ELABor Aid A New Approach To Digital Shade Management Hein Sascha Tapia Javier Bazos Panaghiotis

CLINICAL RESEARCH
eLABor_aid: a new approach

to digital shade management
Sascha Hein, Mr
Private Dental Laboratory, Germany
Javier Tapia, Dr
Private Practice, Madrid, Spain
Panaghiotis Bazos, Dr
Private Practice, Aigio, Greece
Correspondence to: Mr Sascha Hein

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Tel.: 0049 171 57834551, Email: s.hein@bio-emulator.com
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HEIN ET AL
Abstract #Z VUJMJ[JOH SFnFDUJWF DSPTTQPMBSJ[FE

light digital photography with a stand-
Contemporary dental patients present ardized white balance gray reference
with high expectations and demand card serving as the known reference, in
seamless optical integration of restora- conjunction with a specific digital single-
tive interventions. As a result, clinicians MFOT SFnFY %4-3
DBNFSB QSPmMF BOE
and technicians are required to develop digital photographic processing soft-
methodologies that remain practical yet XBSF XPSLJOH JO UIF $*&ø -BC

increase the accuracy and objectivity color space, one can achieve standard-
of shade analysis and estimation. There ized image acquisition and subsequent
have been significant advances in digi- objective image analysis. The goal of
tal technologies over the past 20 years, this systematic approach is to identify
with digital photography being at the the most efficient and effective means to
forefront. Digital photography has made generate consistent and optimum visual
an immediate and profound impact on integration and restorative outcomes
applied clinical dentistry, primarily due through numerical quantification, in or-
to instantaneous image visualization and der to enable clinicians and technicians
distribution. However, standardization to work predictably even when they are
protocols in terms of image acquisition in different geographic locations.
and objective analysis remain equivocal. (Int J Esthet Dent 2017;12:186–202)
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CLINICAL RESEARCH
Introduction inter-batch shade tab variation from the

same manufacturer, showing variability
It has been known for some time that JO CBTJD DPMPS QBSBNFUFST9 inadequate
shade selection in dental practice is TIBEFSBOHFEJTUSJCVUJPO10,11 and lack of
an important but difficult task.1-3 Tooth standardization of tooth shades among
shades can be analyzed by two meth- different ceramic manufacturers.12,13 In-
ods: visual and instrumental.4 The most struments for clinical shade determina-
popular method for shade matching is tion include spectrophotometers, colori-
the visual correlation method utilizing meters, and digital camera systems with
stock shade guides. The VITA classi- corresponding software.14,15 Computer-
DBMTIBEFHVJEF 7*5";BIOGBCSJL
JTUIF ized colorimeters and spectrophotome-
most widely used shade guide in dental ters for use in dentistry have been avail-
practices and laboratories worldwide.5 able for a number of years. They have
Despite the availability on the dental proven to produce stable results but are
market of many types of stock shade not associated with higher accuracy.
guides, matching shade tabs with nat- Digital imaging for use in color match-
ural teeth in the intraoral environment ing, which is continuously developing, is
remains a formidable challenge. This presently a topic of great interest. Digital
can be attributed to a number of circum- cameras are user-friendly, relatively in-
stances, which include: operator ocular expensive, and readily available in most
EFQFOEFODZ7,8 incompatibility between dental practices and laboratories. The
TIBEF HVJEF BOE SFTUPSBUJWF NBUFSJBM color information obtained from digital
images is relevant for use in the dental
setting. For these reasons, digital cam-
eras are considered to be a suitable and
practical target device for the advance-
ment of color matching in dentistry.17 The
aim of this article is to explore the pos-
sibilities of a novel approach to shade
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and subsequent shade formulation with-
out the use of stock shade guides.
Hardware requirements
The digital PCM setup

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Fig 1 The digital PCM setup consists of a DSLR
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a matching cross-polarization filter. BUJPOPGQBSUJDJQBOUT DMJOJDJBOTBOE
188
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HEIN ET AL
EFOUBMUFDIOJDJBOT
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30 dental photography courses glob-
ally, given by the authors over a period
CANON
of 3 years. The distribution in Figure 2
EF 100 mm
shows the most commonly used camera G -
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brands, as well as lens focal lengths and +
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A number of years ago, professionals in

