Blade Calculations For Water Turbines of The Banki Type: Citation For Published Version (APA)

Blade calculations for water turbines of the Banki type
Citation for published version (APA):

Verhaart, P. (1983). Blade calculations for water turbines of the Banki type. (EUT report. WPS, Vakgr. warmte-,
proces- en stromingstechniek; Vol. WPS3-83.03.R351). Eindhoven: Technische Hogeschool Eindhoven.
Document status and date:

Published: 01/01/1983
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Blade calculations for
water turbines
of the Banki type
By
P. Verhaart
March 1983
Department of
Mechanical Engineering
-.-
•=
Eindhoven University of Technology
Report WPS3-83.03.R351
BANKI TURBINE BLADE CALCULATIONS
THE BLADE STRENGTH PRODUCT
By P.Verhaart
Department of Mechanical Engineering
9 March 1982
SUMMARY
During the years 1978 and 1979 in Indonesia a number of previously

installed Banki type water turbines developed cracks at the blade
ends near the supports leading to breakage. In order to prevent
recurrence of blade failure a calculation procedure was developed
which can be programmed on a pocket calculator (HP-67). Blades
calculated according to this procedure have so far (early 1982)
behaved well. In this report the method is explained, hoping
thereby to swell the so-far meagre stock of practical design
information on this useful small water turbine.
Introduction
During the years 1977 and 1978 a number of small (8 to 30 kW) Banki
turbines was designed and built in Indonesia under the responsibility of
personel of the Eindhoven University of Technology at the time employed in
a cooperation project with the Bandung Institute of Technology. Not long
after installation cracks developed in the runner blades starting from the
periphery and near the supporting flanges. Further use of the turbine
resulted in breaking of the affected blades. A little later similar
troubles occurred in Nepal where a Swiss team had been developing the same
type of water turbine.
In response to this problem a calculating procedure was developed which is
quite amenable to further refinement but which has, so far as we know,
resulted in longer blade life of existing machines and a better design for
newly produced machines. In this paper, details about the calculation of
the fatigue strength of blades are given.
2 Geometry of the Banki Runner
The runner geometry is best explained with the aid of Fig. 1. From
Banki's article [1] we derive the following ratios:
o = 2r
1
= 6,1236g
r
2 = 2,0177g
R = 2,2516g
830321 Banki Turbine Blade Calculations 2
-------
rM 8\
-< -<
L .J
I
I
I
i ...:I
i
!
! ...
,
L.J
~-A
FIGURE 1. BANKI RUNNER DIMENSIONS.
The following symbols occur in the figure:
c velocity of the water from the nozzle mls

D runner outer diameter m
L total effective blade length m
I length of a blade section between supports m
n number of blades
R pitch circle radius m
r outer runner radius m
r inner runner radius, locus of the ends of
2
the skeleton lines of the blades m
width of channel between two succesive
blades normal to the flow direction m
t thickness of the blades m
u peripheral velocity of the runner mls
w relative velocity of the water in a
channel between two succesive blades mls
a angle between absolute water velocity
and peripheral velocity of runner rad
angle between relative velocity wand
peripheral velocity u rad
angle of pipe section forming a blade rad
curvature radius of blade inside surface m
pitch of blades on pitch circle m
2.1 Constructive Dimensions

Some of the dimensions defined above need further clarification.
The total effective blade length L properly is the length of the runner
minus the total thickness of the supporting flanges. It is the length of
blade that actually deflects the water jet and as such it cannot be
represented properly in the drawing.
The blade length between supports 1 is self explanatory. It plays a major
role in this report. The number of supporting disks can be chosen such
2
that the bending stress due to hydraulic forces on the blade can be kept
at a safe value.
The number of blades n is also a compromise. From a fluid dynamics point
of view a large number of blades is desirable but in practice only a
limited number can be accomodated due to manufacturing constraints.
The pitch circle radius R is a purely manufacturing parameter. It needs
to be known in order to be able to scribe the slots for the blades on the
supporting disks.
The inner radius r is another constructive dimension. It fixes the
2
position of the inner ends of the blades on the supporting disks. It is
good practise to drill holes of a diameter equal to the blade thickness t
to obtain well defined end positions for the blade slots in the supporting
disks.
The width of the channel s1 formed by two successive blades is a very
important dimension determining the distributed load on the blades.
The blade thickness t not only has its influence on the bending strength
of the blade, it also decreases the theoretical channel width between
blades. In order to admit a certain volume flow of water the real runner
has a slightly greater length than the theoretical one where no allowance
was made for blade thickness.
The radius of curvature of the inside of the blade Q is needed to scribe
the blade slot outlines on the supporting disks.
The pitch [ is used to set out the n blade slots on the pitch circle.
2.2 Fluid Dynamical Dimensions

