CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

Information Technology as it denotes to technology, IT spans a wide variety of areas

that include but are not limited to things such as process, computer Hardware, Programming
Languages, and Data constructs. In shorts, anything that renders data, information are
perceived knowledge, in any visual format whatsoever, via multimedia distribution
mechanism, is considered to be a part of the domain space known as Information Technology.

As IT is applicable organizations within enterprises, it represents and operational group that

helps all problem as those related data, information and knowledge capture, persistence,
processing, brokering, discovery and rendering.

Information Technology (IT) Parks, which are also referred to as Techno Parks, Cyber Parks
and Science Parks, have been established to facilitate the development of IT industries that
foster new business development and technological innovation by emerging ideas within
cluster environment.

1.2 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PARK IN INDIA

The Indian Information Technology industry accounts for a 6-7% of the countries’ GDP
and export earnings as of 2018, while providing employment to a significant number of its
tertiary sector workforce. More than 2.3 million people are employed in the sector either
directly or indirectly, making it one of the biggest job creators in India and a mainstay of the
national economy.

India’s IT Services Industry was born in Mumbai in 1967 with the establishment of TATA
group in partnership with Burroughs. The first software export zone SEEPZ was set up here
way back in 1973, the old avatar of the modern day IT park. More than 80 percent of country’s
software exports happened out of SEEPZ, Mumbai in 80s. Today Bangalore is considered as
IT hub.

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1.3 ADVANTAGES OF IT-PARK

1. IT Parks provide infrastructure and support services for businesses, particularly

high-quality (high-capacity) communications, real estate and office space.
2. Frequently, IT Parks have links to research institutions providing a pipe line of
both innovations personnel and advice. This serves as the technology transfer function.
3. Today, IT Parks are present throughout the developing world, including India,
China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Costa Rica and the Dominican Republic.
4. To recruit and co-locate new and established knowledge-based companies, Promote
innovation based on "smart" technologies, Provide an interface or shared research
environment for research organizations and private industry.

1.4 GREEN BUILDING CONCEPT

Green building (also known as green construction or sustainable building) is the

practice of creating structures and using processes that are environmentally responsible and
resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from siting to design, construction,
operation, maintenance, renovation, and deconstruction. This practice expands and
complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and
comfort.

Some of the salient features of a Green Building are:

1. Use of Recycled and Environmental Friendly Building Materials.

2. Use of Non-Toxic and recycled/recyclable Materials.

3. Efficient use of Water and Water Recycling.

4. Use of Energy Efficient and Eco-Friendly Equipment.

5. Use of Renewable Energy.

6. Quality of Indoor Air Quality for Human Safety and Comfort.

7. Effective Controls and Building Management Systems

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1.5 PURPOSE OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

1. Green buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on
human health and the natural environment.
2. Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources.
3. Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity.
4. Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation

1.6 POPULAR EVALUATION BODIES OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

1. Leadership in energy and environmental design certification (LEED)

2. Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment(GRIHA)

TANGIBLE BENEFITS INTANGIBLE BENEFITS

Electricity saving-40% to 50% Daylight and Views
Water saving-20%-30% Health and productivity
Table1.6: Tangible Benefits and Intangible Benefits

1.7 TANGIBLE COST PREMIUMS

1. LEED Registration and Application Costs

2. Commissioning Agent Costs

3. Energy Modeling Costs

4. Improved HVAC equipment and controls

5. Improved lighting and controls

6. Improved building envelope or glazing

7. Storm water quantity or quality improvements

8. Showers, bike racks, etc.

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1.8 INTANGIBLE COST PREMIUMS

1. LEED Documentation Costs

2. Waste Hauling Premiums and additional on-site labor

3. Construction cleanliness to meet IAQ Measures Additional babysitting on site

4. Material premium

1.9 ADVANTAGES OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS

1. Meets high standards of energy efficiency and environmental responsibility.
2. Focus is mainly on resources such as energy, water and materials and attains efficiency
of these resources. It is said to reduce the energy bills and offer a healthier and more
comfortable living environment. Reduce the effect of environmental hazards and ease
its effects on human health and environment too. It is said that natural daylight design
reduces a building's electricity needs, and improves people's health and productivity.
3. It is the use of eco-friendly materials that highlights the concept of green building.
4. (Purchase eco-friendly products to build a green home or a sustainable environmental
building). Enhance the energy efficiency of our building. Put to use environmental
friendly technology and see how energy efficient your building can get. Passive solar
design can dramatically lower down the heating and cooling costs of a building, as with
high levels of insulation and energy-efficient windows.
5. It usually requires a systemic attention to the full life cycle impacts of resources which
is embodied in such green building and to the resource consumption and pollution
emissions over the building's complete life cycle. Green buildings are also popularly
known as eco-homes or sustainable buildings. It is generally agreed that green buildings
are structures which are designed, sited, built, renovated and operated to energy-
efficient guidelines, and that they will have a positive environmental, economic and
social impact over their life cycle. Make use of low energy appliances, energy efficient
lighting and renewable energy technologies which uses solar panels and wind turbines.

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1.10 LEED RATING SYSTEM

1.10.1 LEED INDIA

1. Effective in India from 1st Jan 2007

2. Based on professional reference standards like NBC, ASHRAE, and ECBC etc.
3. Assessment by 3rd party assessors & USGBC
4. Voluntary, Consensus- based, Market driven

RATING POINTS
LEED Certified 26-32
LEED Certified Silver level 33-38
LEED Certified Gold level 39-51
LEED Certified Platinum level 52-69
Table 1.10.1: Certification levels

1.10.2 FEW LEED RATED BUILDINGS IN INDIA

1. Platinum rated: CII –Godrej GBC, Hyderabad

ITC Green Center, Gurgaon

Wipro Technologies, Gurgaon

2. Gold Rated: IGP Office, Gulbarga

NEG Micon, Chennai

Grundfos Pumps, Chennai

3. Silver Rated: L&T EDRC, Chennai

SR.NO: CRITERIONS POINTS

1 Prerequisites 8
2 Sustainable Sites 13
3 Water efficiency 6
4 Energy and atmosphere 17
5 Materials and Resources 13
6 Indoor Environmental quality 15
7 Innovations and Accredited Prof. Points 5
Total 69
Table1.10.2: criterions and point allocation

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1.11 GRIHA RATING SYSTEM:
GRIHA is a performance-oriented system where points are earned for meeting the
design and performance intent of the criteria. Each criterion has certain points assigned to it. It
means that a project demonstrating compliance with a criterion would achieve the associated
points.
GRIHA is a 100-point system consisting of some core points, which are mandatory, while the
rest are optional. Different levels of certification (one star to five stars) are awarded based on
the number of points earned. The minimum points required for certification are 50.

Table 1.11: GRIHA Rating

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Table 1.11.1: GRIHA Point and Allocation

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 CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 GENERAL
Literature review is the collection various journal papers collected as a reference to
complete the project. These journal papers gives as the idea to design sustainable tech park.

2.2 LITERATURE

2.2.1 Investigation of peak wind loads on tandem heliostats in stow position

Matthew J. Emes* , Farzin Ghanadi, et al., This paper investigates the effects of turbulence
in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) on the peak wind loads on heliostats in stow position
in isolation and in tandem configurations with respect to the critical scaling parameters of the
heliostats. The heliostats were exposed to a part-depth ABL in a wind tunnel using two
configurations of spires and roughness elements to generate a range of turbulence intensities
and integral length scales. Force measurements on different-sized heliostat mirrors at a range
of heights found that both peak lift and hinge moments were reduced by up to 30% on the
second tandem heliostat when the spacing between the heliostat mirrors was close to the mirror
chord length and converged to the isolated heliostat values when the spacing was greater than
5 times the chord length. Peak wind loads on the tandem heliostat were above those on an
isolated heliostat for an integral-length-scale-to-chord-length ratio Lx u=c of less than 5,
whereas tandem loads were 30% lower than an isolated heliostat at Lx u=c of 10. The reduced
loads on the tandem heliostat corresponded to a shift to higher frequencies of the fluctuating
pressure spectra, due to the break-up of large eddies by the upstream heliostat.

2.2.2 Renewable Energy Technologies for Sustainable Development of Energy Efficient

Building
Arvind Chel a, Geetanjali Kaushik et al., The energy conservation through energy efficiency
in the building has acquired prime importance all over the world. The four main aspects for
energy efficiency in a building include first and foremost the nearly zero energy passive
building design before actual construction, secondly the usage of low energy building materials
during its construction, thirdly use of energy efficient equipment’s for low operational energy
requirement and lastly integration of renewable energy technologies for various applications.
These aspects have been discussed along with their economics and environmental impacts
briefly in this paper. The first aspect is related to the prior design before construction of a solar
passive building techniques adapted all over the world not only for passive heating/cooling but

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also for daylighting the building. Second is utilizing the low embodied energy building
materials for building construction. The third aspect deals with the operational energy
conservation using energy efficient equipment’s in the building. Lastly, the building has to
include utility of integrated renewable systems for hot water heating, solar photovoltaic
electrification, etc.