the medical specialties of ophthalmol-
ogy18,19 and dermatology20-25 started
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polarized light photography because Fig 2 Pie chart showing the distribution of most
this technique mitigates the majority of commonly used DSLR camera brands, as well as
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tice was slowly adopted over the years
PWFS B QFSJPE PG ZFBST 5IF F-"#PS@BJE TZTUFN
in the dental field with analog film pho- has been designed accordingly.
UPHSBQIZ however, it remained an
obscure and underutilized technique. high contrast/hypersaturated chromatic
Recently, there has been a resurgence shade estimation map is immediately
of interest in the digital photographic il- obtained for objective measurement.
lumination technique variant,30-37 which With the ability to spatially previsual-
aims to increase the accuracy and ob- ize the enamel/dentin histoanatomy,38
jectivity of dental shade evaluation and stratification interpretation can be sig-
laboratory communication via the use nificantly improved for modern esthetic
PG TQFDJBMJ[FE QPMBSJ[BUJPO mMUFST QP- dental materials. This is, in a way, a more
MBS@FZFT &NVMBUJPO
5IJT EJHJUBM UFDI- intuitive/instinctive/visceral approach.
nique enhances visualization of surface
and subsurface enamel characteristics Image acquisition
in an unobstructed manner via a nonde- In order to acquire digital images suitable
TUSVDUJWFDPOUSBTUNFDIBOJTN#ZFMJNJ- for tooth shade quantification, stand-
OBUJOHUIFTVQFSmDJBMWBMVFJOnVFODF B ardization is necessary while using the
Table 1 Set distances that must be selected based on the camera lens/sensor-size pairing
Object to focal
DSLR sensor size Lens focal length Reproduction ratio
plane distance
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105 mm 37 cm
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CLINICAL RESEARCH
Fig 3 5P NJUJHBUF UIF JOnVFODF PG BNCJFOU MJHIU

BOE UP FOTVSF nBTI TZODISPOJ[BUJPO UIF TIVUUFS
speed should be set to 1/125 sec, with an aperture
of f 22 for suitable DOF acquisition.
Fig 5 White balancing is usually carried out with

the help of an achromatic object such as a gray ref-
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cross reticle which assists with vertical alignment
and distance calibration. The small circle should
match with that of the viewfinder grid of most com-
mon APS-C sensor-type cameras, whereas the
larger one should match with that of full-frame cam-
FSBT C
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average intercanine distance of Caucasian adults,
to assist in cases where a particular DSLR model
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color coordinates using the CIE L*a*b* system with
Adobe Lightroom, it is first necessary to choose the
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correct DSLR camera profile from the camera cali-
bration dropdown menu in the Develop mode.
camera in manual mode. A set distance manual mode. The use of TTL metering
should be selected based on the cam- is not advisable due to the inherit vari-
FSBMFOTTFOTPSTJ[FQBJSJOH 5BCMF
5P ations in exposure program algorithm
NJUJHBUF UIF JOnVFODF PG BNCJFOU MJHIU metering calculations.
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shutter speed should be set to 1/125 %JHJUBMXPSLnPX
sec, with an aperture of f 22 for suitable
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Camera synchronization
This aperture setting also avoids the Color information received from digital
detrimental issues related to diffraction cameras is device-dependent, ie, the
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stopping down of the aperture serves TFOUFE JO SFEHSFFOCMVF 3(#
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only to decrease the image sharpness39 space, differs between different devic-
and adds no additional benefit for shade es. Proper calibration and color adjust-
estimation photography. The sensor ment among digital devices is required
sensitivity of 100 ISO should be select- for accurate color management.40 Pre-
ed, and image format should be set to vious studies have performed spectral
3"8 5IF FYUFSOBM SJOH PS MBUFSBM nBTI sensitivity characterization of digital
TIPVMECFTFUUPNBYJNVNPVUQVU
JO cameras using a monochromator and
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HEIN ET AL
a radiance meter to determine the re-

lationship between the camera spectral
sensitivity and the device-independent
CIE color-matching functions using
polynomial modeling and matrix multi-
plications.41,42 A color target-based ap-
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offers a practical method for carrying
out such camera profiling.43 A total of
58 specific DSLR camera profiles were
Fig 6 4FMFDUJOH UIF 8IJUF #BMBODF TFMFDUPS UPPM
thus created using the PCM relevant for
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B EFOUBM TFUUJOH #FGPSF JNQPSUJOH UIF ments in the image allows the user to carry out white
clinical RAW file into Adobe Lightroom, balance correction.
it is necessary to choose the correct

