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CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1. INTRODUCTION
different means and approaches. Based on the different papers the smart
later. This was not the case with open-architecture energy management
systems (EMS). About 10 years after their conception, they have proven to
be a successful technological approach. But this does not mean that all
continuous evolution and still raising challenges for the near future.
from different sources within DW. These needs require new high
paper. Utilities have started to take advantage of this new technique and
many other plans to follow. As the industry gains experience from this new
deadline for critical tasks. There is special time constraint for the real time
real time systems, with strict requirements for resource utilization, and are
applications. In this paper, the main principle of real time database has
complexity on one hand but subject to ever more binding constraints on the
EASHY YANG [5] et al describes the queuing models are introduced for
the queuing theory to the design and analysis of the system. Two SCADA
and discussed. The results of this analysis imply that a cost/ performance
development is Internet and the World Wide Web. True to its name, it has
been successful in casting a web over the wide variety of platforms and
network thus achieved, paved a way for the common interfaces to access the
methods for data transmission, processing and storage. New methods for
On the positive side, the availability of additional data will lead to more
in the long run, result in the ability to operate a power system with greater
System) for power system and presents the result of development of the
How the trial system resolved these issues is discussed and various
supervisory control response time and Fail-over times are presented. Real
SCADA are evaluated based upon the trail system. And the feature of the
limited reserves, the rate of frequency decay due to loss of generation can be
system.
System) relies upon the SCADA system that gathers power system data ,
processes them and issues control commands. Among the all control
long period for the finalization and a very high investment costs, too. The
long realization period compared with the extremely fast development of the
implemented at the real power system. The specific feature of this control
system is that it is based on the relatively poor set of power system data
C.pimpa [11] et al this paper present the type of expert system for
Thailand based on the SCADA system. At present, for the operation, the
control the voltage. This expert system is obtained for alleviation of voltage
process the data from the SCADA for helping the operator detect buses
corporate networks that can be achieved by combining the goals of the two
possible to implement a single WAN that can meet most of a utility’s network
measured by the SCADA system. These errors cause the economic dispatch
used to compute the ‘real world’ value of the transmission line parameters.
intranets and to the Internet for improve efficiency and productivity. SCADA
of this interconnection.
Anjan Bose [15] explains the power grid is not only a network
they have appeared. This evolution has been slow and incremental, as the
until recently, changed very little. For example, the monitoring of the grid is
whose hierarchical design for polling data was appropriate for vertically
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integrated utilities and whose speed in seconds still reflects the conceptual
simulating the fault in the workflow. Modelling these modes of failure will be
architectures of control centres: their past, present, and likely future. The
day control centers are moving in that direction with varying degrees of
success.
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increase operating efficiencies, the multi ported RTU will play an ever-
growing role.
construction of five new area distribution dispatching centers and one new
substations and over 2000 individual feeder devices are monitored and
telecommunications, water and waste control, energy, oil and gas refining
(EMS). This paper describes cyber and network security problems in SCADA
B. Qiu [21] et al describes the World Wide Web (WWW) has become a
convenient way to access information on the net because the WWW browser
interface. These features coupled with low investment cost are especially
power systems at Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India. It has been
members, and students. This paper covers the design, commissioning, and
insight into the contemporary SCADA systems. This lab is the first of its
and technologies are providing more and more data about the distribution
system that can be used for analysis. One new technology is Automated
first technique combines AMR data with SCADA and trouble call data to
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identify an outage and then uses AMR polling to verify the outage and its
Monitoring knowledge base has had a very significant impact on AMR and
systems have been either automated meter reading (AMR) or Power Quality
(DMS). This research work has focused on outage location and service
duration and costs. Thus, a fast and accurate outage management system
Reading (AMR) Systems. Outage management is one area where the AMR
system can be very valuable. However, more information than the AMRs
line communication based AMR systems to locate the more probable outage
sources has been developed. The algorithm also allows constructing a tree
measurement accuracy and more timely data. Utility companies all over the
world are being forced to find solutions giving greater information on the
(AMR) is one of the ways in which utilities are go-getting to achieve these
goals. Power lines are one of the communication mediums used in the AMR
system.
bar has been raised with regard to these systems’ ability to adequately map
Traditional systems like the SCADA and EMS platforms are still an integral
part of the overall market participant solution, but the deregulated paradigm
has raised the need for a whole new vocabulary to define business
management systems.