The absolute water velocity of the jet c is usually taken to be the
velocity attained by the complete conversion of the head into kinetic
energy using a nozzle efficiency ~ of:
~ = 0,96 ... 0,98
The peripheral velocity of the runner u. With the values of the angles of
entry and relative velocity as set out in Banki's article [1] the ratio:
u/c = 0,484
The relative velocity w of the water in a blade channel at the entry of
the runner normally satisfies the condition that the ratio:
w/c = 0,5546
In the theoretical analysis the relative velocity is not constant

throughout the blade channel.
The angle between the absolute and peripheral velocity a is taken as:
a = 0,2792 rad or 16 0
The angle between relative velocity and peripheral velocity ~ is taken as:
~ = 0,5236 rad or 30 0
The angle of pipe section forming the blade profile 6 is taken as:
6 = 1,2828 o
rad or 73,5
3
3 Outline of the Procedure
After a brief description of the quantities that have been taken
into account the relations that are assumed to exist between them are
defined. In the succeeding section the final expression is derived in
detail. The calculator program is described in a separate section.
3.1 Factors of Influence

The components of the load on the blades that were taken into
account in the analysis are the following:
a) The hydraulic force, periodic in nature, resulting from the water jet
entering the runner.
b) The centrifugal force, constant at constant angular runner velocity.

The components of the load not taken into account are the following:
c) Torsion resulting from transmission of torque to the output shaft

end.
d) Shear stress resulting from transmission of torque to output shaft

end.
e) Bending moment from the entry of the water jet into the runner.
3.2 Discussion
Component b) in most cases turns out to be insignificant compared
to component a) but was easy to include into the calculator program.
Component c) is of the same magnitude as in the shaft of the runner.
The latter has been designed to withstand the combined stress resulting
from torsion as well as from bending.
Component d) is constant at constant power output and angular velocity.
It is the result of the parallel displacement of the blade supports when
the latter undergo angular displacement as the result of torque
transmission to the shaft. This component was dismissed without thorough
examination. It would add a constant amount of tensional stress near some
of the supporting flanges.
- - - - - - - -- - - ----
- compression
~E:::·=-~r-·--- -- - ------r-' ~.
- tension
FIGURE 2. FORCES ON A RUNNER.
Component e) results in a periodic tension and compression imposed on the

blades. This, however, is not superimposed upon the hydraulic induced
stress as it occurs a quarter revolution before and after the latter as
can be seen in Fig. 2.
4
4 Developing the Strength Product Concept.
The strength product concept enables one to do the fatigue strength
calculation for the blade beforehand as it were. Usually the blades for a
Banki type turbine are made from steel pipe which is sectioned lengthwise.
When the outer diameter and the wall thickness of the pipe with which one
intends to build a Banki runner is known, the strength product can be
calculated. This enables the turbine manufacturer to specify the maximum
head of water for which his turbine is suited. Conversely it gives him
the safe length of blades between supports if the head of water under
which the turbine is going to be used is specified. As steel pipes come
in standardised sizes it is also possible to give a turbine builder a list
of pipe sizes with the associated strength product for each pipe size.
4.1 Assumptions
a) The blades are treated as uniform beams of constant cross section,

fixed at both ends.
b) The hydraulic force of the water jet is treated as a uniformly

distributed centric load along the length of the blades.
4.2 Functional Relations

The well known relation between the uniformly distributed load and
the maximum bending moment states that it is directly proportional to the
magnitude of the distributed load and to the square of the length of the
beam.
2
Wl
M= ( 1)
12
where:
M is the bending moment Nm

W ~s the distributed load N/m
1 is the length of the beam between supports m
A further relation exists between the bending momemt and the flexural
stress:
Me
a = (2)
I
where:
a is the flexural stress
e is the maximum fibre distance from the
neutral plane in the blade cross section m
I is the area moment of inertia of the blade
cross section
The distributed load W from (1) with fixed runner geometry is equal to the
force on the concave side of a blade divided by its length. The force on
the concave side of the blade is a result of the change in moment of
momentum of the part of the water jet that enters a blade channel. As the
moment of momentum can be expressed in the square of the relative velocity
of the water on entering the blade channel the distributed load can be
'. ,
5
written in the following form:
2 2
W = Aw A(B/(2gZ» (3 )
where:
W is the distributed force along the blade N/m