2.2.3 Cost Efficiency Analysis of Steel Frame Works for Economical Design of Multi-
Storey Building

OğuzhanHasançebi et al.,In the present study cost efficiencies of various steel frameworks
are investigated for economical design of multi-storey buildings. A total of thirteen steel frames
that incorporate various types of beam-column connection and bracing configuration are
considered for detailed and comparative cost analyses. The three multi-storey buildings
consisting of 10, 20 and 30 floors are stiffened according to each of the thirteen steel
frameworks to yield thirty-nine test frames for numerical applications. First design
optimizations are carried out using an evolution strategy (ES) integrated parallel optimization
algorithm to minimize the total member weight in each test frame. An extensive cost analysis
is then carried out on the optimized design of each test frame to calculate its estimated
construction cost using a cost model that itemizes costs of all production stages including
material, manufacturing, erection and transportation. Cost-efficient frameworks are identified
for the three steel buildings by comparing estimated costs of the test frames. Furthermore, the
variations in cost efficiencies of the steel frameworks versus the storey number (or building
height) are scrutinized. The results collected are utilized to reach certain recommendations
regarding the selection of economically feasible frames for design of multi-storey steel
buildings.

2.2.4 Use of Resonse Envelope for Seismic Margin Assessment of Reinforced Concrete
Walls and Slabs

NicolasIleAlbertoFrauu et al., Seismic safety evaluations of existing nuclear facilities are

usually based on the assumption of structural linearity. For the design basis earthquake (DBE),
it is reasonable to apply a conventional evaluation of the seismic safety of building structures
and carry out a linear elastic analysis to assess the load effects on structural elements.
Estimating the seismic capacity of a structural element requires an estimation of the critical
combination of responses acting in this structural element and compare this combination with
the capacity of the element. By exploiting the response-spectrum-based procedure for

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predicting the response envelopes in linear structures formulated by Menun and Der
Kiureghian (2000a), algorithms are developed for the seismic margin assessment of reinforced
concrete shell finite elements. These algorithms facilitate the comparison of the response-
spectrum-based envelopes to prescribed capacity surfaces for the purpose of assessing the
safety margin of this kind of structures. The practical application of elliptical response
envelopes in case of shell finite elements is based on the use of layer models such as those
developed by Marti (1990), which transfer the generalized stress field to three layers under the
assumption that the two outer layers carry membrane forces and the internal layer carries only
the out-of-plane shears. The utility of the assessment approach is discussed with reference to a
case study of a 3D structure made of reinforced concrete walls.

2.2.5 An Efficient Approach to The Determination of Equivalent Static Wind Loads

L.PatrunoM.Ricci et al., Equivalent Static Wind Loads (ESWLs) represent an extremely

useful tool for the characterization of the structural response to the wind action and provide a
convenient way for structural engineers in order to include the results of a complete, rigorous,
buffeting analysis in the design process. Recently, a novel approach to the determination of
ESWLs has been proposed which is based on the adoption of Proper Skin Modes for the
characterization of the static/quasi-static structural response. In that study, the reconstruction
of the extreme internal forces over the structure for all structural members has been performed
in a least square sense and a smoothed version of the maximum/minimum operators, typical of
envelope calculations, has been adopted. By using such formulation, it is possible to use
efficient, gradient-based, optimization techniques in the minimization procedure which leads
to the identification of ESWLs. In this paper, two refinements of the original technique are
proposed: the least square approach is modified in order to ensure a complete covering of the
envelope and the original formulation is extended in order to take into consideration the
contemporaneity between effects. Finally, the proposed approach is tested on a large span
suspended roof derived from the structural model of the New Juventus Stadium showing
extremely encouraging results.

2.2.6 Sustainable Buildings for Healthier Cities Assessing the Co Benefits of Green
Buildings in Japan

OsmanBalaban et al., High concentrations of people and economic activities in urban areas
have strengthened the links between cities, health and the environment. Cities are not only
responsible for environmental and health problems but also they hold the key for a greener

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economy and a sustainable future. Urban built environment is a policy field where appropriate
policies and actions could yield significant human and ecological benefits. Among different
elements of urban built environment, buildings deserve particular attention due to their large
contribution to environmental and health problems. The concept of sustainable (green) building
is a recent response to address the problems that stem from the building sector. However, the
widespread implementation of the concept is hindered by significant challenges. This paper
argues that manifestation of multiple benefits that sustainable buildings deliver could help
overcome some of these challenges. The paper presents the extent to which green buildings
could generate co-benefits, and underlines the opportunities and barriers to push green building
agenda forward.

The results indicate that green and sustainably renovated buildings could yield significant
benefits in terms of energy and CO2 reduction, cost savings, and improved health situation for
building users. The case study buildings with the best two performances are found to achieve
33% and 26% reduction in energy use intensity, and 38% and 32% reduction in CO2 emissions
intensity in comparison to benchmark values. Reduction in energy consumption in the top two
buildings corresponds to an energy cost saving of $ 1–1.5 Million per year per building.
Furthermore, the top two buildings are found to provide improved healthy environment due to
improved indoor and ambient air quality, better thermal comfort and more natural lighting
indoors. Making more explicit the multiple benefits of sustainable buildings needs further
consideration in this regard. We recommend that the public sector could take key actions to
accelerate the number of green buildings including fiscal support, technical assistance and
policy reforms.

2.2.7 Analysis of Performance of the Daylight into Critical Liveable Area of ‘Type Design’
Dwelling Unit On the Basis of Daylight Metrics for Hot and Dry Climate

Trupti J. Dabe, Alpana R. Dongre et al., Daylighting integrated with artificial lighting
control is recognized as an important and useful strategy in energy-efficient building designs.
The prediction of the internal daylight levels is a key stage in daylighting designs. For this
research, the ‘type design’ residential quarters building as a case has been selected from Nagpur
region in central India having a hot and dry climate. These ‘type design’ have the major issues
related to the performance of daylight and thermal comfort due to lack of some rules related to
sizes of fenestrations in the development control regulation. The aim of this research is to
evaluate the most critical livable area of a dwelling unit of ‘type design’ for daylight and

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thermal comfort. This research includes evaluation of the selected parameters by comparative
analysis of useful daylight illuminance (UDI), daylight autonomy (DA), thermal comfort hours
and carpet area to window ratio (CAWR) with the help of dynamic simulation by using
‘Daysim’, ‘radiance analysis tool’ and ‘temperature distribution tool’ of Ecotect 2011 software.
The findings of this research arrive to derive the CAWR with respect to orientation (four
cardinal directions) of the building without compromising the thermal comfort with respect to
the temperature of a dwelling unit of ‘type design’.

2.2.8 Classification of damage to the structures of buildings in towns in coastal areas

Jose M.AdamJose D.Moreno et al., Damage to the structure of buildings near the coast is
often caused by the marine environment. This paper describes a study carried out on the state
of the structures of buildings in towns near the coast in Valencia (Spain). The findings were
based on inspections carried out on all the buildings in 14 towns considered representative of
those in the area. A total of 1816 buildings were inspected, and the typical damage found in
structures exposed to a marine environment was identified. The percentage of affected
buildings was found to be quite high, in some cases over 40% of the total number in the town.
Damage was classified into four levels of severity, and a significant percentage of structures
were found to be gravely affected, requiring immediate repairs. Based on the experience
acquired in these inspections, this paper proposes a tool that would allow the general state of
buildings in coastal areas to be assessed by what is called a Global Damage Index. This tool
can classify towns according to the predictable presence and level of structural damage to its
buildings, and provides a preliminary assessment together with criteria for the measures to be
taken, including access to finance from public bodies to cover the repairs, maintenance and
protection of buildings.

2.2.9 Evaluation of seismic ground motion scaling procedures for linear time-history
analysis of liquid storage tanks
MiguelOrmeñoTamLarkinNawawiChouw et al., Liquid storage tanks are vital life-line
structures, especially following destructive seismic events. However, at present there is no
accepted procedure to scale ground motions to perform time-history analysis for these very
short period structures. Current standards and design codes e.g. ASCE/SEI 7-10, Euro code 8
and NZS 1170.5, for conventional structures, e.g. buildings and bridges, minimize in a pre-

12
defined range of periods the difference between the response spectra of chosen records and the
target spectrum. This period range has limits related to the fundamental period of the structure
in the excitation direction being considered. However, these design specifications have
important differences in their scaling procedures and consequently affect the calculated seismic
response of the structure. Additionally, these procedures were not formulated for time-history
analysis of liquid storage tanks. This is evident in the case of the restriction imposed by NZS
1170.5 for very stiff structures, which includes most tanks. This restriction leads to reduced
structural loading giving non-representative results. The research reported here concerns the
seismic response of storage tanks, in terms of base shear, overturning moment and wall stresses,
when subjected to scaled ground motions using the procedures of three design specifications.
It was found that the Euro code 8 approach produces the highest seismic response on storage
tanks. ASCE/SEI 7-10 gives intermediate results in terms of applied load and seismic response
compared to the other two specifications. The study also shows that the restriction imposed by
NZS 1170.5 for tanks, produces an underestimate of the seismic load on storage tanks.

