6.

Gamma Function and Related Functions

PHILIPJ. DAVIS

Contents
Page
Mathematical Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
6.1. Gamma Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 255
6.2. Beta Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 258
6.3. Psi (Digamma) Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 258
6.4. Polygamma Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 260
6.5. Incomplete Gamma Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
6.6. Incomplete Beta Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Numerical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
6.7. Use and Extension of the Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
6.8. Summation of Rational Series by Means of Polygamma Func-
tions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
References. . . . . . , . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Table 6.1. Gamma, Digamma and Trigamma Functions (1 5 s l 2 ) . . 267
r(x),~n r(x), +(z),+'(z), ~=i(.oo5)2, IOD
Table 6.2. Tetragamma and Pentagamma Functions (1 5 x 5 2 ) . . . 27 1
+"(x), $J3'(2),~=1(.01)2, 1OD
Table 6.3. Gamma and Digamma Functions for Integer and Half-
Integer Values ( l l n 5 1 0 1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
r(n), 11s +(n), IOD
l/r(n), 9s n!/[(2?r)h"+3]~",8D
r(n+$), 8s Inn-+@), 8D
n=1(1.)101
Table 6.4. Logarithms of the Gamma Function (1 I n 5 101). . . . . . 274
loglo r(n>, 8s log10 r(n+$), 8s
log10 r(n+#), 8 s In r(n)-(n-$) lnn+n, 8D
log10 r(n+$), 8s
n= l(1) 101

National Bureau of Standards.

253
254 GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Page
Table 6.5. Auxiliary Functions for Gamma and Digamma Func-
. . 276

Table 6.6. Factorials for Large Arguments ( 1 0 0 5 n S 1000) . . . . . 276

n!, n= 100(100) 1000, 20s
Table 6.7. Gamma Function for Complex Arguments. . . . . . . . 277
In r(z+iy), 2=1(.1)2, y=0(.1)10, 12D
Table 6.8. Digamma Function for Complex Arguments . . . . . . . 288
+(z+iy),2=1(.1)2, y=0(.1)10, 5D
%‘+U+iy),10D
B’+(l+iy)-ln y, y l = . l l (-.Ol)O, 8D
The author acknowledges the assistance of Mary Orr in the preparation and checking of
the tables; and the assistance of Patricia Farrant in checking the formulas.
 =.57721 56649. . .
Y is known as Euler's constant and is given to 25
FIGURE6.1. Gumma function. *
decimal places in chapter 1. r(z) is single valued
and analytic over the entire complex plane, save , y-r(z), - - - -, Y=l/r(4
for the points z=-n(n=O, 1, 2, . . . ) where it
possesses simple poles with residue (- 1) "/n!. Its
reciprocal i/r(z) is an entire function possessing
simple zeros at the points z= -n(n=O, 1, 2, . . .). 6.1.9 r(3/2)=$,*=.8~622692%. . . =(3)!

6.1.4 -=-s1
r(z) 2,
Hankel's Contour Integral
i
c
(-t)-'e-'dt
(k<l =)
6.1.10 r (n+ 3) =1.5.9.13.4". . (4n-3) r(t>
r(+)=3.6256099082. . .
The path of integration C starts at + QD on the
1.4-7.10. . . (3n-2)
real axis, circles the origin in the counterclockwise 6.1.11 r(n+#)=
3" r (4)
direction and returns to the starting point.
Factorial and II Notations r($)=2.67893 85347 . . .
6.1.5 n(z)=z!=r(z+i) 1-3-5-7... (2n-1)
6.1.12 r(n+$) =
2" r (3)
Integer Values
6.1.6 r(n+1)=1.2.3 . . . (n-l)n=n! 2.5.8-11.. . (3n-1)
6.1.13 l"(n+#)=
3" r(3)
6.1.7
lim -=o=
1 1 (n=O, 1, 2, . . .) r(#)=i.3aii 79394. . .
z+, r(-z) (-n-l)!