A constant dependent on the geometry
and number of blades
w relative velocity in blade channel m/s
B geometry dependent proportionality constant
between absolute and relative velocity
2
g acceleration of gravity m/s
Z head of water m
Combining (1) and (3) we get a relation between the bending moment and the
head where the bending moment M is directly proportional to the product of
the head Z and the section length 1 to the second power.
(4 )
where:
C is a constant of proportionality
Combining (4) with (2) we obtain an expression for the bending stress a in
terms of the blade geometry quantities (I, e and 1) and the head Z e.g.
2
CZl e
a = (5 )
I
The expression can be rearranged as follows:
(6)
When from literature or experiment a safe value for the bending stress a
can be found and substituted in the expression (6), it will produce a
maximum value for the head times the square of the blade section length
when the blade quantities e and I are substituted. In this way the safe
section length for given blade dimensions and a given head can be
calculated. The term between brackets on the left of the = sign we call
"Strength product".
4.3 Derivation of the Expressions
4.3.1 Massflow Through a Blade Channel

From inspection of Fig. 1 the mass flow per blade channel ~s seen
to be:
Qmc = Qw lS 1W (7 )
where:
Qmc ~s the mass flow kg/s

Qw is the density of water kg/m 3
6
In order to find an expression in known quantities for s1 we look again at
Fig. 1. We see that the channel width s1 is the projection of the chord
of the arc between two successive intersections of blade skeleton lines
with the runner perimeter.
The arc length 1 is equal to the circumference divided by the number of
a
blades.
where:
n is the number of blades
Now in practice the number of blades is always above 20. When the chord
length is substituted for the arc length a very small error is made. The
angle between the tangent to the concave blade surface at its intersection
with the runner periphery and the tangent to the runner periphery at that
same spot is p. From the figure we see that:
This is without taking into account the blade thickness t. When blade
thickness is taken into account the expression changes into:
lTDsinp
= ------ - t (8)
n
The channel width s1 is only one of the two dimension of the cross section
of the blade channel. The other is the length of the blade section 1.
The cross sectional area is the product:
A= s 1 (9 )
1
The relative velocity can be found from the velocity triangle, see
Fig. 3.
FIGURE 3. VELOCITY TRIANGLE AT RUNNER ENTRANCE.
From the figure and using the cosine rule we obtain:
w2 22
= u t C - 2uccoscr
Under design conditions:
u = O,484c
7
a = 0,2792 rad
So that, substituting these values in the cosine expression and working it
out, we obtain:
2 2
w = O,3038c
or:
w = O,5511c
Expressing the relative velocity w in the head we obtain:
w = O,7794f(gZ) ( 10)
Combining equations (8), (9) and (10) we get an expression for the volume
flow Q through a blade channel of width s1 and length 1
vc
lfOsin~
= O,7794( ------ - t)lf(gZ)
n
where:
3
is the volume flow per blade channel m /s
To obtain the massflow Q per blade channel the volume flow is multiplied
mc
by the density of water Q . Expressing the massflow per channel section in
w
known quantities and ratios we obtain:
Qmc = 2439 , 94(~L§!~~~

n - t)lfZ ( 11)
4.3.2 Torque Transmitted by a Blade Channel

The torque transmitted by a blade channel is the change in moment
of momentum of the massflow passing through a blade channel. At the
entrance the circumferential component c of the absolute velocity is:
u
c = ccosa
u
While the distance from the centre of rotation is r (= 0/2)

1
At the exit of the blade channel the relative velocity has a radial
direction and thus the circumferential component is equal to the local
runner velocity u :
2
u =
2
And the radius is r 2 .
Expressing u 2 in c we get:
8
The moment transmitted by a blade channel then becomes:
2
0,484r
2
T = Q c(r cosa- -------)
c mc 1 r 1
substituting (11) for Q and the current values for the proportions,
mc
expressing the radii in Q we get:
9,619Q
Tc = 24842,1(--n--- - t)QZI (12)
4.3.3 Point of Application of the Hydraulic Forces

In Fig. 4 we see that the tangential component of the hydraulic
force is assumed to have its point of application at the centre of the
blade arc.
F---_-.-...t.
FIGURE 4. POINT OF APPLICATION OF HYDRAULIC FORCES.
From the figure and with the cosine rule we get:
where:
y equals 2Qsin(6/4) m
substituting the current values in the expression gives the result:

r/Q = 2,6236 ( 13)
The position of the blade in relation to the tangential force F can be
seen from Fig. 5.
In the triangle formed by r, Rand Q, the centric force Fc works along Q
while the hydraulic force F is perpendicular to r. Thus the angle ~ is

the complement of the included angle ~ between rand Q.
9
--------------- - - - - - - - - -
F----~_,_~
FIGURE 5. FORCES ON A BLADE.
Using the cosine rule:
or:
222
r +
Q - R
~ = arccos(---2rg--- )
Using the current values we obtain:
~ = 1,0049 rad
The angle 1 is then:
1 = U/2 - 1,0049 = 0,5659 rad