2.2.10 P. Jayachandran& S. Rajasekaranstudied et al., “Structural Design of Multi-story

Building” did a literature survey, problem definition and did a complete structural analysis and
design of the four story residential building in reinforced concrete. They followed the Indian
code BIS 456 – 1978 and used ACI-1999 and wind/earthquake loads by using Canadian Code
1995, and ANSI standards 1995 for checking. The analysis and design of slabs, beams, girders,
columns and footings were completed using theory from Reinforced Concrete Design and
Structural Analysis by STAAD-III software, which uses finite elements. Design for slabs,
beams, columns and footings were carried out using the software RC Design Suite. Drawings
were done using Auto-CAD. To prevent the misuse of these software applications, the Limit
State Design was exclusively used as a hand calculation method to verify the output from
STAAD-III and Design suite.

2.2.11 Structural analysis and design

Pankaj & Manish (2006) et al., proposed the procedure dynamic analysis of buildings may
be based on 3D modeling of building. According to Bedabrata&Nagender (2007), STAAD.
Pro features a state-of-the-art user interface, visualization tools, powerful analysis and design
engines with advanced finite element and dynamic analysis capabilities. From model
generation, analysis and design to visualization and result verification, STAAD. Pro is essential
choice of computer aided design software for this project. Software ETABS may also use in
this project as demonstrated Wakchaure (2012) in his earthquake analysis of high rise

13
buildings. It has been proved by more and more practices that the simulation technique (ST)
can get a more satisfied result than experiments in some cases like large-span or high-raise
structures (Zhao et al., 2012).

2.2.12 Push-over analysis for performance-based seismic design

RHasanLXuD.EGrierson et al., The paper presents a simple computer-based push-over

analysis technique for performance-based design of building frameworks subject to earthquake
loading. The technique is based on the conventional displacement method of elastic analysis.
Through the use of a ‘plasticity-factor’ that measures the degree of plasticization, the standard
elastic and geometric stiffness matrices for frame elements (beams, columns, etc.) are
progressively modified to account for nonlinear elastic–plastic behavior under constant gravity
loads and incrementally increasing lateral loads. The behavior model accounts for material
inelasticity due to both single and combined stress states, and provides the ability to monitor
the progressive plasticization of frame elements and structural systems under increasing
intensity of earthquake ground motion. The proposed analysis technique is illustrated for two
building framework examples.

2.2.13 Dynamic Time-history Elastic Analysis of Steel Frames Using One Element per
Member

Si-WeiLiuRuiBaiSiu-LaiChan et al., This paper proposes an efficient numerical simulation

technique for dynamic time-history analysis of space steel frames by one-element-per-member
model, considering geometric nonlinearity including P-Δ-δ effects, large global deflections and
member deformations. The curved arbitrarily-located-hinge (ALH) beam-column element is
employed for capturing members' behaviors and simulating initial imperfections, where the
internal degree-of-freedoms (DOFs) are condensed for improving the computational
efficiency. The consistent element mass matrix is derived based on the Hermit interpolation
function, and the Rayleigh damping model is adopted for representing the system viscosity. To
solve the equation of the time-history motion, a direct time-integration method via New mark’s
algorithm is utilized for the step-by-step solution. A robust numerical procedure using the
incremental secant stiffness method is introduced for the large deflection analysis of space
frames, allowing arbitrary rotations in a three-dimensional space. Verification examples are

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given to validate the present model in handling dynamic behaviors of the steel frames and
members under the transient actions. The distinct feature of the research is to propose an
effective analytical framework using high-performance elements, dramatically improving the
numerical efficiency and making the method being practical.

2.2.14 An examination of the LEED green building certification system in terms of

construction costs

Latif Onur,UğuraNeşe, et al., This study was conducted to assess cost-benefit analysis and
payback period of two green buildings located in Turkey. In this context, two buildings in gold
and platinum categories according to the LEED certification system were studied to present
the actual expenses caused by greening. For gold and platinum certified building respectively;
the additional construction cost was found to be 7.43% and 9.43%, the share of soft cost in
total construction cost was stated to be 0.84% and 1.31%, reduction in annual energy
consumption cost was determined as 31% and 40%, also additional construction cost's payback
period was calculated to be 0.41 and 2.56.

2.2.15 Analysis of seismic performance of a code designed reinforced concrete building

Javeed A.MunshiSatyendra K.Ghosh et al., This paper studies the inelastic seismic
performance of a 12-story reinforced concrete (RC) building. The building utilizes a structural
system with moment-resisting frames in the longitudinal direction and a dual structural system
consisting of coupled shear walls and moment-resisting frames in the transverse direction. The
frame elements, the shear walls and the coupling beams are sized and detailed on the basis of
the 1994 edition of the Uniform Building Code for seismic Zone 4 (regions of high seismicity).
The global and local inelastic behavior of the building in the two orthogonal directions is
studied under several earthquakes ground motions. Nonlinear concrete behavior, including
stiffness degradation and strength loss caused by cracking, crushing of concrete and yielding
of steel, is simulated by using the fiber beam-column element of the DRAIN-2D program.
Pushover analysis is used to determine the global ductility of the structure. The study indicates
that the design strength may be inadequate for some critical earthquakes which tend to induce
biased response in the structure. The global response of the building is not much altered when
the effect of vertical accelerations is also included. Weak coupling between walls induces large
ductility demands in them, which can be directly reduced by increasing the wall strength. Well-
designed coupled walls are more efficient and economical than isolated walls or weakly

15
coupled walls. Optimum values of beam and wall stiffness and strength can be chosen to
minimize ductility demands on the walls of a coupled wall system. The coupling between walls
appears to become ineffective, due to the simultaneous yielding of coupling beams and walls
when a structure is subjected to an early and large displacement pulse, such as that produced
by the Northridge earthquake in the near-field. Although the increasing of wall strength
decreases the ductility demand, the real challenge, in this case, is to reduce the peak
displacement, which is not particularly sensitive to the strength values.

2.2.16 Performance-based seismic design of flexible-base multi-storey buildings

considering soil–structure interaction

YangLuaImanHajirasoulihabAlec M.Marshalla et al., A comprehensive parametric study

has been carried out to investigate the seismic performance of multi-storey shear buildings
considering soil–structure interaction (SSI). More than 40,000 SDOF and MDOF models are
designed based on different lateral seismic load patterns and target ductility demands to
represent a wide range of building structures constructed on shallow foundations. The cone
model is adopted to simulate the dynamic behavior of an elastic homogeneous soil half-space.
1, 5, 10, 15 and 20-storey SSI systems are subjected to three sets of synthetic spectrum-
compatible earthquakes corresponding to different soil classes, and the effects of soil stiffness,
design lateral load pattern, fundamental period, number of storeys, structure slenderness ratio
and site condition are investigated. The results indicate that, in general, SSI can reduce (up to
60%) the strength and ductility demands of multi-storey buildings, especially those with small
slenderness ratio and low ductility demands. It is shown that code-specified design lateral load
patterns are more suitable for long period flexible-base structures; whereas a trapezoidal design
lateral-load pattern can provide the best solution for short period flexible-base structures. Based
on the results of this study, a new design factor RF is introduced which is able to capture the
reduction of strength of single-degree-of-freedom structures due to the combination of SSI and
structural yielding. To take into account multi-degree-of-freedom effects in SSI systems, a new
site and interaction-dependent modification factor RM is also proposed. The RF and RM
factors are integrated into a novel performance-based design method for site and interaction-
dependent seismic design of flexible-base structures. The adequacy of the proposed method is
demonstrated through several practical design examples.

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2.2.17 Modal strength reduction factors for seismic design of plane steel braced frames

Nicos, A.KalapodisabGeorge, A.PapagiannopoulosbDimitri et al., A performance based

seismic design method for eccentrically braced frames (EBFs) and buckling restrained braced
frames (BRBFs) is developed herein. The method is a force-based seismic design one where
the design base shear is obtained by using different modal strength reduction factors for each
one of the first four modes of the frame, instead of using a constant behavior factor for all
modes as in all current design codes. These modal strength reduction factors incorporate the
dynamic characteristics of the structure, different soil types and different performance targets.
Thus, the proposed method can automatically satisfy deformation demands at all performance
levels without requiring deformation checks, as it is the case with code-based design methods.
The basic concept of the method is associated with the determination of an equivalent elastic
structure that retains the mass and initial stiffness of the original nonlinear one, and is
characterized by high amounts of viscous damping in order to equilibrate the nonlinear energy
of dissipation by the viscous one. The above mentioned factors are obtained through the use of
extensive parametric studies on 98 steel plane frames subjected to 100 far-field ground
motions. Empirical expressions for those modal strength reduction factors as functions of
period, deformation/damage and soil types, which can be used directly in conjunction with the
conventional elastic pseudo-acceleration design spectra with 5% damping for seismic design
of steel EBFs and BRBFs, are provided. The proposed method is illustrated with representative
numerical examples that demonstrate its advantage over code-based seismic design methods.