6.1.8
Fractional Values 6.1.14 r(n+i)= 3.7.11.15.4". . (4n-1) Ut)
I-()) = 2 s me-12dt=&=1.77245 38509 . . . =(-3)!
0 r($)=i.22541 67024 . . .
*See page 11. 255
256 GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS
Recurrence Formulas 6.1.29 r(i~)r(-iy)=ir(i~)iz=9r
6.1.15 r(z+i)=Zr(Z)=Z!=Z(Z-i)! y sinh 7ry

6.1.16
r(n+~)=(n-il+z)(n-2+~) . . . (i+z)r(i+z)
= (n- 1+ z)! 6.1.31 r (1 +iy)r (1-iy)= Ir (1 +iY) (L“ ?/
sinh ry
=(n-l+z)(n-2+2). . . (l+z)z!

Reflection Formula
6.1.17 r(z>r(i-z)=-zr(-z)r(z)=t a c 7rz
-
=J=, tz-1
-dt (O< 9 2 <1)
6.1.33
Power Series

In r (1+ z)= -In (1 +z) +z (1 -7)

0 l+t
Duplication Formula +5( - ~ ) ~ ~ ~ ( ~ (14<2>
n-2
~ - ~ l ~ ” / ~
6.1.18 r(2~)=(2~):+
222-3 r(z)r(z++) {(n)is the Riemann Zeta Function (see chapter
Triplication Formula 23).
Series Expansion * for 1 /r(2)
6.1.19 r(3z)= ( 2 ~-1) 35’4r (2)r (z+#r(z++)
Gauss’Multiplication Formula 6.1.34

k ck
1 1.00000 00000 000000
2 0.57721 56649 015329
Binomial Coefficient
3 -0.65587 80715 202538
4 -0.04200 26350 340952
5 0. 16653 86113 822915
6 -0.04219 77345 555443
Pochhammer’sSymbol 7 -0.00962 19715 278770
6.1.22 8 0.00721 89432 466630
@lo= 1, 9 -0.00116 51675 918591
(2),=2(2+1)(2+2) . . . (z+n-l)=- r(z+n) 10 -0.00021 52416 741149
r (2) 11 0.00012 80502 823882
12 -0.00002 01348 547807
Gamma Function in the Complex Plane
13 -0.00000 12504 934821
6.1.23 r@)=r);
In r(Z)=In r(z) 14 0.00000 11330 272320
15 -0.00000 02056 338417
16 0.00000 00061 160950
6.1.24 arg r(z+l)=arg r(z)+arctan 17 0.00000 00050 020075
X
18 -0.00000 00011 812746
19 0.00000 00001 043427
20 0.00000 00000 077823
21 -0.00000 00000 036968
22 0.00000 00000 005100
23 -0.00000 00000 000206
24 -0.00000 00000 000054
25 0.00000 00000 000014
26 0.00000 00000 000001
2 The coefficients ck are from H. T. Davis, Tables of
higher mathematical functions, 2 vols., Principia Press,
Bloomington, Ind., 1933, 1935 (with permission) ; with
corrections due to H. E. Salzer.
 GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED F"CX'I0NS 257
Polynomial Approximations' Error Term for Asymptotic Expansion

6.1.35 01x51 6.1.42

r (x+ 1) =z! = 1+-alx+ -a& +62+ag4+-a&+ E(Z)
If
55x10-6
R,(z)= In r (z)-(z-# In z+z-+ In ( 2 ~ )
57486 46 ,42455 49
-5
~l=-. ~ 4 =
B2m
Uz= .95123 63 U6=-. 10106 78 ,,12rn(2rn--l)z an--l
~ 3 =-.69985 88
then

where
K(z)=upperU l bound(z2/(u2+z3)
O I
bl=-. 57719 1652 bs=-. 75670 4078
bs= .98820 5891 be= .48219 9394
b3= -. 89705 6937 b7= -. 19352 7818 For z real and positive, R, is less in absolute value
bq= ,91820 6857 bs= .03586 8343 than the first term neglected and has the same
ign.
Stirling's Formula
6.1.43
6.1.37
9th r(iy)=%?ln r(-iy)

