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Purdue University

Purdue e-Pubs
International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
School of Mechanical Engineering
Conference

2010

Refrigerant R1234yf Performance Comparison


Investigation
Pamela Reasor
University of Maryland

Vikrant Aute
University of Maryland

Reinhard Radermacher
University of Maryland

Follow this and additional works at: http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/iracc

Reasor, Pamela; Aute, Vikrant; and Radermacher, Reinhard, "Refrigerant R1234yf Performance Comparison Investigation" (2010).
International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference. Paper 1085.
http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/iracc/1085

This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact epubs@purdue.edu for
additional information.
Complete proceedings may be acquired in print and on CD-ROM directly from the Ray W. Herrick Laboratories at https://engineering.purdue.edu/
Herrick/Events/orderlit.html

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