2.2.18 Building Information Modelling (BIM) for green buildings: A critical review and
future directions

YujieLuaZhileiWubRuidongChangaYongkuiLib et al., Although a large number of studies

on Building Information Modelling (BIM) have been conducted in the past decade, a lack of
consensus remains among researchers and practitioners regarding the applications of BIM for
the development of green buildings, the activity of making buildings in a way that protects the
natural environment. As the usefulness of BIM has been widely recognized in the building and
construction industry, there is an urgent need to establish an up-to-date synthesis on the nexus

17
between BIM and green buildings. After an in-depth review of hundreds of journal articles
published from 1999 to 2016 and 12 widely used types of BIM software, this study provides a
holistic understanding and critical reflection on the nexus between BIM and green buildings,
which is systematically illustrated by a “Green BIM Triangle” taxonomy. The proposed
taxonomy indicates that the nexus between BIM and green buildings needs to be understood
based on three dimensions, namely project phases, green attributes and BIM attributes.
Following the proposed taxonomy, this paper systematically illustrated 1) the applications of
BIM in supporting the design, construction, operation, and retrofitting processes of green
buildings; 2) the various functions of BIM for green building analyses such as energy,
emissions, and ventilation analysis; 3) the applications of BIM in supporting green building
assessments (GBA); and 4) research gaps and future research directions in this area. Through
critical review and synthesis of BIM and green buildings based on evidence from both
academic research and industrial practices, this paper provides important guidance for building
researchers and practitioners to better align BIM development with green building development
in the future.

2.2.19 Analytical hysteretic model for reinforcing bars

Jian-LeiQiuJin-XinGong et al., This paper proposes an analytical hysteretic model for

reinforcing bars considering the effects of inelastic buckling and low-cycle fatigue. A strain-
dependent post-yield stiffness ratio formula is introduced into the traditional Bouc-Wen model
to make it possess the asymmetrical characteristic, so that the compressive stress softening
effect generally exhibited by buckling bars can be reasonably described. Meanwhile, the low-
cycle fatigue degradation is also contained in the model. Based on the collected experimental
hysteresis loops of reinforcing bars, the model control parameters are identified using the
genetic algorithm. The corresponding prediction equations of control parameters in terms of
physical parameters of the reinforcing bar, such as the slenderness ratio, yield strength and
ultimate strength-to-yield strength ratio, are then established by regression analysis.
Furthermore, the proposed model is implemented in Open Sees, an open-source computational
platform. The effectiveness of the proposed model is verified by performing the comparison
with the experimental results of both isolated reinforcing bars and reinforced concrete columns.

2.2.20 Time history response analysis using extended Rayleigh damping model

NaohiroNakamuraa et al., Rayleigh damping has been widely used in time history response
analysis. Many articles have reported the problems associated with this damping and suggested

18
remedies. A basic problem is that the frequency area across which the damping ratio is almost
constant is too narrow. If the area could be expanded, this would be one of an appropriate
remedy for this problem. The author proposed a novel damping model capable of expanding
the constant frequency area based on the study of a causal damping model. In this paper, the
model is explained, first. Then, a time history response analysis is performed to confirm the
effectivity of the model.

2.3 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW

1. From the journals studied, we came to conclusion that sustainable structure is possible
in the proposed site.
2. It summarizes the multi- storey structure is possible in the proposed area.
3. It summarizes the implementation of composite structure in proposed area.
4. It gives the design guidance dynamic seismic analysis.

19
 CHAPTER-3

SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES

3.1 SCOPE

1. To make a remarkable sustainable structure in Puducherry.

2.To achieve a maximum LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)

rating.

3.To achieve a maximum GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment)
rating.

3.2 OBJECTIVES

1. Detailed planning using AUTOCAD software.

2. Architectural 3D designing using ARCHICAD software.
3. Implementing sustainable features as conceptual.
4. DYNAMIC ANALYSIS using STAAD PRO software.
5. STRUCTURAL DESIGN using STAAD PRO software.
6. Detailing of structural elements (Beam, Column, Footing, Slabs, Ramp, Dome).

20
 CHAPTER-4

METHODOLOGY

4.1 DESCRIPTION

First of all, the plan for building should be drafted. According to the needs and
the usage of the building the loads are calculated and the slabs are then design for the
loads based on its edge conditions specified. The size of the beam, area of the steel
reinforcement and the spacing of stirrups are calculated.

The columns are designed according to the loads transmitted from the floors,
from the design the size of the column, area of steel reinforcement and the spacing of
lateral ties required are determined.

According to the bearing capacity of the soil and load from the super structure
the type of foundation suitable is chosen and it is designed. Based on the space,
requirement and the usage of building the type of staircase suitable is chosen and it is
designed. The reinforcement details of the various structural element should be drafted.
All plans and design are planed according to bye-laws and IS code.

21
 PLANNING CODE BOOK
REFERENCES
National building code
Pondicherry bye laws
Modeling bye laws
Architectural planning
Using (ARCHICAD 21)

Architectural 3D design Implementing sustainable

Using (ARCHICAD 21) features

IS 456:2000

Modeling IS 800:2007

Dynamic analysis working with STAAD pro IS 875 (PART 1,2,3)

Structural design BYE-LAWS

SP-16
SP-34
Detailing of STRUCTURAL
IS 1893 (SEISMIC
ELEMENTS CODE)
IS 1392 (STRUCTURAL
DETAILING)

Figure: 3.1 Methodology Flowchart

22
 CHAPTER 5

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

5.1 SITE PLANNING

Site planning and design require the professional to consider a broad range of concerns in
the synthesis of a design concept. There are the physical aspects of the site itself, the vision or
program of the client, the designer’s own creative inclination, the concerns of the community,
and the interests of the end user.

The zoning requirements are intended to regulate the density and geometry of
development, specifying roadway widths and parking and drainage requirements, and define
natural resource protection areas.

Must incorporate an accurate description of:

1. Shape, size, orientation of the site and easements.

2. Levels and contours of the site and the difference in levels between the site and
surrounding properties.

3. The location and height of existing buildings on the site and surrounding properties

4. The use of surrounding buildings, including location of habitable rooms. The location of
private open space of surrounding properties and the location of trees, fences and other.

5. Landscape elements.

6. Solar access to the site and surrounding properties. • Street frontage features such as
poles, street trees, footpaths and kerb crossovers.

5.2 PLANNING

An office building must have flexible and technologically-advanced working

environments that are safe, healthy, comfortable, durable, aesthetically-pleasing, and
accessible. It must be able to accommodate the specific space and equipment needs of the
tenant. Special attention should be made to the selection of interior finishes and art installations,
particularly in entry spaces, conference rooms and other areas with public access.

23
5.2.1 TYPES OF SPACES

An office building incorporates a number of space types to meet the needs of staff and
visitors. These may include:

(A) OFFICES

Offices: May be private or semi-private.

Conference Rooms/ Meeting rooms

(B) EMPLOYEE/VISITOR SUPPORT SPACES

1. Convenience Store, Kiosk, or Vending Machines

2. Lobby: Central location for building directory, schedules, and general information

3. Atria or Common Space: Informal, multi-purpose recreation and social gathering

space

4. Cafeteria or Dining Hall

5. Toilets or Restrooms

6. Physical Fitness Area

7. Interior or Surface Parking Areas

(C) ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT SPACES

Administrative Offices:

May be private or semi-private acoustically and/or visually.

(D) OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE SPACES

1. General Storage: For items such as stationery, equipment.

2. Food Preparation Area or Kitchen

3. Computer/Information Technology (IT) Closets. See WBDG Automated Data

Processing centre for PC System related information

4. Maintenance Closets

24
(E) COST-EFFECTIVE

The high-performance office should be evaluated using life-cycle economic and material
evaluation models. To achieve the optimum performance value engineering provides a means
for assessing the performance versus cost of each design element and building component. In
the design phase building development, properly applied value engineering considers
alternative design solutions to optimize the expected cost/worth ratio of projects at completion.

(F) URBAN PLANNING

The concentration of a large number of workers within one building can have a significant
impact on neighbourhoods. Consideration of transportation issues must also be given when
developing office structures. Office buildings are often impacted by urban planning and
municipal zoning, which attempt to promote compatible land use and vibrant neighbourhoods.

(G) FUNCTIONAL/OPERATIONAL

The building design must consider the integrated requirements of the intended tenants.
This includes their desired image, degree of public access, operating hours, growth demands,
security issues and vulnerability assessment results, organization and group sizes, growth
potential, long-term consistency of need, group assembly requirements, electronic equipment
and technology requirements, acoustical requirements, special floor loading and filing/storage
requirements, special utility services, any material handling or operational process flows,
special health hazards, use of vehicles and types of vehicles used, and economic objectives.