-& In (2.) -w-+ln y, (y++

6.1.44
A n r(iy)=arg r(iy)=-arg r(-iy)
= - A n r(-iy)
Asymptotic Formulas
6.1.39
r(-az+b) -l/Z;;e-(U(-az)(U+b--t (la% 4<a, -a>()>
6.1.M
In r(z)-(z-+) In z-z++ I n (2~)

+z m
B2m
2rn(2m-1)2*-'
(z+m in larg z~<T) 6.1.46

For B, see chapter 23 6.1.47

6.1.41
In r(z)-(z-& In z-z++ In (%)+---1 1
122 360z3

From C. Hmtings, Jr., Approximations for digital as z+m along any curve joining z=O and Z= m,
computers, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J., 1955 providingz# --a, ---a-1, . . . ; zf --b, -b-1,
(with permission). . . . .
 - (2n)!
--- 1 2n r(n++)
22n(n!)2-~ (n)=rtr(n+i)

- 1 1
-&j [I-%+=*-
1
* * *
1 6.2. Psi function.
FIGURE
y = $(z) = d In r kc)/&
(n+ OJ 1
Some Definite Integrals
6.1.50 Integer Values

In r(z)=Jm[(z-l) e+- e;‘~;~~’‘]- T (92 > 0) 6.3.2 #(n)=-r+

#(l)=-’~,
n-1
Ck-’ (n22)
k=1
=(z-+) In z-z++ In 21r
m arctan (t/z)dt
Fractional Values
+2J, e”8-1
( 9 2 > 0)
6.3.3
6.2. Beta Function
6.2.1 #(+)=-7-2 In 2=--1.96351 00260 21423 . . .

B(z,w)=J ts-1 (14-1 dt--Jm&;*+. 6.3.4

dt
#(n++)=-r-21n2+2 I+,+..- ) :+ 1
= 2 r (sin t)s-1 (cos t ) t w - 1 dt ( l 2n 1
( 9 2 > 0, aw>o> (n 2 1)
6.2.2 B(z,w)= r (z)r (w)=B(w,z) Recurrence Formulas
r(z+w)
6.3. Psi (Digamma) Function E- 1
6.3.5 t(Z+ l) = +(Z) +;
6.3.1 #(z)=d[ln r (z)]/~z=
r’(~)/r
(z)
4 Some authors employ the special double factorial nota-
6.3.6
tion as follows:
( 2 4 ! 1 =2.4.6 . . . ( 2 4 = 2 % i l + 1 +...
( h - 1 ) ! I =1.3.5. . . ( 2 n - i ) = ~ 2”r(n++) ‘(n+‘I= (n -1) +z (n-2) +z
d
680meauthorswrite$(z)=~lnr(~+1) andeimilarlyfor 1 1
the polygamms functions.
+i&+,+,+9(1+4
 GAMMA RTNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 259
Reflection Formula 6.3.19
6.3.7 +(l-z)=+(z)+* cot *z
Duplication Formula
1
6.3.8 +(22)=Mz)+++(z+&) +In 2 =In y+-+-
1
+-+.1
12oy4 2 m Y 6
..

9
Psi Function in the Complex Plane (Y+OJ)
-
6.3.9 +GI=*(z> Extremaoof r(z) - Zeros of $(z)

6.3.10
9+(iy>=W+(-iy)=W+(l +iy)=W+(l -iy)

6-3-11 coth xy
Y+(iy)=&/-'+#,~ I

6.3.12 Y+(++iy)=&r tanh ?ry + l . 462 +O. 886

-0.504 -3.545
1 -1.573 +2.302
63-13 j$(l+iy)=---+# ~ ~ 0 rv
t h -2.611 -0.888
2Y
6 -3.635 +O. 245
=y g (n2+yS) -1 -4.653 -0.053
n-1
-5.667 +o. 009
Series Expansions -6.678 -0.001

6.3.14 +(l+~)=-r+C(-l)"~(n)~~-'
n-2
(Iz1<1)
Zo=1.46163 21449 68362
6.3.15 r(xo)=.88560 31944 10889
+( 1 +2) =&-1- &€ cot e-(1-9) -'+ 1-7
6.3.20 zn=-n+(ln n)-'+o[(ln n)-*]
-n-1
5It(2n+ 1) -11ZSA (Iz I <2) Definite Integrals
6.3.16 6.3.21

(~#-1,-2,-3, ...)