DSLR camera profile from the camera
calibration dropdown menu in the De-
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White balance
The data from the image sensor of a
modern DSLR camera is typically mod-
eled as being naturally linear. The white
balance and color correction are often,
though not always, linear operations, ie,
Fig 7 To carry out exposure balance, activate this
UIFXIJUFCBMBODFEDPMPSDPSSFDUFE3(# function by clicking on the three zeros next to the
data vector at each pixel location can be Exposure slider. The cursor becomes a magnifying
TFFOBTBMJOFBSDPNCJOBUJPO WJBNBUSJY glass when moved over any of the four gray seg-
ments.
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the same pixel. This is usually carried
out with the help of an achromatic object
such as a gray reference card44 XIJUF@
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Brightness correction/exposure balance Fig 8 Measured L*a*b* values are displayed be-
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typically have their origin in inconsistent TPS
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down arrow keys on the keyboard adjusts image
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exposure. This is carried out until the known lumi-
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CLINICAL RESEARCH
is therefore necessary. It is carried out Measuring target tooth shade

by adjusting the image exposure un- In order to obtain target tooth color coor-
til the measured luminosity of the gray dinates in CIE L*a*b* color space, Clas-
card matches that of the known luminos- TJD $PMPS .FUFS TPGUXBSF IUUQTXXX
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ricciadams.com/projects/classic-color-
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size can be easily adjusted to quantify
the average target tooth color in the ar-
ea of interest, usually the cervical third
'JH

Creating a statistical model

CIE L*a*b* color coordinates are usually
referred to as colorimetric data, as op-
posed to spectral data obtained with a
spectrophotometer. As such, colorimet-
ric data is relative rather than absolute,
ie, the actual CIE L*a*b* values of an ob-
Fig 9 To obtain target tooth color coordinates in ject are dependent on the measurement
CIE L*a*b* color space, Classic Color Meter soft- device and illumination geometry used.
ware is used. Measurement aperture size can eas-
Existing tooth color coordinates from the
ily be adjusted to quantify the average target tooth
color in the area of interest, usually the cervical and literature can therefore not be used. In-
middle third. stead, the CIE L*a*b* color coordinates
L* by a* L* by b*
25.00 ≤ b* ≤ 30.00
7.42 ≤ a* ≤ 14.94
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õB
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78.10
õB 78.04
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78.90
78.78
70.00 75.00 80.00 70.00 75.00 80.00
Fig 10 CIE L*a*b* color coordinates of 147 intact unrestored maxillary central incisors of a Caucasian
population were acquired in vivo using the same PCM in order to obtain a basic statistical model. A qualita-
tive analysis was used to create a mixing system.
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HEIN ET AL
Fig 11 Interpolation charts based on the CIE L*a*b* Fig 12 After the closest dentin color of the re-
color coordinates of the most common ceramic sys- spective ceramic system has been determined, a
tems were created, assuming standard values for set of ceramic stains is used to adjust the chroma
veneering thickness. The charts allow for the identi- BOEMVNJOPTJUZ8IJMFUXPTUBJOTo& CBTJDZFMMPX

fication of the closest dentin color of the respective BOE& CBTJDSFE
oTFSWFUPJODSFBTFDISPNB B
ceramic system, and offer mixing ratios to increase CSPXOTUBJO &
DBOCFVTFEUPMPXFSUIFMVNJOPT-
a* and b* individually, as well as to lower luminosity, ity without affecting the chroma.
if needed.
of 147 intact unrestored maxillary central to increase a* and b* individually and to

incisors of a Caucasian population were lower luminosity, if needed, using a set
acquired in vivo using the same PCM of ceramic and stain portioners. Three
so as to establish a statistical model. A *14*WPDPMPS&TTFODF *WPDMBS7JWBEFOU

Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed a nor- stains are used for this purpose: E21
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lower the luminosity48 'JH
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Shade formulation from other manufacturers may also be
In order to transfer the target tooth color suitable, providing they satisfy the scal-
into an individual dentin ceramic mixture ability requirement of the linear mixing
in a practical way, the statistical model MBXGPSDPMPSFENBUFSJBMT #FFSo-BNCFSU
was used to create interpolation charts MBX
49
based on the CIE L*a*b* color coor-
dinates of the most common ceramic Previsualization
systems, assuming standard values The aforementioned mixing ratios rely
GPS WFOFFSJOH UIJDLOFTT NN
BOE on standard values for veneering thick-
CBDLHSPVOE DPMPS 'JH
5IF DIBSU ness and background color. In clinical
allows for the identification of the clos- reality, however, the precise amount of
est dentin color of the respective ce- available veneering space is subject to
ramic system, and offers mixing ratios variations. The same is true for back-
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CLINICAL RESEARCH
Fig 13 In order to verify the accuracy of the den- Fig 14 Incisal characteristics and other details
tin mixture, considering variations in available ve- can be checked via visual and numerical compari-
neering thickness and background color, a nontoxic son using the digital try-in. For this purpose, the
high-refractive index liquid can be used to achieve digital image of the restoration on the master model
previsualization of the color of the unsintered ce- can be superimposed onto the clinical image ob-
ramic, which can subsequently be measured on the tained from the dental surgery using either Adobe
actual framework and master model. Photoshop or Apple Keynote software.
ground colors. While small variations