(H) FLEXIBILITY

The high-performance office must easily and economically accommodate frequent

renovation and alteration. These modifications may be due to management reorganization,
personnel shifts, changes in business models, or the advent of technological innovation, but the
office infrastructure, interior systems, and furnishings must be up to the challenge.

1. Consider raised floors to allow for easy access to cabling and power distribution, as
well as advanced air distribution capabilities to address individual occupant comfort.

2. Incorporate features such as plug-and-play floor boxes for power, data, voice and
fibre, modular and harnessed wiring and buses, and conferencing hubs to allow for
daily flexibility at work as well as future reorganization of office workstations.

25
(I) PRODUCTIVE

Worker Satisfaction, Health, and Comfort of employees in a high-performance office area

of paramount concern.

1. Utilize strategies such as increased fresh air ventilation rates, the specification of
nontoxic and low-polluting materials and systems, and indoor air quality monitoring.

2. Provide individualized climate control that permits users to set their own, localized
temperature, ventilation rate, and air movement preferences.

3. Access to windows and view, opportunities for interaction, and control of one's
immediate environment are some of the factors that contribute to improved workplace
satisfaction.

4. Natural light is important to the health and psychological well-being of office workers.
The design of office environments must place emphasis on providing each occupant
with access to natural light and views to the outside. A minimum of 100-150 LUX of
diffused indirect natural light is desirable.

5. The acoustical environment of the office must be designed and integrated with the
other architectural systems and furnishings of the office. Special consideration must
be given to noise control in open office settings, with absorptive finish materials,
masking white noise, and sufficient separation of individual occupants.

(J) TECHNICAL CONNECTIVITY

1. Technology has become an indispensable tool for business, industry, and education.
Given that technology is consider the following issues when incorporating it,
particularly information technology (IT), into an office:

2. Plan new office buildings to have a distributed, robust, and flexible IT infrastructure.

3. During the planning stage, identify all necessary technological systems (e.g., voice/
cable/data systems such as audio/visual systems, speaker systems, Internet access, and
Local Area Networks [LAN] / Wide-Area Networks [WAN] / Wireless Fidelity [WI-
FI]), and provide adequate equipment rooms and conduit runs for them.

4. Consider and accommodate for wireless technologies, as appropriate.

26
 5. For existing office buildings, consider improving access to the IT infrastructure as
renovations are undertaken.

5.3 STUDY ON BYE-LAWS

5.3.1 SIZE OF DRAWING SHEETS

Table 5.3.1: Drawing Sheet Sizes

5.4 KEY PLAN:

A key plan drawn to a scale of not less than 1: 10,000 shall be submitted along with notice
showing boundary and location of the site with respect of neighborhood land marks, in area
where there is no approved layout plans.

5.4.1 SITE PLAN:

The site plan to be sent along with the application for permit shall be drawn to a scale of
1: l00 for plots up to 500 sq. mt. in size and on a scale of 1:500 for plots above 500 sq. mt. in
size. The plan shall show as below:

1. The boundaries of the site and any contiguous land belonging to the owner thereof. b)
The position of the site in relation to neighbouring street.

2. The names of the streets on which the building is proposed to be situated, if any.

3. All existing buildings standing on, over or under the site.

4. he position of the building and of all other buildings, if any, which the applicant
intends to erect upon his contiguous land referred to in (a) in relation to

27
 a. The boundaries of the site and in case where the site has been partitioned, the
boundaries of the portion; owned by the applicant and also of the portions owned
by others.

b. All adjacent streets / buildings (with number of storey and height) and premises
within a distance of 12m. of the site and of the contiguous land, if any, referred to
in (a); and

c. If there is no street within a distance of 12 mt. of the site, the nearest existing
street.

1. The means of access from the street to the building, and to all other buildings, if any
which the applicant intends to erect upon his contiguous land, referred to in (a).

2. Space to be left about the building to secure a free circulation of air, admission of light
and access.

3. The width of the street, if any, in front, at the sides or rear of building.

4. The direction of north point relative to the plan of the buildings.

5. Any existing physical features such as well, drains, trees, overhead electric supply
lines etc.

6. The ground area of the whole property and the breakup of covered area on each floor
with the calculation for percentage covered in each floor in terms of the total area of
the plot as required under the Bye-Laws governing the coverage of the area.

7. Parking plans indicating the parking spaces wherever required.

8. Such other particulars as may be prescribed by the Authority; and

9. Building number or plot number of the property on which the building is intended to
be erected.

28
5.5 DEVELOPMENT CODES

5.5.1 ADDITIONAL FAR

Where, a = Parking provision value

b = Disaster emergency provision value

c = Urban Form value

d = Pedestrian Safety value

e = Induced informal activities value

x = Impact on essential services value

y = Impact on environment value

m = Land Use value

n = Accessibility (Right of way of the approach road) value

o = Congestion (Mobility index in terms of travel speed) value

p = Heritage Value

5.5.2 STAIRCASE/EXIT REQUIREMENTS

The minimum clear width, minimum tread width and maximum riser of staircases for
buildings shall be as given as below (see also Part 4 ‘Fire and Life Safety of NBC 2005)

29
 Table 5.5.2: Minimum Width of Staircase

5.5.3 MINIMUM TREAD

1. The minimum width of tread without nosing shall be 250 mm for residential buildings.

2. The minimum width of tread for other buildings shall be 300 mm.

5.5.4 MAXIMUM RISER

1. The maximum height of riser shall be 190 mm for residential buildings and 150 mm
for other buildings and these shall be limited to 12 per flight.

2. The minimum head-room in a passage under the landing of a staircase shall be 2.2 m.
The minimum clear head-room in any staircase shall be 2.2 m.

5.5.5 CAPACITY OF EXITS

The capacity of exits (staircase, ramps and doorways) indicating the number of persons
could be safety evacuated through a unit exit width of 50 cm shall be as given below:

Table 5.5.5 Occupants Per Unit Exit Width

30
5.5.6 MINIMUM WIDTH OF PASSAGE AND CORRIDORS

The following minimum width provisions shall be made for each passage way/corridor.

1. Residential buildings, dwelling unit type. 1.00 m.

2. Residential buildings, e.g., hostels, etc. 1.25 m.

3. Assembly buildings like auditorium theatre and cinemas. 2.00 m.

4. All other buildings including hotels. 1.50 m.

5. Hospital, Nursing Homes, etc. 2.40 m.

5.5.7 RAMPS

1. The ramp to basement and parking floors shall not be less than 7.2m wide for two way
traffic and 4 m wide for one way traffic, provided with Gradient of 1:10 for cars and
1:15 for heavy vehicles. At curved portions of the ramp or for circular ramps the slope
should not be more than 1:12.

2. Ramps may also be provided in the setbacks which can be sloped considering
unhindered movement of fire engine and in no case the gradient shall be less than 1:10.

3. All structural design/safety aspects as per latest BIS Codes & NBC, 2005 shall be
complied along with consideration of weight of Fire Engine & its maneuverings.

4. The minimum width of the ramps in hospitals shall be 2.4 m for stretcher and not for
vehicular movement

5. In this case Handrails shall be provided on both sides of the ramp.

6. Ramps shall lead directly to outside open space at ground level or courtyards or safe
place

5.5.8 VENTILATION SHAFT

For ventilating the spaces for water closets and bathrooms, if not opening on the front side,
rear and interior open spaces, shall open on the ventilation shaft, the size, of which shall not be
less than the values given below:

31
 Table 5.5.8: Size of Ventilation Shaft

5.5.9 PARKING STANDARDS

Parking Standards have been prescribed for Government 1.8 Equivalent Car Spaces (ECS)
per 100 sq m. of floor area.

1. In existing buildings having plot area of more than 2000 sq m., an extra ground
coverage of 5% shall be permissible for construction of automated multilevel parking
to provide dedicated parking structures for additional needs.

2. For the provision of car parking spaces, the space standards shall be as given

3. In the use premises, parking on the given standards shall be provided within the plot

Table 5.5.9: Space Standards for Car Parking

5.5.10 BASEMENTS

1. Basement(s) up to the setback line maximum equivalent to parking and services

requirement, such as Air Conditioning Plant and equipment, water storage, Boiler, Electric
Sub-Station HT and LT Panel rooms, Transformer Compartment, Control Room, Pump
House, Generator Room and other mechanical services and installation of electrical and
firefighting equipment, and other services required for the maintenance of the building
with prior approval of the concerned agencies, could be permitted and not to be counted

32
 in FAR. However, the area provided for services should not exceed 30 % of the basement
area.

2. The basement(s) above the plot level shall be kept flushed with the ground and shall be
ventilated with mechanical means of ventilation; and

3. Basement(s) shall be designed to take full load of the fire tender, wherever required and
subject to adequate safety measures.