6.3.17
9+(l+iy)=l-r-- 1
l+y2
+g(- l)"+'[r(2n+1) -l]y2'
n=1
(IYl<2)
= -r+ y2 c n-'(n*+yS)
OD

a-1
-1

(- Y<
OJ -1
Asymptotic Formulae
6.3.18
1
-In z-s-n-l c-
= Bz,
2nz2"

=In z----1 1 1 1
22 1 2 9 + 1 2 0 2 4 - ~ 6+ . . . 6From W. Sibagaki, Theory and applications of the
gamma function, Iwanami Syoten, Tokyo, Japan, 1952
(z+- in lergzl<*) (with permission).
 260 GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTION8

6.4. Polygamma Functions ' Scrics Expansions

6.4.9
6.4.1 $("I (1 +z) = (- 1)"+' [n!{(n+ 15

* 6.4.10
$(") (2)= (-1) "+In!
-(2 +k) -*-I
$(n)(z)J(n=OJIJ . . .), is a single valued analytic k-0
function over the rnt.irc complex plane save at (z#0,-1,-2, . . .)
the points z=-m(m=0,1,2, . . . ) where it pos-
sesses poles of order (n+ 1). Asymptotic Formulas
6.4.11
Integer Values
6.4.2
$(")(l)=(- l)"+'n!{(n+1) (n=€,2,3, . .)
6.4.3 6.4.12
1 1- +---+---
1 - 1 1 1
$' (2) --+ +...
z 22' 6z3 30z6 422' 302'
(z+= in I arg zl<r)
6.4.13
Fractional Values
6.4.4
$'"'(*)=(-1)"+'n!(2"+'-l){(n+l)
(n=1,2, . . . )
6.4.14
6.4.5 $'(n++)=+$-4 2(2k- 1)-*
1;-1
2 3 2 1 +-'--+--
$'B)(z) "-+7+---
23 2
4 3 1
zS 2' 32
0
213
, ..

Recurrence Formula
(z+w in I arg z I<r)

6.4.6 $(n)(z+i)=~(~)(zj+(-l)nn!z-~-l 6.5. Incom lete Gamma Function

t e e also 26.4)
Reflection Formula
6.5.1
6.4.1
d"
$(")(1-2) + (- 1)"+1$(")(2)=(- 1)"- d2 cot r2
6.5.2
Multiplication Formula r(a, r) - ~ ( az)r(a>
, =re-tte-ldt (??a>Ol
6.4.8 0

=J-e-tta-ldt
6.5.3
r(a, r) = r(a>-r(a, r)
6=1, n=O z

6=0, n>O 6.5.4

r-'
?*(a,E) = r-"P(a, E) = -7
7 $' is known as the trigamma function. +", $('I, +(') nre r (a> (a,1)
the tetra-, pntn-, and hesagamma functions respectirely.
Some authors write $(z) =d[ln r(z+l)]/dz, and similnrly r* is a single ralued analytic function of a and
for the polygamma functions. x possessing no finite singularities.
*seepalge 11.
 GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 261
d

FIGURE6.3. Incomplete gamma function.

?*(a,%)=-
r(a)
%-a r
o
e-Lto-1dt
From F. G. Tricomi, Siilla funzione gamma incompleta, Annali di Matematica, IV, 33, 1950 (with permission).