JO WFOFFSJOH UIJDLOFTT PGNN
do not show significant color changes,
larger variations affect both the lumi-
nosity and chroma. One and the same
dentin mixture may show higher lumi-
nosity and lower chroma if less veneer-
ing space is available, and the opposite
is true if the veneering space exceeds
1.5 mm. In order to verify the accuracy
of the dentin mixture, considering such
individual circumstances, and to adjust
the luminosity and chroma, if necessary,
a nontoxic high-refractive index liquid
WJTVBM@FZFT &NVMBUJPO
DBO CF VTFE
to achieve previsualization of the color
of the unsintered ceramic,50-53 which
can subsequently be measured on the
actual framework and master model
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Figs 15 and 16 1PMBSJ[FEBOESFnFDUFEJNBHF

Digital try-in
of final metal ceramic restoration placed in situ
showing good agreement between digital try-in and While the primary purpose of the eLA-
clinical outcome. #PS@BJE QSPUPDPM JT UP SFQMBDF TUPDL
194
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HEIN ET AL
Fig 17 Fluorescence is a relevant optical proper- Fig 18 The final outcome as it would be perceived
ty of natural teeth and should be emulated faithfully in a normal, everyday setting. As with all other cases
to avoid metameric failure in UV-rich environments. presented in this article, color matching was carried
.PEFSOEFOUBMDFSBNJDTQPTTFTTBEFRVBUFnVPSFT- out over a geographical distance, with no direct in-
cence, with similar excitation and emission peaks teraction between the patient and dental ceramist.
UP UIPTF PG OBUVSBM EFOUJUJPO #SJHIUFS TIBEFT VTV-
BMMZDPSSFTQPOEXJUIIJHIFSnVPSFTDFODFFNJTTJPO
whereas the opposite is true for darker shades.
shade guides to determine the correct so show potential for more translucent
dentin shade, the credible imitation of restorations such as lithium disilicate or
more intricate details such as incisal even feldspathic veneers. Figures 19
characteristics can be checked via vis- to 30 show a number of clinical cases
ual and numerical comparison using the UIBU XFSF TPMWFE VTJOH UIF F-"#PS@BJE
digital try-in. For this purpose, the digital system, bridging large geographic dis-
image of the restoration on the master tances where direct interaction for the
model can be superimposed onto the purpose of shade evaluation between
clinical image obtained from the dental the patient and the dental technician
surgery, using either Adobe Photoshop was not possible.
PS "QQMF ,FZOPUF TPGUXBSF 'JH