o
or 32,4
4.3.4 Distributed Load on a Blade

In Fig. 5 the relation between F and F is clearly seen. As the
c
blade can only transmit forces resulting from pressure (and thus normal to
the blade surface) the centric force must apply at the centre of the arc.
If the pressure is not constant along the arc a torsional moment is
superimposed. This latter is not here taken into account. The force F is
therefore the projection of the centric force F :
c
Fc cos1 = F
or:
F
6~8443 = 1,1847F ( 14)
10
The force F can be found from (12) dividing the torque T by
c
r:
T
c
F =
r
Using the current values we obtain:
9,619Q
F = 9468,7(------ - t)Zl
n
And for the centric force normal to the blade F :

c
9,619Q
Fc - 11217,4(--n--- - t)Zl N
Finally, dividing F by the section length 1 we obtain the distributed

c
load W:
( 15)
where:
W is the distributed load N/m

In (15) we have an expression for the distributed load on a blade
expressed in properties of the blade e.g. thickness and inside radius of
curvature, in a property of the runner e.g. the number of blades and in a
"condition of employment" e.g. the head.
4.3.5 Area Moment of Inertia of the Blade

In Fig. 6 the simplified shape of the blade cross-section is
shown.
------,- - - - ------ - - - - - - -
· ------
y
\
\
y
FIGURE 6. BLADE CROSS SECTION.
What we need to know is the area moment of inertia in respect to the

neutral plane X-X.
As a direct evaluation of the area moment of inertia with respect to the
X-axis appears to be a rather complicated operation, the indirect method
'1
is employed using Steiner's theorem.
2
I I - Ay ( 16)
x Y
where:
I is the area moment of inertia with respect

x
4
to the X-axis m
I is the area moment of inertia with respect
Y
4
to the Y-axis m
A 1S the cross sectional area of the
2
blade profile m
y is the distance of the centre of gravity
of the section from the Y-axis m
From Fig. 6 the terms in (16) can be derived:
6t(2g + t)
A = ----------
2
y = ~il~_±_~l:_:_~=!~~~l~L~l
6t(2g + t)
I = ilQ_±_~l~:_e~!l~_±_~!~~l
y 8
The extreme fibre distance from the neutral plane e is found to be:
e =y - gcos(6/2)
Substituting the current values into the above equations we obtain the
following:
A = 0,6414(2g + t)t
y = QL§~!~ile_±_tl=:_e=l
(2g + t)t
I y = 0,2231{(g+t) 4 - g
4
}
The extreme fibre distance e is:
e =
The area moment of inertia can be written out as follows:
4.3.6 Bending Stress on Blade Section

In this analysis the blade is treated as a beam of constant cross
section, rigidly fixed at both ends (see Fig. 7).
12
FIGURE 7. BLADE SECTION AS A RIGIDLY FIXED BEAM.
Adapting the well known equation from applied mechanics for this case we
can write for the bending moment:
2
W{6X(1 - X) - 1 }
M = ----------------- Nm
12
where X varies from zero to 1.

The maximum values are found for X =0 and for X =1 when:
M = ( 17)
Which means that the highest values for the bending moment occur near the
ends of the blade sections. The negative sign means that the topside of
the beam near the supports (in Fig. 7) is subjected to tensional stress.
The tensional stress that occurs in the beam can be expressed in known
quantities:
substituting W from (15) and rearranging the following expression emerges:
(J = ( 18)
4.3.7 Strength Product

The tensional stress (J occurs in each runner blade once per
revolution. In order to make a safe runner construction the value for (J
has to be chosen according to fatigue strength criteria. As the

alternating load takes place in the presence of water a low fatigue
strength results. Consulting various sources (2], [3], (4], a value:
a =( 22 N/mm 2
for mild steel seems in the correct order of magnitude. When this value
is substituted for a in (18), the expression can be rewritten as follows:
Z12 = 23534,951 /{(9,619Q/n - t)e} ( 19)

x
13
This expression gives the safe value of the product of the net head Z
(in m) and the square of the length 1 (in m) of a runner blade section
between supporting discs (if the fatigue stress of 22 N/mm2 is considered
safe) .
In practice runner dimensions are given in mm and the head is given in m.
How does (19) change in that case?
Expressing 1 in mm requires the part to the right of the = sign to be
6
multiplied by 10 .
. . 4 -12
Expresslng I ln mm produces a factor 10
x
6
Expressing Q, t and e in mm gives a factor 10- in the denominator and thus
6
10 in the numerator.
Adding these powers of 10 together we get exactly zero which means that
4
(19) is also valid for Z in mi 1, Q, t and e in mm and I in mm. This
x
gives manageable figures.
In (18), on the other hand, all powers of 10 cancel out when the above
mentioned quantities (except Z) are expressed in mm and thus 0 remains ln
2
N/m .
NOT E
The expression (19) is not dimensionallY homogenous. In the
numerical coefficients the numerical values of the acceleration of gravity
and the density of water have been used. In the unlikely case of anyone
wishing to rewrite (19) in other units conversion has to start from
equation (10) ..
5 Working with the Strength Product
5.1 Summary of Formulae
1) Strength Product:
Z12 = 23534,95Ix/{(9,619Q/n - t)e} ( 19)
2) Area Moment of Inertia:
3) Maximum Fibre Distance:
e =
With the aid of the above collection of formulae it should not be too
difficult to calculate the strength product, especially if a modern
programmable pocket calculator is used.
5.2 Using the Strength Product