*See page n.
262 GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED F"CT1ONS

6.5.5 6.5.16
Probability Integral of the +Distribution

6.5.17

6.5.18
6.5.6
(Pearson's Form of the Incomplete Gamma Function)
6.5.19

6.5.20

Recurrence Formulas
m
6.5.7 C(z,a)=l tu-1 cos t dt (L@'a<l)
9e-"
6.5.21 P(a+l, z)=P(a, z)----
m
r(a+l>
6.5.8 S(z,a)=$, ta-l sin t dt (9'a<l)
6.5.22 y (a+1,z)=uy(a,z)

6.5.9 e-'
6.5.23 V*(u-l,z) =m*(u,z)+-r (a)
nm

Derivatives and Differential Equations

6.5.24

6.5.11

Incomplete Gamma Function aa a Confluent

Hypergeometric Function (eee chapter 13) 6.5.26
6.5.12 y(u,z)=a-lzue-tM(l, l+a,z) b"
ax" [x-T(u,s)~= (-i)nz-a-qa+n,z)
-
=u-'zU M(a, l+a,-z) (n=O, 1,2, . . .)
6.5.27
Special Values b"
bX" [e"z"~*(a,x)]=e"z"-"y*(a-n, z)
-
6.5.13 (n=O, 1,2,. . .)

=1-e,,- (2)e-2
Series Developmente
For relation to the Poisson distribution, see
26.4. 6.5.29
6.5.14 r*(-n, z)=z"

6.5.15 I' (0, z)=le-'t-'dt=El (5)

 GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIOXS 263
Definite Integrals
6.5.36
*

Continued Fraction
6.5.31

6.6. Incomplete Beta Function

Asymptotic Expansions 6.6.1 Br(a,b)=J2 t~-'(l--t)b-'d2

0
6.5.32
6.6.2 I r (a,b) = Br (ab)/B(a,b)
For statistical applications, see 26.5.
Symmetry

6.6.3 I,(a,b)=l --I,-r(b,u)

Suppose Rn(a,c")=un,,(a,z)+ . . . is the re-
mnintlcr nftcr n terms in this series. Then if a , ~ Helation to Binomial Expansion
nrc real, w e 11avr for n>a-2
!Iin(a,z)!I lun+,(a,z)l

niitl sign I?,(a,z) =sign u,<+,(a,z). For binomial distribution, see 26.1.
Recurrencc Formulas

6.6.5 Ir(U,b)=XIr(U- 1,b) + (l-~)IZ(a,b- 1)

0 for a>1 6.6.6 (a+b-a)I,(a,b)
1 for Osa<1 =a(l-z)12(a+ 1,b- l>+bI,(a,b+ 1)
6.5.35 6.6.7 (~+b)l,(a,b)=al,(a+ 1,b)+bI,(a,b+ 1)
Relation to Hypergeometric Function

(z+m in I nrg +
<)zlr 6.6.8 B,(a,b)=a-'~'c"F(a,l-b; a + l ; Z)

Numeric:a1 Methods
6.7. Use and Extension of the Tables
Example 1. Compute r(6.38) to 8s. Using
the r ~ w i r r ~ ~ i irchtioii
cc 6.1.16 niitl Table 6.1 wc
1 1 avc,
r (6.38)= [(5.38)(4.38)(3.38)(2.33)(1.38)]r (1.38)
= 232.43671.
Example 2. Compute In r(56.38), iisiiig Table
6.4 niid liiicnr iiitrrpolation iii j...
\\-e liavc
In r(56.38) = (56.38-3) In (56.38)- (56.38)
+j 2 (56.38)
The crror of liiicar intrrpolation in the table of
tlic function f 2 is smaller than lo-' in this region.
Hence, f2(56.38)= .92041 67 and In I'(56.38) =
169.85497 42.
Direct interpolation in Table 6.4 of log,, r(n)
climiiiatcs tlic necessity of employing logarithms.
HOWCVP~, tlic rrror of liiicar intcrpolation is .002 so
tltnt log,, r(n) is obtained with a rclativc error
of 10-5.
*See page 11.
264 GAMMA FUNCTION AN RELATED FUNCTIONS

Example 3. Compute $(6.38) to 8s. Using the 6.8. Summation of Rational Series by Means
recurrence relation 6.3.6 and Table 6.1. of Polygamma Functions