4. In case the basement is used for activity in conformity with the use premises, wherever
permitted, the same shall be counted in FAR subject to clearance from the Fire Authorities
and other statutory bodies.

5. The ESS, firefighting installations and underground water tank shall neither be counted in
ground coverage nor in FAR.

5.6 SITE SPECIFICATIONS

5.6.1 LOCATION AND BUILDING SPECIFICATIONS
The proposed site is located at pillaichavady, kalapet, puducherry. The plot area is about
20,449 m2. It consists of two blocks, main block and secondary block. The main blocks is the
IT office building consist of G+10 floors and a basement car parking. The built up area is about
4284.78 m2. The secondary block is consisting of G+2 floors having food court and gym and
the built up area is 740 m2.

The pond area is about 2163.83 m2 and the outdoor car parking is 7174.65 m2. two wheeler
parking is about 829 m2. Figure 5.5.1 shows the site location.

33
Figure: 5.5.1: Site Location

34
5.6.2 WORKING WITH AUTOCAD.

Figure 5.6.2.1: Site Plan

Figure 5.6.2.2: Main Block Ground Floor Plan

35
Figure: 5.6.2.3 Main Block Typical Floor Plan 1st,2nd And 3rd

Figure 5.6.2.4 Main Block Fourth Floor Plan

36
Figure 5.6.2.5 Main Block Typical Floor Plan 5th To 10th

Figure 5.6.2.6 Main Block Sectional View 1

37
 Figure 5.6.2.7 Sectional View 2

Figure 5.6.2.8 Main Block Column Layout

38
Figure 5.6.2.9: Secondary Block Typical Floor Plan Ground Floor And 1st Floor

Figure 5.6.2.10: Secondary block 2nd floor plan

39
 Figure 5.6.2.11: Secondary Block North Elevation

Figure 5.6.2.12: Secondary Block Sectional View

40
5.6.3 WORKING WITH ARCHICAD 3D
5.6.3.1 SUSTAINABLE FEATURES OF THE SITE

Proposed main block is designed based on the path of the sun to get maximum solar
radiation and optimized usage of the daylight to reduce energy consumption. For that solar
panels are placed on the south and east sides of the structure and also placed on the roof top.
Rain water are collected from the roof top and used for flushing toilets and other uses. rain
water from the drains is collected in the south side placed pond throughout the year and it used
for irrigating the garden.
The optimized design of the structure allows enough daylight into the building so it reduces
the usage of the artificial lightening.
The atrium act as a breathing structure of the building. The used conditioned air is again
allowed into the atrium for ventilation.

Figure 5.6.3.1: Orientation to the path of the sun

41
Figure 5.6.3.2 Optimized Daylight Concept

Figure 5.6.3.3 Overall View of the Site

42
 Figure 5.6.3.4: Main Block- North View

Figure 5.6.3.5 Main Block-South View

43
 Figure 5.6.3.6: Atrium View

Figure 5.6.3.7: View from Fourth Floor

44
 Figure 5.6.3.8: Cafeteria

Figure 5.6.3.9: office space view

45
 Figure 5.6.3.10: Secondary Block

Figure 5.6.3.11: Food Court View 1

46
 Figure 5.6.3.12: Food Court View 2

5.6.4 AMENITIES

1. Bank.
2. Atm.
3. Cafeteria.
4. Food court.
5. Recreational facilities like gym, tennis court and park.
6. Basement parking and outdoor parking.

47
 CHAPTER 6
WORKING WITH STAAD PRO
6.1 INTRODUCTION
STAAD.Pro V8i is the leading Structural Analysis and Design Software from Bentley. The
Letter “i” stands for intutive, interactive, incredible and interoperable. STAAD.Pro is the
professional’s choice for steel, concrete, timber, aluminum and cold formed steel design of
virtually any structures including culverts, petrochemical plants, tunnels, bridges, piles and much
more. Bentley sounds V8i is the most complete and noteworthy release in its history, which took
a total investment of over a billion dollars and extents across the vast array disciplines with
fundamental subject and assignment endures to be Sustaining Infrastructure.

6.2 MODELLING
Once you stared the STAAD.Pro application follow the instructions:
1. In the Project Tasks box, click New Project.
2. A New Project dialog box appears is shown below:

48
3. Before starting a project, you must be aware of the type of structure. The structure
type can be defined as Space, Plane, Floor, or Truss.
 Space: A SPACE structure, which is a three-dimensional framed structure
with loads applied in any plane, is the most general. The loading causes the
structure to deform in all 3 global axes.
 Plane: The type of geometry, loading and deformation are restricted to the
global X-Y plane only.
 Floor: The geometry of structure is kept at the X-Z plane.
 Truss: The structure transmits loading by pure axial action. Truss members
are considered to be in capable of carrying shear, bending and torsion.
4. Set the length units and loading units and click Next button.
Note: The units can be altered later if needed, at any point of the model creation.
5. Now Where do you want to go? dialog box appears. You have specify the method
for building

 Add Beam: Sets the program in the Snap Node/Beam dialog and snap grid to
construct your model by creating new joints and beams using the construction
grid, drawing tools and spreadsheets.
49
 Add Plate: Sets the program up with the Snap Node/Plate dialog to
construct your model by creating new joints and 3-noded and 4-noded plate
elements using the construction grid, drawing tools and spreadsheets.
 Add Solid: Sets the program up with the Snap Node/Plate dialog to
construct your model by creating new joints and 8-noded solid/brick elements
using the construction grid, drawing tools and spreadsheets.
 Open Structure Wizard: Opens the library of readymade structure templates
which can be extracted and modified parametric model standard, parametric
structural templates for trusses, surfaces, bay frames and much more.
 Open STAAD.Editor: Allows you to build your model using STAAD syntax
commands (non-graphical interface) through the STAAD editor.
 Edit Job Information: Automatically opens the Job Information dialog box
which provide information about the job (i.e. client’s name, job title, engineers
involved, etc.) before building your model.
6.3 METHODS OF MODEL GENERATION
STAAD.Pro V8i consists of three parts:
 Pre Processor: Generates the model with all the data needed for the analysis.
 Analysis Engine: Calculates displacements, member forces, reactions,
stresses, etc.
 Post Processing: Displays the results of the analysis and design.
6.3.1 CREATING NODES
When you select the Nodes command in geometry menu, it shows a dialog box
where you can enter the joint coordinates.

50
After creating the joint i.e. entering the coordinates, you can able to see the joint in
the modelling area.
JOINT COORDINATES
i1, x1, y1, z1, (i2, x2, y2, z2, i3)
REPEAT n, xi,yi1, zi1, (xi1, yi2, . . . . xin, yin, zin)
REPEAT ALL n,xi1, yi1, zi1, (xi2, yi2, zi2, . . . . xin, yin, zin)

Enhanced Grid Tool:

The options in Snap/Grid Node tools in the geometry menu have been improved to
1. Allow multiple grids to be created.
2. Import a DXF file and use it as be created.
3. Import grid files created in different STAAD.Pro model.

51
Beams, plates and 8 nodes solid element can be created using the suitable Snap/Grid
tool. When this function is propelled, the following dialog is opened which includes
a Default Grid. This grid will be of type ‘linear’, there are also options to create
Radial, and Irregular grids.
As new grids are added or modified, the information is stored in the STAAD.Pro
data folder with a GRD allowance that permits other STAAD.Pro file to re-use these
defined grids. To alter the starting of this grid, click on the Edit button to show the
existing grid properties.

52
The current plane of the grid is set by selecting the required option. This can rotated
about one of the global planes by selecting the axis of rotation and setting the angle.
The origin of the grid is marked on the graphics, with a small circle. The location of
the origin, specified in global coordinates, can either be defined explicitly in the
given X.Y and Z coordinates, or it can be set to the coordinates of an existing node
by clicking on the icon and then on the node itself in the graphical window. Note
that at this point the origin coordinate is updated.
The construction lines are used to specify how many gridlines are created either side
of the origin, the spacing between the gridlines and if there should be a skew in
degrees along either axis.
Click on the OK button to accept these settings.
Additional grids can be defined by clicking in the Create button. Three different
types of standard grid can be created:
 Linear
 Radial

53
  Irregular
The type of the grid required can be selected from the drop down list available at the
top of the property sheet.
Each new grid should be identified with a unique name for future reference. The
functionality for each type of grid is given below:
Linear:
 Two dimensional system of regularity spaced linear construction lines
creating a plane of snap points.
 Plane is defined as being coincident with the global XY, XZ or YZ planes or
at an angle skewed with respect to the global planes.
 Location of the origin can be defined with respect to global X, Y and Z
coordinates systems.
Radial:
 Two dimensional system of regularly spaced radial and circumferential
construction lines creating a plane of snap points.
 Plane is defined as being coincident with the global XY, XZ and YZ planes
or at angle skewed with respect to the global planes.
 Location of the origin can be defined with respect to global X, Y and Z
coordinates systems.
 Well suited for drawing circular models using piece-wise linear techniques.
The settings for a Radial grid are defined in the following window:

