modulated signal & Demodulated signal, when
1 1
50 100
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EE‐413, Fall 2008 Communication Systems Lab
Rizwan Lab 9
[5] Draw Message signal, Carrier pulse signal, Pulse Modulated signal & Demodulated signal, when
1 1
100 100
[6] What is the effect of Carrier pulse signal frequency on the quality of demodulated signal.
[7] If your message signal and Carrier pulse signal has a peak value of "A" and "B" respectively.
Write the peak values of Pulse modulated signal and Demodulated signal in terms of "A" and
"B".
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