An infinite series whose general term is a ra-

tional function of the index may always be reduced
=1.77275 59. to a finite series of psi and polygamma functions.
The method will be illustrated by writing the ex-
Example 4. Compute (L(56.38). Using Table plicit formula when the denominator contains a
6.3 we have $(56.38)=ln 56.38-j3(56.38). triple root.
The error of linear interpolation in the table of Let the general term of an infinite series have
the function f3 is smaller than 8XlO-' in this the form
region. Hence,f3(56.38)=.00889 53and$(56.38)=
4.023219.
Example 5. Compute In I'(1-i). From the
reflection principle 6.1.23 and Table 6.7,
In r(1-i) =In r(l+i) = -.6509+.3016i.
Example 6. Compute In F(+++i). Taking
the logarithm of the recurrence relation 6.1.15 we
have,
In r(&++i)
=In r (#++i)
-In (*+&i)
where p(n) is a polynomial of degree m + 2r+3s -2
--.23419+.03467i
-
-(& In *+iarctan 1) at most and where the constants a,, pi.,and yf are
= .11239- .75073i distinct. Expand un in partial fractions as follows

The logarithms of complex numbers are found

from 4.1.2.
Example 7. Compute In I'(3+7i) using the
duplication formula 6.1.18. Taking the logarithm
of 6.1.18, we have
-4 In 2r=- .91894
(#+7i)In 2= 1.73287+ 4.852036
OD
In r(#+$i)=-3.31598+ 2.32553i Then, we may express u, in terms of the
n-1
In r(2+4$=-2.66047+ 2.938693 constants appearing in this partial fraction expan-
In r(3+7i) =-5.16252+10.11625i sion as follows

Example 8. Compute In I'(3+7i) to 5D using

the asymptotic formula 6.1.41. We have

In (34-79 =2.03022 15+1.16590 45i.

Then,
(2.5+7i) In (3+7i)=-3. 0857779+17.1263119i
- (3+7i) = -3.0000000- 7. oooooooi
4 In ( 2 ~ ) = .9189385
[12(3+7i)]-'= .00431037 .01005753
-[360(3+7i)3]-i= . 0000059- . 0000022i
Higher order repetitions in the denominator are
In r(3+7i)=-5. 16252 +io. 11625i handled similarly. If the denominator contains
 GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 265
only simple or double roots, omit the correapond- Therefore
ing lines.
S= 16~(1)-16$(1~)+$'(1) +$'(li)
=.013499.
Example 9. Find
- 1
Example 11.
m
1
Evaluate 8 = c (see also 6.3.13).
n-l (n2+1) (n*+4)
Since
We have, 1

we have
a1=1, a2=3, as=*, al=*, &=-l, *=#. i e=-,
-i6 -i i
Hence, al=-,6 &=-12 ' a 4 = 3
Thus,
a1=i, az=-i, aa=2i, a,=-2i,
8= -)$(2) +$(13) -#$(It) =.047198.
and therefore
Example 10.
m 1
s=- --z [$(1 +i)-$(1 -ill +ai [$(1+2i) -$(1-2i)l.
6

By 6.3.9, this reduces to

1
8=-
3
Y$(l+i)--61 9$(1+2{).
we have,
From Table 6.8, s=.13876.

References
Texts Tables
[6.1] E. Artin, Einfiihrung in die Theorie der Gamms- [6.9] A. Abramov, Tables of r(z) for complex argu-
I n

funktion (Leipzig, Germany, 1931). ment. Translated from the Russian by D. G.