54
 The Plane, Angle of Plane and Grid origin option are as for the linear.
Irregular:
 Two dimensional system of regularity or irregularly spaced linear
construction lines creating a plane of snap points.
 Plane is defined as being coincident with the global XY, XZ or YZ planes or
at an angle skewed respect to the global planes or at an arbitrary plane.
The settings for an irregular grid are defined in the following window:

55
6.3.2 TRANSLATIONAL REPEAT
Translational Option allows to copy the entire structure or a portion of the
structure in a linear direction. We may generate one or more several copies of the
selected components. Select the structural elements to repeat. Select
Geometry→ Translational Repeat option from the geometry menu or Click
Translational Repeat Icon . The Translational Repeat dialog box appears as
shown below:

56
Global Direction:
Choose any one of the three possible global direction along which the selected
structural elements should be copies.
No of Steps:
Specify the numbers of steps to repeated you need.
Default Step Spacing:
Type the default spacing between steps in the edit box in current length units. For
each step, the default value of the spacing will be what we provide in the Default
step spacing box. We can change the spacing of individual steps if we choose to do
so.
Step Spacing Table:
This table consists of two columns: Step and Spacing. We can change the spacing of
any type in the table.
Renumber Bay:
This is the way of instructing the program to use a user-specified starting number
for the members generated in each step of the translational repeat activity.
Geometry Only:
The Translational Repeat allows the copying of the elements without having their
loads properties, steel design parameters, etc. being copied with it. By default (when
the Geometry Only option is not checked) all loads, properties, design parameters,
members releases, etc. on the selected elements will automatically be copied along
with the elements. By checking the option labelled Geometry Only, the translational
repeating will be per formed using only geometry data.
Link Steps and Open Base:
If you want to automatically connect the steps or copies by new members, along the
specified global directions, check the Link Steps check box. In other words, the Link
Steps option is applicable when the newly created units are physically removed from
the existing units and when one wishes to connect those using members. To avoid
joining the base of the copied structures, check the Open Base box.

57
Here you can see the Frame model copied using the Translational Repeat option:

6.3.3 CIRCULAR REPEAT

Circular Repeat allows to copy of the entire structure on an portion of if in a
circular direction. Select the structural elements to repeat and select the Circular
Repeat option from the geometry menu. The 3D Circular dialog box appears as
shown in the figure.

58
Axis of Rotation:

Click the radio button to choose the axis of rotation for repeating the selected components.

Through:

The new highlight node button selects the Node on Plane. Click on this icon to be able to select
the node from the main model. Once the cursor changes the shape, simply select a node from the
model. The Node and Point boxes will automatically fill up with the correct information.
Otherwise, type an existing Node number or location Point coordinates to define the axis of
rotation.

Use this as Reference Point for Beta angle generation. In previous versions of STAAD.Pro, one
limitations of the Circular Repeat feature was that the member orientation was not taken into
consideration during the circular generation. This limitation has been addressed now.

If the Use this as Reference Point for Beta angle generation switch is turned on, the point through
which the axis for circular repeat operation passes will be used as the member reference point for
all the generated members. This point along with the local X axis of the generated member will
define the local X-Y plane of the member and hence the member orientation gets automatically
set.

Total Angle:

Provide the total sweep angle of rotation between the original structure and the last copied
structure.

No of Steps:

Provide the number of steps we want over the specified Total Angle.

Link Steps and open Base:

If you want to automatically connect the steps by new members, check the Link Steps check box.
To avoid joining the base of the copied structure, check the Open Base box.

The Circular Repeat. Rotate and Mirror dialog boxes have been enhanced to remain open so that
the selection beams, nodes, etc. can be accomplished even while the box is open. Also, selection
59
of critical points such as the node, point or plane where the axis of rotation crosses can now be
selected graphically while the box remains open. This eliminates the inconvenience in the past
where if this location was known before selecting one of the geometry options, the box had to be
closed down to determine the location first.

6.3.4 TIME HISTORY METHOD

6.3.4.1 TIME HISTORY

Time history analysis is the study of the dynamic response of the structure at every addition
of time, when its base is exposed to a particular ground motion. Static techniques are applicable
when higher mode effects are not important. This is for the most part valid for short, regular
structures. Thus, for tall structures, structures with torsional asymmetries, or no orthogonal
frameworks, a dynamic method is needed.

In this dynamic method, the structures is modeled as a multi degree of freedom (MDOF) system
with a linear elastic stiffness matrix and an equivalent viscous damping matrix. The seismic input
is modeled utilizing time history analysis, the displacements and internal forces are found using
linear elastic analysis. The playing point of linear dynamic procedure as for linear static procedure
is that higher modes could be taken into account.

In dynamic analysis, the response of the building to the ground motion is computed in the time
domain, and all phase information is thus preserved. Analytical result of the equation of motion
for a one degree of freedom system is normally not conceivable if the external force or ground
acceleration changes randomly with time. Such issues could be handled by numerical time-
stepping techniques to integrate differential equations.

6.3.4.2 GROUND MOTIONS

Buildings are subjected to ground motions. The ground motion has dynamic characteristics,
which are peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity (PGV), peak ground
displacement (PGD), frequency content, and duration. These dynamic characteristics play
predominant rule in studying the behavior of RC buildings under seismic loads. The structure

60
stability depends on the structure slenderness, as well as the ground motion amplitude, frequency
and duration.

61
6.3.4.2 Wind Load Calculations

As Per IS 875 (Part-3), Clause 5.4, Design Wind Pressure, pz = 0.6 Vz2

Where, Vz (Design Wind Speed) = Vb k1 k2 k3

Where, Vb (Basic Wind Speed) = 50m/s (Assuming Zone –II)

By referring clause 5.3.1 and 5.3.3 of IS 875(Part-3), k1 and k3 factors are obtained.

k1 = 1.08 (For 100 years of design and for 50m/s wind speed)

k3 =1 (Topography factor For Plane regions)

62
Referring the Clause 5.3.2 and Table 2 of IS 875 (Part-3), the values of k2 for different heights are
tabulated below. Also, by substituting the factors k1, k2 (for different heights), k3, and Vb , pz are
obtained and tabulated.

Table 6.3.4.2: Maximum Bending Moment and Shear Force

Figure 6.3.4.3: Main Block Model

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 Figure 6.3.4.4: Main Block rendered Model

Figure 6.3.4.5: Main Block Wind Load on Leeward Side

64
Figure 6.3.4.6: Main Block Wind Load On Windward Side

Figure 6.3.4.7: Main Block Bending Moment Diagram

65
 figure 6.3.4.8: Main Block Shear Force Diagram

Figure 6.3.4.9: Bending Moment Diagram for Beam No= 1187

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 Figure 6.3.4.10: Shear Force Diagram for Beam No= 1187

6.4 SUMMARY:

In order to study the seismic behaviour of structures subjected to low, intermediate, and high-
frequency content ground motions, dynamic analysis is required. Some of the major time history
ground motion plots around the world such as El-Centro 1940 ground motion, IS 1893 (Part 1),
San Francisco GGP010 are discussed in this chapter. And we have implemented the use of El-
Centro 1940 ground motion in our Project and checked the response.

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 CHAPTER 7

DESIGNING

7.1 DESIGN OF SLAB

Design of a particular section of slab is done by the following data.
Specification
Grade of concrete = M25
Grade of steel = Fe415
Clear cover = 20mm
Short span (Lx) = 8m
Long span(Ly) = 9m
Lx/Lx = 1.12<2
Hence it is a two-way slab.

Mux at the ends = 23.4 kN-m

Mu 23.4x 10⁶
at the ends = = 1.52
bd² 1000 x 125²
4.6
Pt = 50[1 − √1 − x 1.52]/ (415/25) = 0.46%
25

125
Ast = 0.46 x 1000 x 100 = 582mm²

Mux at the mid span = 5.39 kN-m

Mu 5.39x 10⁶
at the ends = = 0.344
bd² 1000 x 125²
4.6
Pt = 50[1 − √1 − x 0.344]/(415/25) = 0.097%
25

125
Ast = 0.097 x 1000 x 100 = 121mm²

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Similarly,

69
70
71
72
FIGURE 7.1: Detailing of Slab

73
7.2 DESIGN OF BEAM
Design of a particular section of beam is done by the following data.
Data
Grade of concrete fck = M25
Grade of steel fy = Fe 415
Size of beam = 300 x 600 mm
Length of beam = 9.23 m
From STAAD results
Moment at support = 344.147kNm
Mu 344.147x 10³
= = 2.03
bd² 300x575²
4.6
Pt = 50[1 − √1 − x 2.03]/(415/25) = 0.96%
25

0.96
Ast = 300 x 575 x 100 = 1818mm²

Therefore provide 3 x 25 + 2 x 20mm dia bars at the support

Moment at center = 191.99kNm
Mu 191.99 x 10³
= = 1.63
bd² 300x575²
4.6
Pt = 50[1 − √1 − x 1.63]/(415/25) = 0.49%
25

0.49
Ast = 300 x 575 x 100 = 927mm²

Therefore, provide 2 x 25mm dia bars at the support

SHEAR DESIGN
Shear force Vu = 249.92 kN
Ʈv = Vu/bd
= 1.17 N/mm²
Pt = 0.691

74
Ʈc = 0.511
Vus = 249.92 – 0.511 x 300 x 710 = 132.53 kN

Using 8 mm dia
Spacing = (0.87 x fy x Asv x d)/Vus
= 234.16 mm
Provide 8 mm 2- legged stirrups @ 200 mm c/c

75
Figure.7.2 Detailing of Beam

76
7.3 DESIGN OF COLUMN
Design of a particular section of column is done by the following data.