The expression (19) gives the highest value of the product of the
head Z and the square of the section blade length 1 which will keep the
alternating tensional stress in the blade below the value of 22 N/mm2
(which is considered safe for mild steel).
14
If the head under which the turbine has to work is known, the safe section
length is easily calculated.
If the head is not known, as in the case of a series production, it is
easy to indicate the maximum permissible head.
6 HP-67 Calculator Program

As well as the strength product, a number of other useful
calculations was programmed in order to make the fullest use of the
programming memory space available in the HP-67 pocket calculator. In
order to be able to instruct small metal workshops in urban and rural
areas in developing countries, it seemed useful to include the
calculations for all the main dimensions of a Banki runner.
Under the assumption that mild steel pipe is the raw material for the
blades, the program starts after the pipe's wall thickness t (mm) and its
outer diameter d (mm) are entered. From these data all the runner
dimensions as well as the strength product are generated. For the number
of blades a simple rule of thumb has been evolved.
A second part of the program calculates dimensions and the strength
product for other numbers of blades.
A third part of the program calculates the centrifugally induced tensional
stress S in the blades.
c
For a given head Z and blade section length 1 the tensional bending stress
is calculated.
6.1 Number of Blades

The number of blades must be such that the runner can be
fabricated. If the runner has more than two supporting discs, welding will
also have to be done between the blades. It was felt there should be some
direct relation to the diameter of the runner which resulted in the
following relation:
or, expressed in g:
Thus the program can run after the dimensions of the pipe, the blades are
going to be made from, are entered.
6.2 Program Details

The program is available from:
HP User's Program Library Europe
under number:
60954 D, Banki Crossflow Turbine Runner Design.

The addres is:
HEWLET-PACKARD SA.
User's Program Library Europe
7 Rue du Bois-du-Lan
P.O.Box CH-1217 Meyrin 2 GENEVA-SWITSERLAND
15
When ordered the program description comes complete with two magnetic
cards, one containing the 220 program steps, the other containing a number
of constants to be entered into the memories.
As the program, at the time it was composed, used a different method to
calculate the distributed load W, the resulting strength product is some
58 % higher than with the calculation method just described. To remedy
this it is sufficient to change the value of the constant that goes into
memory A to:
23534,95 (was 37037,8)
The values that have to be entered into memory registers if no data

card is available are the following:
REG.NR VALUE COMMENT
0 0,6414085 standard value of 6/2

4 0,1633 = Q/D
5 0,3295
A 23534,95 constant for calculating Zl2
10
I 6,541666667*10-
6.2.1 Description
The program consists of 4 parts under the labels A through D.
Part A:
Calculates runner dimensions and Strength Product after entering wall

thickness t and outer diameter d (in that order) of the pipe that will be
used to make the blades.
Part B:
Calculates the new pitch [ and Strength Product when a new value for the
number of blades n is entered.
Part C:
Calculates the bending stress a at the edge of the blades near the
supports resulting from the hydraulic load when the head Z and the blade
section length I are entered.
Part D:
Calculates the bending stress S in the blades resulting from centrifugal

c
forces acting on the blades.
16
6.2.2 User Instructions
STEP INSTRUCTION VARIABLE KEY RESULT
1 Load program card, both sides

2 Load data card, 1 side only
3 Enter wall thickness t t (mm) ENTER t (mm)
4 Input outer diameter of pipe
d in mm d (mm) d (mm)
5 Initialize A A Q (mm)
6 Display runner diameter D R/S D (mm)
7 Display number of blades n R/S n (-)
8 Display radius of inner circle
r R/S
2
9 Display radius of pitch circle
R R/S R (mm)
10 Display pitch r R/S r (mm)
11 Display strength Product
Z12 2 2
R/S Zl (m*mm)
For other wall thickness and/or

other pipe diameter repeat steps 3 ... 11
12 Key in desired number of

blades n n (-)
1 1
13 Initialize B B r (mm)
14 Display Strength Product
Zl2 R/S
For other numbers of blades repeat steps 12 ... 14.