[6.2] P. E. Bohmer, Differenzengleichungen und be-
stimmte Integrale, chs. 3, 4, 5 (K. F. Koehler,
Leipzig, Germany, 1939).
16.31 G. Doetsch, Handbuch der Laplace-Transforma-
tion, vol. 11, pp. 52-61 (Birkhauser, Basel,
Switzerland, 1955).
[6.4] A. Erdblyi et al., Higher transcendental functions,
vol. 1, ch. 1, ch. 2, sec. 5; vol. 2, ch. 9 (McGraw-
Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, N.Y., 1953).
[6.5] C. Hastings, Jr., Approximations for digital com-
puters (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J.,
1955).
[6.6] F. Losch and F. Schoblik, Die Fakultiit und ver-
wandte Funktionen (B. G. Teuhner, Leipzig,
Germany, 1951).
[6.7] W. Sibagaki, Theory and applications of the gamma
function (Iwanami Syoten, Tokyo, Japan, 1952).
[6.S] E. T. Whittaker and G. N. Watson, A course of
modern analysis, ch. 12, 4th ed. (Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1952).
Fry (Pergamon Press, New York, N.Y., 1960).
In r(z+iy), z=O(.Ol)lO, y=0(.01)4, 6D.
[6.10] Ballistic Research Laboratory, A table of the facto-
rial numbers and their reciprocals from l ! through
lOOO! to 20 significant digits. Technical Note NO.
381, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., 1951.
[6.11] British Association for the Advancement of Science,
Mathematical tables, vol. 1, 3d ed., pp. 40-59
(Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England,
1951). The gamma and polygamma functions.
Also l + l ' l o g l D (t)!dt, z=O(.Ol)l, 10D.
[6.12] H. T. Davis, Tables of the higher mathematical
functions, 2 vols. (Principia Press, Bloomington,
Ind., 1933, 1935). Extensive, many place tables
of the gamma and polygamma functions up to
$(4)(z)and of their logarithms.
[6.13] F. J. Duarte, Nouvelles tables de log,, nl 8,33 d6ci-
males depuis n = l jusqu'h n=3000 (Kundig,
Geneva, Switzerland; Index Generalis, Paris,
France, 1927).
266 GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS
[6.14] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of nl and
r(n+& for the first thousand values of n, Ap-
plied Math. Series 16 (U.S.Government Printing
O5ce, Washington, D.C., 1951). nf, 16S;r(n+&,
8s.
[6.15] National Bureau of Standards, Table of Coulomb
wave functions, vol. I, pp. 114-135, Applied
Math. Series 17 (U.S. Government Printing
O5ce, Washington, D.C., 1952).
9[ryi+is)/r(1 +is],9 =o(.oo5)2 (.oi)6 (.02)1o(.1
20 (.2)60(.5)1 10,lOD; apg r (1+is),s = O(.el)1 (.02)
3 (.05)10(.2)20(.4)30(.5)85, 8D.
[6.16] National Bureau of Standards, Table of the gamma
function for complex arguments, Applied Math.
Series 34 (U.S. Government Printing O5ce,
Washington, D.C., 1954).
In r(z+iy), z=d(.l)lO, y=0(.1)10, 12D.
Contains an extensive bibliography.
(6.171 National Physical Laboratory, Tables of Weber
parabolic cylinder functions, pp. 226-233 (Her
Majesty’s Stationery Office, London, England,
1955).
Real and imaginary parts of In r(ik+$ia), k-0(1)3,
a = 0 (.1) 5(.2)20, 8D ; (IF(4 + +ia)/r(++ tis) 1) -I”
~=0(.02)1(.1)5(.2)20, 8D.
[6.18] E. S. Pearson, Table of the logarithms of the com-
plete r-function, arguments 2 to 1200, Tracts for
Computers No. VI11 (Cambridge Univ. Press,
Cambridge, England, 1922). Loglo r(p), p=2(.1)
5(.2)70(1)1200, 10D.
[6.19] J. Peters, Ten-place logarithm tables, vol. I, Ap-
pendix, pp. 58-68 (Frederick Ungar Publ. Co.,
New York, N.Y., 1957). nl, n=1(1)60, exact;
(n!)-’, n=1(1)43, 54D; Log,o(nl), n=1(1)1200,
18D.
(6.20) J. P. Stanley and M. V. Wilkes, Table of the recip-
rocal of the gamma function for complex argu-
ment (Univ. of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada,
1950). Z= -.5( .01).5, y=O(.Ol)l, 6D.
I6.211 M. Zycakowski, Tablice funkcyi eulera i pokrewnych
(Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warsaw,
Poland, 1954). Extensive tables of integrals
involving gamma and beta functions.
For references to tabular material on the incomplete
gamma and incomplete beta functions, see the references
in chapter 26.