Coalton Bennett [28] describes the variety of real world AMI smart
function the following parameters: the size of the network, node scheduling,
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Although there are several inherent security related issues involving wireless
network the most relevant and attacks to launch against the de facto
how to avoid these attacks by creating dedicated paths between the source
(smart meter) and the sink collecting the information (access point). In
protocol when time sensitive data is needed in order to ensure that outages
19,200 bits per second over both LV and MV (1lkV) distribution networks.
Novel, low cost, non-invasive inductive signal coupling techniques have been
overhead MV networks.
imported or exported, and to make the measured values available for billing
require that the meter provide an enlarged scope of performance and a wider
range of functionality.
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acquisitions.
may come from different vendors. There will be the traditional vendor that
take full responsibility for the delivery and installation at the customer site
with emphasis.
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even if this requirement implies that it is a custom design and not based on
matured to the point where large scale, fully automatic systems are being
is a good fit for feeder automation, providing a highly scalable solution with
modern advances in these areas. Although the details presented above will
which, while merging the concepts of object modelling, finite state machines
software will integrate in the next step. Detection and reduction of the
grounding noise and electromagnetic noise will be the main work in the
future.
SCADA/EMS system to "hold a step" with the innovations in this field, it's a
good idea to build your system in a manner to be open for future changes
to provide low-cost, long lasting upgrades that can be performed from inside
presented herein makes the system much more extensible, and allows
application modules plug-in and play even on line. The architecture adopts
responsible for networking the system, codi grating the modules, managing
renewing its SCADA EMS. Part of this work involves interfacing existing
power flow and stability limit calculations to the new SCADA EMS. These
primary goal of the interface sub project was to minimize the modifications
data dictionary, etc. At that time, standards such as ICCP and models such
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systems that support power systems operation. This paper has looked at
systems which are used on-line by system operations, as well as being used
schemes.
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Reading (AMR) systems that can aid in the restoration process. This paper
Yang Haijing [47] et al explains the flexible SCADA in this paper is the
The broad data source it not only can collect the normal state information of
power grid, but also dynamic data and fault data of power grid, and make
fault element after the fault. Having the function of data management and
project. This method takes customer interruption costs into account in the
benefit analysis and uses the present worth analysis to perform the project
candidate feeders for further feeder automation extension and determine the
number of switch for a feeder, is also proposed in this paper. The study
suitable for the feeders with the high values of feeder failure rate, feeder
load, and feeder length. The industrial customers and overhead feeders are
network of critical infrastructures such as electric power, gas and oil are
very important against cyber attack and terrorism. Recently, research efforts
to solve the problems have been progressed throughout the world. In this
time and direct mastery of the information of power network system and
digital fault recorder (DFR) data. The multi-agent system, entitled Protection
that analyse SCADA and DFR data to provide data management and online
to interpreted power systems data via the corporate intranet within minutes
of the data being received. In this paper, the authors discuss their
continual online use within the power industry. The use of existing agent
and related standards), and SCADA systems for control of electric power
protocol to another stack of lower layered protocol. The data structure does
picture of the steady-state health of the system, whereas PMUs capture the
faster variations that may indicate small signal stability problems. The
software system described in this system gathers SCADA and PMU data and
displays them on a geographic map of the system. The system uses contour
infrastructure” implies that these systems are important, and they are: they
support our everyday lives, from the water and food in our homes to our
plant floor cyber security. But research shows that few firewalls are properly
configured and that many control system security incidents bypass the
exploring the state of the art in industrial firewall deployment. Based on the
survey results, four firewalls were configured, using one open-source and
testing. While the results indicate that commercial and open-source firewalls
developing into this power distribution system is very hard; they have small
information for their system. Our information system can be solution for
patterns and help system operators to make better decisions. Such features
are deemed critical for the success of efficient power system operations in
architecture for the Smart Grid is proposed which combines two recently
required for the transition to the future Energy Web by bringing intelligence
that can be created using interoperable Smart Grid devices. Using Mat lab-
restoration.