Steps 12 ... 14, can be run immediately after step 5.
15 Enter head Z Z (m) ENTER Z (m)

16 Input blade section length 1 1 (mm) 1 (mm)
17 Initialize C C r (N/mm2)
Steps 15 ... 17 can be run

immediately after step 5.
18 Initialize D D 54435
19 Enter rotational frequency
f (Hz) f (Hz) ENTER f (Hz)
20 Input blade section length
1 (mm) 1 (mm) 1 (mm)
21 Restart program R/S S (N/mm)
c
Steps 18 ... 21 can be run immediately after step 5.
17
6.2.3 Example
In this example all the possible calculations will be done. This
enables the user to check the program.
The following data are from one of the turbines that broke down.
Head: 5,3 m ; Blades made from pipe of 174,8 mm outside diameter and
4,4 rom wall thickness. The section length was 640 mm.
STEP INSTRUCTION VARIABLE KEY RESULT
1 Load program card, both sides

2 Load data card, 1 side only
3 Enter wall thickness t in rom 4.4 ENTER 4.4
4 Input outer diameter of pipe
d in mm 174.8 174.8
5 Initialize A to display Q (mm) A 83.
6 Display runner diameter D (mm) RIS 508.3
7 Display number of blades n RIS 24.
8 Display radius of inner circle
r (mm) RIS 167.5
2
9 Display radius of pitch circle
R in mm RIS 186.9
10 Display pitch [ (mm) RIS 48.8
11 Display strength Product
2 2
Zl (m*mm) RIS 819815.
12 Key in desired number of
blades n 22 22.
1
13 Initialize B for pitch [ (mm) B 53.2
14 Display Strength Product
2 2
Zl (m*mm) RIS 742071.
15 Enter head Z (m) 5.3 ENTER 5.
I (mm) 640 640.
17 Initialize C to calculate a (N/mm2) C 64.
18 Initialize D D 54435.
19 Enter rotational frequency
f (Hz) 2.97 ENTER 3.
I (mm) 640 640.
21 Restart program to calculate
S (N/mm2) RIS 5.
c
18
6.2.4 Program Listing
STEP KEY KEY

--.~---.
COMMENT
- ------
STEP KEY
---.....---.....---_
,-..--.......
KEY COMMENT
....._.~.. --_ ....._-_.. _-.
ENTRY CODE ENTRY CODE
001 f LBL A 31 25 .11 056 h y"x 35 63
002 h RAD 35 42 057 - 51
003 2 02 058 RCL 0 34 00
004
005 ··5TO 2
81
33 02
059
060
2
*
02
71
006 h x<=>Y 35 52 061 ENT 41
007 STO 1 33 01 062 f sin 31 62
008 - 51 063 + 61
009 STO 3 33 03 064 * 71
010 RCL 4 34 04 065 8 08
011
012
· STO 6
81
33 06
066
067
:
STO 8
81
33 08
013 RCL 5 34 05 068 RCL 2 34 02
014 *STO C 3371 069 3 03 ---.--
015 13 070 h y"x 35 63
016 9 x"2 32 54 -- .. ---.-
071 RCL 3 34 03
017 RCL 3 34 03 072 3 03
018 9 x"2 32 .54 •
,
073 h y"x 35 63
.,•
019 + 61 c-.:J 074 - 51 ....o
020 f Vx 31 54 075 ENT 41 (II
021 STO D 33 14 "l:)
c: 076 9 x"2 32 54 ....L
022 RCL 6 34 06 cu
077 RCL 2 34 02 /'-CU
023 h PI 35 73 ar:
, 078 9 x"2 32 54 ...
00.
• "l:)
024 71 079 RCL 3 34 03 • c:
025 *RCL 6 34 06 ~
N
080 9 x"2 32 54 0-• cu
L
, -4")(
026
027 · 1
83
01
•
... c
•• c: ,
081
082
-
ENT
51
41
en
0. ....
LLlO
.....
028 2 02 en 083 h R" 35 54 I-

enc:
0. ._,
029 *RCL 1 71 LLlQ. 084 h x<=>y 35 52 o
.~
030 34 01 I-
en 085 : 81 ....cu
031 + 61 ....0 086 2 02 ~
032 · 81 087 * 71 ~
:J
u
033
034 ·5
83
05
c:
0
....cu
.~
088
089
3
:
03
81
cu
u
035 + 61 ~ 090 RCL 0 34 00
036 h CF 1 35 61 01 :::J
u 091 : 81
037 f LBL 0 31 25 00 ~
cu 092 RCL 0 34 00
038 f INT 31 83 u 093 f sin 31 62
039 STO 7 33 07 094 * 71
040 h 1/x 35 62 095 h Rv 35 53
041 h PI 35 73 096 : 81
042 *f sin 71 097 RCL 0 34 00
043 31 62 098 f sin 31 62
044 RCL D 34 14 099 9 x"2 32 54
045 *2 71 100 * 71
046
047 *STO E 33
02
71
101
102
4
*
04
71
~.-
· -4"
i
: ...
-----
., .
048
049 h F? 1 35
15
71 01
103
104
9
:
09
81
!.-'+-,
· • 0
,
, • c:
.
050 GTO 2 22 02 105 RCL 0 34 00 '00 0
051 RCL 2 34 02 106 : 81 !~~
052 4 04 107 STO - 8 33 51 08 I en ~
i 0. :::J
053 h y"x 35 63 108 h R" 35 54 · LLI
I-
u·
~.
054 RCL 3 34 03 109 RCL 0 34 00 en cu