Data:
Column size = 300 x 600mm
Load on column, Px = 1810.53kN
Moment, My = 226.198kN-m
Grade of concrete, fck = M25
Grade of steel, fy = Fe415
Calculation:
Gross area of the column section, Ag = 300 x 600
Ag = 180000mm²
Area of concrete, Ac = (180000-Asc)
Where Asc = area of steel
Ultimate load Pu = 1810.53 x 1.5

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 = 2715.07kN
We know that,
Pu = 0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fyAsc
2715.01 x 10³ = 0.4x25(180000-Asc) + 0.67x415Asc
Area of steel Asc = 3413mm²
Reinforcement details:
Asc
No of bars (20mm dia) =
asc
= 3413/314
= 10 bars
Design of lateral ties:
Maximum of ¼ diameter of bar (1/4 x 20 = 5mm) or 6mm
Therefore, provide 6mm ties.

Design of pitch:
1. Lateral least dimension = 300mm
2. 16 x diameter of bar = 16 x 20 = 320mm
3. 300mm

Therefore, provide 6mm ø @ 300mm c/c

78
Figure 7.3: Detailing of Column

79
7.4 DESIGN OF DOGLEGGED STAIRCASE

Design of a doglegged staircase is done by the following data.

OBSERVED DATA
Concrete grade = M25
Steel grade = Fe415
Height = 3.65m
Height of each fight = 3.65/2 = 1.825m or 1825mm
Assuming 150mm riser,
No of risers required = 1.825/0.150 = 12
The actual rise of each riser = 1.825/12 = 152mm
No of treads in each flight = no of riser - 1 = 12-1 = 11
Let the treads of the steps = 300mm
Let the width of the stairs = 2400mm
DESIGN OF FLIGHT AB
Let the bearing for the flight is 230mm
Effective horizontal span = 3.3+2.4+0.23/2 = 5.775m

80
Let the thickness of waist = 150mm

LOAD CALCULATON
Dead load of 150mm waist = 25 x 150 = 3750 N/m²
Ceiling finish (12.5mm) = 24 x 12.5 = 300N/m²
Corresponding load per sq.metre on plan = (√(𝑅² + 𝑇²)/𝑇) x 4050
= (√(152² + 300²)/300) x 4050
= 4540 N/m²
Hence, the actual load per sq.metre of plan area will consist of the following:
Waist and ceiling finish = 4540N/m²
Dead load of steps(152/2) average = 76 x 25 = 1900 N/m²
Top finish (12.5mm) = 12.5 x 24 = 300 N/m²
Live load = 3000 N/m²
TOTAL = 9740 N/m²
Maximum bending moment per metre width of stairs, M = wl²/8
= (9740 x 5.8152 )/8
= 41168 N-m
Ultimate moment, Mu = 1.5 x 41168 = 61753 N-m
EFFEECTIVE DEPTH
We know that, Mu = 0.138 fck b d² = 61753N-m
= 0.138 x 25 x 1000 x d² = 61753x10³
d = 133mm
Assume clear cover, Cc = 20mm, ø = 10mm
Overall depth D = d + Cc +ø
= 133 + 20 + 5
= 158mm
Therefore, provide overall depth = 220mm
Effective depth d = 220 – 20 = 200mm
Mu 61753 x 10³
= = 1.54
bd² 1000 x 200²

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 4.6
Pt = 50[1 − √1 − x 1.54]/(415/25)
25

= 0.46%
200
Ast = 0.46 x 1000 x 100 = 920mm²

Spacing of 12mm dia bars = (113 x 1000)/920 = 120 mm c/c

Therefore, provide 12mm ø bars @ 120 mm c/c
Distribution of steel = 220x 1000 x 0.12/1000 = 264 mm²
Spacing of 8mm dia bars = 50 x 1600/264 = 189mm
Therefore, provide 8mm ø bars @ 180 mm c/c

82
Figure 7.4: Detailing of Staircase

83
7.5 DESIGN OF FOOTING
Design of a particular footing is done by the following data.
Node no: 1016
Axial load on the column = 2409kN
Approximately weight of foundation @ 10% of column load = 240.9kN
Total load = 2649.9kN
Safe bearing capacity of soil = 200kN
Area of foundation = 2649.9/200 = 13.24m²
Size of column = 600 x 300mm
Ration of l/b = 2
Therefore, L = 5.2m
B = 2m

Cpx = 2.3m
Cpy = 1.15m

Net upward pressure = column load/area = 2409/13.23

p = 195.99kN/m
Mu = pLCpx²/2 = (195.99x5.2x2.3²)/2

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 = 2695.76kN-m
Mux = 1.5 x 2695.76 = 4043.64kN-m
Mulim = Mux
0.138fck b d² = 4043.64 x 10⁶
dx = 1562.6 mm
Mu = pLCpy²/2 = (195.99x5.2x1.15²)/2
= 336.97kN-m
Muy = 1.5 x 336.97 = 505.45kN-m
Mulim = Muy
0.138fck b d² = 505.45 x 10⁶
dy = 781.31 mm
Increasing depth by 30%, d = 1562.6 x 1.3 = 2031.42mm
Assume clear cover cc = 50mm
Diameter of bar Ø = 16mm
Overall depth D = 2089.42mm
(take D = 2100mm)
In longer direction:
Mu
= 0.408
bd²
4.6
Pt = 50[1 − √1 − x 0.408]/(415/25) = 0.115%
25

Ast = 702mm²
Asc
No of bars (12mm dia) =
asc
= 702/113
= 6 bars
Spacing of 12mm dia bars = (2.6 x 1000)/6 = 433 mm c/c
Therefore provide 6 x 12 mm dia bars @ 433mm c/c
In shorter direction:
Mu
= 1.633
bd²

85
 4.6
Pt = 50[1 − √1 − x 1.633]/(415/25) = 0.49%
25

Ast = 6007mm²
Asc
No of bars (30mm dia) =
asc
= 6007/706
= 8 bars
Spacing of 30mm dia bars = (2.6 x 1000)/8 = 325 mm c/c
Therefore provide 8 x 30mm dia bars @ 325mm c/c
CHECK FOR ONE WAY SHEAR
Assume depth of footing De = 300mm
Shear force at critical section V = p L(Cp-ds)
= 195.99 x 5.2(2.3-2.031)
= 273.734kN
Vu = 273.734 x 1.5 = 410.60kN
D−De
Dowcs = D-( ) ds = 510.19mm
Cpx
dowcs = Dowcs-Ø/2-Cc = 454.19mm
L−l
bowcs = l+( )ds = 4662.19mm
Cpx
Ʈv = Vu/(bowcs x dowcs) = 0.19N/mm²
Ʈc = 0.28N/mm²
Ʈcmax = 2.8N/mm²
Since, Ʈv<Ʈc<Ʈcmax
Hence SAFE

86
Figure 7.5: Detailing of Footing

87
Figure 7.6: Column Detailing 2

88
Figure 7.7: Combined footing Detailing 2

89
Figure 7.8: Continuous slab Detailing 2

Figure 7.9: Continuous slab Detailing 3

90
Figure 7.10: Staircase Detailing 3

91
 CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSION

Thus we have applied our gained knowledge to practice a real time experience in this project. This
helps us to go into market with an excellent background regarding design of R.C.C structure and
enables us to use the software’s STAAD Pro. We can also conclude that there is difference between
the theoretical and practical work done. In this project we have successfully made an attempt of
planning, analyzing and designing of sustainable tech park building by considering various design
aspects. And the architectural design is eligible for LEED and GRIHA rating. The technical
problems faced by us in the project helped us to become familiar with the analysis and design of
the building.

92
 REFERENCES

1. Norms of LEED, India

2. Norms of GRIHA, India
3. IS: 456-2000-design code for R.C.C structure.
4. IS: 875-1987 (Part 1)-code for dead loads.
5. IS: 875-1987 (Part 2)-code for imposed loads.
6. IS: 875-1987 (Part 3)-code for wind loads.
7. IS: 1893 (part 1)-code for seismic loads`
8. National building code
9. Pondicherry planning authority rules and regulations.
10. SP: 16-1980 – Design aids for reinforced concrete.
11. STAAD PRO V8i.

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