Jorge Arinez [60] et al explains that there are many types of Energy
commercial, and residential sectors. These systems range from the largest
and most complex ones found in power generation and industrial plants
application, each type of EMS has its own unique requirements depending
on the user’s needs. The focus of this paper is on those EMS found in
complex energy monitoring and control systems when compared to the ones
Such integration requirements will be better aligned with the goals of Smart
platform. This is a work in progress for the industry and thus it is in the
industry’s interest to discuss not only specific achievements but also the
vision for this new platform. In this way industry norms for Smart Grid can
National Grid’s vision for Smart Grid in its franchise area. It also described
achievements to date with the self healing (DA) portion of the Smart Grid.
Finally it described the manner that National Grid is implementing its vision
Our studies suggest that costs and power losses can be reduced by
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able to make energy choices that better suit their needs, both financially and
operations and discusses steps that the Multi Speak Initiative is taking to
the future. We have shown that Smart Grids build on the technologies of
markets, this paper presents a new bidding mechanism, which uses Price
time pricing.
provide for DR vis-à-vis economic signals, while the latter are generally
power sources. Many of these actions will involve one party obtaining
supply. During the last years, a lot of technologies have been developed to
improve this efficiency. Next to large scale technologies such as wind turbine
beyond what their basic function is. This brings an opportunity for adding
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Zhaoxia Xie [70] explains the Analysis of 162 disturbances from 1979
link layer and is very efficient. We will implement a second version that
attaches to the transport layer, i.e., the user datagram protocol (UDP) that
will be less efficient but will allow a communication with devices that do not
permit a direct access to the data link layer such as programmable logic
T.Seki [74] et all describes an idea for future EMS/SCADA for power
run specifically of electric power take into account insulation run state and
.Mean time the classification and function of on-line monitoring system for
equipment .The new integrated system not only comprehensively reflect the
run state of electric power system and equipment but also can monitor
online insulation state of electrical equipment ,so it has quite good economic
equipment can be divided into two segments: the equipment for control
of this equipment are it’s his wide consumption, low cost and simple usage.
tools that are currently in use in several control rooms. The techniques
discussed here far exceed the capabilities of tools that use older computer
merely suggest the promise and possibilities the technology holds. Some
may argue that the map shown in Figure 1 is rather cluttered, particularly
argument. The primary intent of that map was to demonstrate some of the
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designer must use good judgment in selecting the best combination of tools
to use for a display. Ultimately, the users who will use the display should be
ensure that they agree with and will benefit from the design choices.
quality and good derioising effect can be reached through the wavelet
advantages to all fields in which big amounts of data are processed like fault
the availability of real time “factory floor” information can improve the
quality of the end product, while reducing its cost. The same systems that
enable real time monitoring and control of the energy delivery process can
Power Industry can now access the same type of information its industrial
brethren have had for some time, and should consider the implementation
SCADA EMS system are increasing with the expansion of the power system
functions with the centralized system and rely on a single vendor. This
paper introduces the concept of open system and examines one of the
is easy to design and implement. In our project, the designed Data Engine
approach is very effective and very useful for power system dispatcher. It is
believed that it will be a valuable tool for the control center. The proposed
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equipment. The real time model can be as detailed as desired. For example,
information about the load ability of the generator can be very useful to
system dispatchers.
in this part of the tutorial has identified a new paradigm for assigning a
processing the energy. Integrating the data and exchanging the information
may define several new business opportunities. The approaches of using the
resulting strategies may offer some new benefits and more efficient and
It was pointed out that the realisation of a Common Interface for the lower
Horizontal Integration.
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markets. The results of the project include a set of industry requirements for
controls to ISO/RTO operations that can reach into consumer facilities and
developed using agent based technologies and its application to the effective
scalability issues related to the agent framework have also been considered
and verified.