showing good agreement with the clin-
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Discussion
Clinical applications One must strive to innovate new and
Over a period of 2 years of practical improved processes that can provide
JNQMFNFOUBUJPO PG UIF F-"#PS@BJE TZT- better quality at lower costs. The path
tem, the authors and other members of that was chosen by the authors was to
the dental restorative community have fabricate pertinent complimentary com-
observed a number of encouraging re- QPOFOUT QPMBS@FZFT XIJUF@CBMBODF
sults. While the initial indication was lim- WJTVBM@FZFT
BSPVOEUIFDPSF%4-3JN-
ited to traditional fixed dental prostheses aging technology that is readily avail-
XPSLVTJOHFJUIFSNFUBMDFSBNJDPS;S0 able in the majority of dental practices
restorations, the approach seems to al- and laboratories and which has been
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70-6.&t/6.#&3tSUMMER 2017
CLINICAL RESEARCH
Figs 19 to 22 Second clinical case showing completed metal ceramic restoration in situ, documented
in a variety of light conditions.
Figs 23 to 26 Third clinical case showing placed metal ceramic restoration in situ. The presence of
EJTDPMPSBUJPOTPGUIFTVCTUSBUFBMXBZTQSFTFOUTBDIBMMFOHFEVFUPUIFJOnVFODFPOQFSDFJWFEQFSJPEPOUBM
color. In such esthetically sensitive cases, optimal shade management provides a substantial contribution
for achieving the best possible compromise, as is often required in clinical reality.
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HEIN ET AL
Figs 27 to 30 'PVSUIDMJOJDBMDBTFEFNPOTUSBUJOHUIFQPUFOUJBMPGUIFF-"#PS@BJETZTUFNGPSBQQMJDBUJPO
with all ceramic restorations.
deemed suitable for shade quantifica- the Vita Classical system, and providing
tion 5BCMF
the ability to create custom dentin mix-
5IF F-"#PS@BJE QSPUPDPM 'JH
BM- tures, in order to quantify objectively and
lows for objective shade communication perform digital try-ins beforehand for
and accurate color matching over dis- optical integration verification. Addition-
tances and without the need for stock BMMZ UIFXPSLnPXFOBCMFTUIFUFDIOJDJBO
shade guides or personal consulta- to scrutinize, at any given stage, the di-
tion between the patient and the den- rection of the shade-matching outcome
tal technician. Standardization in dental during the buildup, allowing increased
photography for shade selection can predictability and overall control.
help to maximize compatibility, interop- "MUIPVHI UIF F-"#PS@BJE QSPUPDPM
erability, and repeatability. The goal of QSPWJEFT B SPCVTU XPSLnPX MJHIU QSPQ-
this systematic approach is to identify agation in natural teeth remains highly
the most economic, efficient, and effec- complex and dynamic in nature, in
tive means to generate consistent and stark contrast with current restorative
optimum visual integration restorative materials, which remain relatively sim-
outcomes through numerical quantifica- plistic and relatively static in the way
tion, minimizing the threshold to a target they interact with light.
value Δ( 5IJT XPSLnPX FRVJQT UIF Merely conditional color matching be-
dental ceramist with powerful analytical tween natural dentition and artificial in-
tools such as the CIE L*a*b* color sys- direct restorations is possible. Hence,
tem, extending beyond the limitations of projected and actually measured color
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CLINICAL RESEARCH
Table 2 Previous works by other authors have often indicated that digital cameras may be a suitable
choice for the quantification of tooth color
Year of Study
Author Methodology Results
publication design
It can be concluded that an DSLR camera

Digital imaging vs with Adobe Photoshop CS5.1 as an
Dhruv et al In vitro
spectrophotometer adjunct can be used as an alternative to
spectrophotometer
There was no statistically significant differ-

ence found between digital cameras and
Digital imaging vs
#IBOEBSJFUBM 2014 In vivo spectrophotometers, which shows that
spectrophotometer
digital cameras and spectrophotometers
are equally reliable
This regression renders the color informa-

tion from a digital image clinically relevant
Carney and Digital imaging vs for a wide range of tooth color shades that
In vitro
Jonston spectroradiometer can be used to accurately translate color
information for color matching purposes in
restorative and prosthodontic dentistry
Digital imaging vs
It appears that the resolution capacity of a
spectroradiometer
Elter et al55 2005 In vitro digital camera can increase the reliability
vs visual assess-
of color selection
ment
The digital camera can be used as a

Digital imaging vs
Jarrad et al54 2005 In vitro means of color measurements in the
visual assessment
dental clinic
The difference in the mean L*a*b* values

Lakhanpal and Digital imaging vs between spectrophotometer and polariza-
In vitro
Neelima spectrophotometer UJPOEFOUBMJNBHJOHNPEBMJUZ 1%*.
XBT
insignificant
The digital PCM method is valid for the

Digital imaging vs
Oh et al58 2010 In vivo range of human teeth based on the Vita-
visual assessment
pan Classical shade guide
#PUITPGUXBSFBOETQFDUSPQIPUPNFUSJD
analyses have advantages such as evalu-
Digital imaging vs
Peskersoy et al 2014 In vitro ating the results objectively and numeri-
spectroradiometer
DBMMZBMTP USFBUNFOUPVUDPNFTDPVMECF
preserved
Shade matching assisted by digital

Digital imaging vs photographs and computer software was
Schropp57 2009 In vitro
visual assessment significantly more reliable than by conven-
tional visual methods
Commercial SLR digital cameras when

combined with the appropriate calibra-
Digital imaging vs
Wee et al In vitro tion protocols showed potential for use
spectroradiometer
in the color replication process of clinical
dentistry
Digital imaging vs Digital imaging method could be used in