u
055 4 04 110 f cos 31 63
19
.-~ .-_' .. _._--- ---<-- ----- . "- --". -, -- ---' ... -- - _.---._-
STEP KEY KEY COIIIfIIIENT STEP KEY KEY CO ....ENT
ENTRY CODE ENTRY CODe
111 RCL 3 34 03 166 71
112 71
'" -- --- - _.
• 167
*h RTN 35 22
-*STO 9
N
c
113 51 N -' 168 f LBL D 31 25 14
fO"I -II,
114 33 09 169 RCL 0 34 00
·• ....
.- N
115 f LBL 2 31 25 02 170 f cos 31 63

116 RCL 9 34 09 11\• 0 171 RCL 3 34 03
.- c
117 h 1/x 35 62 172 71
118 RCL 8 34 08
.- 0
(I)
.~
.. 173
*RCL 9 34 09
CL. 1'0
119 *RCL A 71 W -' 174 + 61
.... ::J
120 34 11 ! (I) U 175 ENT 41
-'
121 *RCL 6 71 ;
u
1'0 176 ENT 41
122 34 06 177 RCL 0 34 00
123 h PI 35 73 ._.- - 178 f sin 31 62
124 *2 71 • 179 71
125 02 1oo,J'
180 *RCL C 34 13
126
127
·
RCL 7
81
34 07 1J
I 181
182
+ 61
h x<=>y 35 52
-_ .. ~---
c
128
129
·
RCL 1
81
34 01 fO"Ia::
1'0 183
184
RCL 0
f cos
34 00
31 63
130 - 51
11\
.- , 185 71
*CHS
131
132
·
STO B
81
33 12
• N
•• L,
fO"I
186
187 RCL 3
42
34 03
133 h F? 1 35 71 01 .- c,
fO"I
188 + 61 U
•
134 GTO 3 22 03 189 0(1)
(l)Q 9 ->P 32 72
135 RCL 3 34 03
CL.
w , 190 h x<=>y 35 52
N
N
• 0
....
.... Ci
136 DSP 1 23 01 (I)
191 CHS 42 •
137
138
139
RIS
RCL 6
RIS
84
34
84
06 1'0
-'
Q.
>-
192
193
194
+
h PI
RCL 0
35 73
61
34 00
aO~
-0
.-
(I) - '
.
.~
1'0
CL. ::J
140
141
DSP 0
RCL 7
23
34
00
07 ......
.~
Q
(I)
195
196
- 51 wu
.... -'
1'0
f cos 31 63 (I)
u
c•
142
143
144
RIS
DSP 1
RCL C
84
23
34
01
13
..c
41
197
198
199
*RCL 2
9 )("2
71
34 02
32 54
145 RIS 84 L 200 RCL 3 34 03
146 RCL D 34 14 ........41 201 9 xA2 32 54
147
148
RIS
f LBL 3
84
31 25 03
C01J
.~
202
203
- 51
.-
11\
L
RCL 0 34 00
149
150
RCL E
RIS
34
84
15
04'N
·• ....
• 0 204
205 *
*RIS
71
71
151 RCL B 34 12 11\ C
.- -'
206 84
152 DSP 0 23 00 -II 207 71
153 h RTN 35 22
(l)N
CL. 208 *2 02
w ....
154 f LBL B 31 25 12 .... 0 209 71
155 DSP 1 23 01
(I)
c *h PI
156
157
h SF 1
GTO 0
35
22
51 01
00
..
. 0
~
1'0
---
,.... t)
•
210
211
212 *9 x"2
35 73
71
32 54
....
·• ....
-' -0
158 h RTN 35 22 ::J 213 71
159 f LBL C 31 25 13 -'
U
• 0 214 *RCL 9 34 09
1'0
9 xA2
160
161
162
*RCL B
32
71
34 12
54 u coc
11\0
.-
(I)
CL.-'
.
.~
1'0
215
216
217
*RCL
. 8
71
34 08
81
163
164
·
2
81
02
W::J
....
(I) - '
U
218
219
h RC 1 35 34
71
165 2 02
1'0
u 220
*h RTN 35 22
6.3 Bibliography
1. Banki, D. (1918 )
Neue Wasserturbine.
Zeitschrift fuer das Gesamte Turbinenwesen.
Vol. 15 Nr 21 (30 July 1918)
R.Oldenbourg Verlag. Berlin, Munich.
2. Rolfe, S.T., Barson, J.M. (1977)