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the power system network, three applications work together. RTDB serves
the data accessing process for other applications. The advantage comes from
the design to suit with the actual need of EGAT. The disadvantage is caused
add support for decisions of the operator for service restoration. Other
experiment using power systems hardware from any location with an active
internet connection. There are four main components for this system: first,
composed of a server and client module that communicate data and control
signals over the internet; and fourth, a safety system to protect local
hardware and software systems from damage. This paper will focus on the
automation solutions that have been entering in our cars, in the last decade,
are going to expand into the house market. The future intelligent house is a
system that interacts with its inhabitants showing information about the
system. The first control loop is managed locally by each PLC, controlling its
own process. Tests on a prototype are presented in this paper and the
increase operating efficiencies, the multi ported RTU will play an ever-
growing role.
load Management using a two way Automatic control system have reduced
and the underlying technology are rapidly changing, because it can take 5
implementation projects.
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complex that SCADA EMS has to become more and more powerful to fit this
very important. The advanced DTS has same data, same display and same
program with SCADABMS. If you know how to use it, the advanced DTS
system can be a very good testing platform. First, the author! analyse the
programs. Then the method about how to use load forecast function and
integrating GIS and IIMS can meet the demand of real-time when GIS
(DAS) fun dons allow the utility to monitor and control some or all of the
distribution system components in real time. The data requirements for DAS
include switch status, real-time load profiles, and the status and setting of
SCADA, substation auto don, and remote meter reading. The load data for
SCOPE prototype system, it has been confirmed that the flexibility and
been improved.
units. These ‘block functions’ may then are distributed across a number of
architecture lends itself to system robustness and stability with dual and
generate a data base from information’s which had been entered for many
years. The very high number of elements (50 000) easily justifies the
investment. The second step, which is most critical, is still taking place. The
procedures of data upgrade have been written. A software layer into this GIS
EMS/SCADA system projects. All of the various sing the most appropriate
communication technology.
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highly reliable given the potential for the SCADA system to directly
simulation and includes an optimal power flow for enumerating gnd load
terminals operating off its national SCADA system. These terminals have
using advanced metering infrastructure (AMI). The paper digs into AMI
communication between the utility and the consumer. It should have built-
and quality of supply reporting system. Other services AMI systems support
are load control switch for load limiting capability, fault reporting system,
defined by utilities in countries such as South Africa, China and the United
States of America.
Hyun Sang Cho [107] presents energy management has become one of
residences and a smart grid that optimizes the production, distribution, and
consumption of electric power. Power strip type smart meters can be used to
not only monitor but also control the electric power consumption at
individual power outlet ports in the power outlet directly. They can be used
application of the direct power supply control. However, the SMPT cannot be
method helps realize real applications of the SMPT for providing activity-
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services.
Although a lot of work has been done on the subject, present tools and
techniques still do not cover all the challenges we face when confronted to
of the related research work on data streams, data warehousing and ETL
(Extract Transform Load) processes. ETL data exceptions will be our main
point of focus. This critical subject has been rather left aside in research
works.
use by the grid is outdated and in many cases unreliable. There have been
three major blackouts in the past ten years. The reliance on old technology
for a smart grid system, including public key infrastructures and trusted
computing.
grids.
around China, the power line communications (PLC) on the low-voltage (LV)
commute the information between the end users and the power provider. In
China. The testing results show that the main reason influencing the
user, so it must be solved with the aid of such means as the repeater and
frequency range from 2 to 10 MHz is more suitable for the high-speed data
networks, a new method with the help of the reflection matrix based on the
matrix. The simulation results fit the measured data quite well and verify
data of every major appliance in the house and Industries. The power
devices. Homeowners and Industries can track their power usage by device,
2.4 SUMMARY
A detailed literature review of nearly 120 and odd papers from International
and national journals clearly indicates that, it is worthwhile and high time
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minute, daily, half-hourly, hourly and Monthly to save energy and to reduce
grid to consumers.
analytical reports which will help for taking a right decision and reduce the
redistribute the demand and reduce the load on the electrical network.