Yamanel et al59 2010 In vitro
colorimeter the assessment of color parameters
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70-6.&t/6.#&3tSUMMER 2017
HEIN ET AL
EJGGFSFODF WBMVFT å&

BSF POMZ BQQMJ-
cable under directional illumination us- Image Acquisition
f 22 1/125 ISO 100 RAW
JOH % EBZMJHIU
%FUSJNFOUBM NFUB-
meric effects can be most noticeably
observed when illuminants change,12 Import
Adobe Lightroom
whereas changing viewing angles typi-
cally results in small differences of per-
Digital Workflow
ceived brightness. tDIPPTF%4-3QSPmMF
tXIJUFCBMBODF
Another overall limiting factor is that tFYQPTVSFCBMBODF
the majority of available dental ceramic

systems are still based on the Vita Clas- Measure L*a*b*
Classic Color Meter
sic system. Furthermore, the restorative
team may occasionally encounter anoth-
er substantial obstacle, which is that, ac- eLABor_aid Chart
cording to the aforementioned statistical

BOBMZTJT OFBSMZ
PGOBUVSBM
teeth have an average CIE L*a*b* color Target L* ≥ L*max Vita Classical Target L* ≤ L*max Vita Classical
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t BEKVTU- &
C
XIJDI FYDFFET CPUI UIF MV- t p
revisualization on t previsualization on
framework framework
minosity and chroma of Vita Classical
TIBEF# -BC
*OTVDI
cases, it may be prudent to reproduce Image Acquisition
f 22 1/125 ISO 100 RAW
the target tooth color utilizing the bright-
est bleach dentin provided in a given
ceramic system as a starting point for Measure L*a*b*
Classic Color Meter
shade formulation, which subsequently
can lead to a successful match in the
Digital Try-In
majority of cases. Apple Keynote/Adobe Photoshop
More high-quality research is needed

to verify the effectiveness and reliability
Glaze
PGUIFF-"#PS@BJETZTUFNJOBDPOUSPMMFE
clinical trial.
Fig 31 Flowchart demonstrating the various
TUFQTPGUIFF-"#PS@BJEQSPUPDPM
Acknowledgment
We are indebted to Professor Marleen Peumans
6OJWFSTJUZPG-FVWFO
BOE%S.BSDP(SFTOJHU 6OJ-
WFSTJUZ PG (SPOJOHFO
GPS UIF DMJOJDBM DBTFT NFO-
tioned in this article.
199
70-6.&t/6.#&3tSUMMER 2017
CLINICAL RESEARCH
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ELABor Aid A New Approach To Digital Shade Management Hein Sascha Tapia Javier Bazos Panaghiotis

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ELABor Aid A New Approach To Digital Shade Management Hein Sascha Tapia Javier Bazos Panaghiotis

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CLINICAL RESEARCH

eLABor_aid: a new approach

Correspondence to: Mr Sascha Hein

Tel.: 0049 171 57834551, Email: s.hein@bio-emulator.com

Abstract #Z VUJMJ[JOH SFnFDUJWF DSPTTQPMBSJ[FE

Introduction inter-batch shade tab variation from the

The digital PCM setup

Eliminating glare 48%

A number of years ago, professionals in

Fig 3 5P NJUJHBUF UIF JOnVFODF PG BNCJFOU MJHIU

Fig 5 White balancing is usually carried out with

a radiance meter to determine the re-

it is necessary to choose the correct

is therefore necessary. It is carried out Measuring target tooth shade

Creating a statistical model

õB  78.04

of 147 intact unrestored maxillary central to increase a* and b* individually and to

ground colors. While small variations

Figs 15 and 16 1PMBSJ[FEBOESFnFDUFEJNBHF

It can be concluded that an DSLR camera

There was no statistically signiﬁcant differ-

This regression renders the color informa-

The digital camera can be used as a

The difference in the mean L*a*b* values

The digital PCM method is valid for the

Shade matching assisted by digital

Commercial SLR digital cameras when

Digital imaging vs Digital imaging method could be used in

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the majority of available dental ceramic

cording to the aforementioned statistical

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More high-quality research is needed

References 11. Wang J, Lin J, Gil M, Seliger

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Abstract #Z VUJMJ[JOH SFnFDUJWF DSPTTQPMBSJ[FE

õB 78.04

The difference in the mean Lab* values

EJTUSJCVUJPO PG - NJO -

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