Fracture and fatigue control in structures
Prentice Hall.
3.Dubbel's Taschenbuch fuer die Maschinenbau (1974)

Springer.
4. Overbeeke, J.L. (1982)

Personal communication.
21
6.4 List of Symbols and Units
Symbol Meaning Unit
A constant dependent on the geometry and

number of blades
2
A cross sectional area m
B geometry dependent proportionality constant
between absolute and relative velocity
C constant of proportionality
D runner outer diameter m
I area moment of inertia of the blade
4
cross section m
I area moment of inertia with respect
x
4
to the X-axis m
I area moment of inertia with respect
Y
4
to the Y-axis m
L total effective blade length m
M bending moment Nm
Qmc mass flow kgls
3
Qvc volume flow per blade channel m Is
R pitch circle radius m
W distributed force along the blade N/m
W distributed load N/m
Z head of water m
c velocity of water from the nozzle m/s
e maximum fibre distance from neutral
plane in blade cross section m
acceleration of gravity 2
m/s
length of a blade section between supports m
length of the beam between supports m
number of blades
inner runner radius, locus of the ends of
the skeleton lines of the blades m
width of channel between two succesive
blades normal to the flow direction m
t thickness of the blades m
u peripheral velocity of the runner m/s
w relative velocity of the water in the
channel between two succesive blades mls
y distance of the centre of gravity
of the section from the Y-axis m
[ pitch of the blades on the pitch circle m
angle between absolute water velocity
and peripheral velocity of runner rad
angle between relative velocity wand
peripheral velocity u rad
angle of pipe section forming a blade rad
curvature radius of blade inside surface m
density of water kg/m 3
a flexural stress N/m2
22

Blade Calculations For Water Turbines of The Banki Type: Citation For Published Version (APA)

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Download date: 29. Mar. 2019

THE BLADE STRENGTH PRODUCT

During the years 1978 and 1979 in Indonesia a number of previously

2 Geometry of the Banki Runner

FIGURE 1. BANKI RUNNER DIMENSIONS.

The following symbols occur in the figure:

c velocity of the water from the nozzle mls

2.1 Constructive Dimensions

2.2 Fluid Dynamical Dimensions

~ = 0,96 ... 0,98

In the theoretical analysis the relative velocity is not constant

3.1 Factors of Influence

b) The centrifugal force, constant at constant angular runner velocity.

c) Torsion resulting from transmission of torque to the output shaft

d) Shear stress resulting from transmission of torque to output shaft

FIGURE 2. FORCES ON A RUNNER.

Component e) results in a periodic tension and compression imposed on the

a) The blades are treated as uniform beams of constant cross section,

b) The hydraulic force of the water jet is treated as a uniformly

4.2 Functional Relations

M is the bending moment Nm

W is the distributed force along the blade N/m

The expression can be rearranged as follows:

4.3 Derivation of the Expressions

4.3.1 Massflow Through a Blade Channel

Qmc ~s the mass flow kg/s

n is the number of blades

FIGURE 3. VELOCITY TRIANGLE AT RUNNER ENTRANCE.

From the figure and using the cosine rule we obtain:

Under design conditions:

Expressing the relative velocity w in the head we obtain:

Qmc = 2439 , 94(~L§!~~~

4.3.2 Torque Transmitted by a Blade Channel

While the distance from the centre of rotation is r (= 0/2)

And the radius is r 2 .

4.3.3 Point of Application of the Hydraulic Forces

FIGURE 4. POINT OF APPLICATION OF HYDRAULIC FORCES.

From the figure and with the cosine rule we get:

substituting the current values in the expression gives the result:

while the hydraulic force F is perpendicular to r. Thus the angle ~ is

FIGURE 5. FORCES ON A BLADE.

Using the cosine rule:

Using the current values we obtain:

The angle 1 is then:

1 = U/2 - 1,0049 = 0,5659 rad

4.3.4 Distributed Load on a Blade

And for the centric force normal to the blade F :

Finally, dividing F by the section length 1 we obtain the distributed

W is the distributed load N/m

4.3.5 Area Moment of Inertia of the Blade

FIGURE 6. BLADE CROSS SECTION.

What we need to know is the area moment of inertia in respect to the

I is the area moment of inertia with respect

From Fig. 6 the terms in (16) can be derived:

The extreme fibre distance e is:

The area moment of inertia can be written out as follows:

4.3.6 Bending Stress on Blade Section

FIGURE 7. BLADE SECTION AS A RIGIDLY FIXED BEAM.