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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The explosive growth of both the wireless industry and the
Internet is creating a huge market opportunity for wireless data access. Limited
internet access, at very low speeds, is already available as an enhancement to some
existing cellular systems. However those systems were designed with purpose of
providing voice services and at most short messaging, but not fast data transfer.
Traditional wireless technologies are not very well suited to meet the demanding
requirements of providing very high data rates with the ubiquity, mobility and
portability characteristics of cellular systems. Increased use of antenna arrays
appears to be the only means of enabling the type of data rates and capacities
needed for wireless internet and multimedia services. While the deployment of
base station arrays is becoming universal it is really the simultaneous deployment
of base station and terminal arrays that can unleash unprecedented levels of
performance by opening up multiple spatial signaling dimensions .
CHAPTER 2
FUNDAMENTAL LIMITATIONS IN WIRELESS DATA ACESS
Ever since the dawn of information age, capacity has been the principal
metric used to asses the value of a communication system. Since the existing
cellular system were devised almost exclusively for telephony, user data rates
low .Infact the user data were reduced to the minimum level and traded for
additional users. The value of a system is no longer defined only by how
many users it can support, but also by its ability to provide high peak rates to
individual users. Thus in the age of wireless data, user data rates surges as an
important metric.
Trying to increase the data rates by simply transmitting more; Power is
extremely costly. Furthermore it is futile in the contest of wherein an increase
in everybody’s transmit power scales up both the desired signals as well as
their mutual interference yielding no net benefit.
Increasing signal bandwidth along with the power is a more effective way of
augmenting the data rate. However radio spectrum is a scarce and very
expensive resource.Moreover increasing the signal bandwidth beyond the
coherent bandwidth of the wireless channel results in frequency selectively.
Although well-established technique such as equalization and OFDM can
address this issue, their complexity grows with the signal bandwidth. Spectral
efficiency defined as the capacity per unit bandwidth has become another key
metric by which wireless systems are measured. In the contest of FDMA and
TDMA, the evolutionary path has led to advanced forms of dynamic channel
assessment that enable adaptive and more aggressive frequency reuse.In the
context of multi-user detection and interference cancellation techniques.
CHAPTER 3
SPACE: THE LAST FRONTIER
As a key ingredient in the design of more spectrally efficient systems. In
recent years space has become the last frontier. The entire concept of
frequency reuse on which cellular systems are based constitutes a simple way
to exploit the spatial dimension. Cell sectorisation, a widespread procedure
that reduces interference can also be regarded as a form of spatial processing.
Moreover, even though the system capacity is ultimately bounded, the area
capacity on a per base station basis. Here, base station antenna array are the
enabling tools for wide range of spatial processing techniques devised to
enhance desired to enhance desired signals and mitigate interference.
Coverage can be extended and tighter user packaging becomes possible,
enabling in turn larger cell sizes and higher capacity can be extended even
beyond the point at which every unit of bandwidth is effectively used in
every sector through space division multiple access (SDMA), which enables
the reuse of the same bandwidth by multiple users within a given sector as
long as they can be spatially discriminated.
CHAPTER 4
LIFTING THE LIMITS WITH TRANSMIT AND RECEIVE ARRAYS
Until recently, the deployment of antenna arrays in mobile systems was
contemplated-because of size and cost considerations-exclusively at base
station sites. The principle role of those arrays, long before interference
suppression and other signal processing advances were conceived, was to
provide spatial diversity against fading.
FIG
The researchers found that the original D-BLAST concept was tough to
implement, so they simplified it to its most current iteration vertical BLAST.
The BLAST technology essentially exploits a concept that other researchers
believed was impossible. The prevailing view was that each wireless
transmission needed to occupy a separate frequency, similar to the way in
which FM radio within a geographical area are allocated separate
frequencies. Otherwise, the interferences are too overwhelming for quality
communications.
The BLAST researchers, however, theorized it is possible to have several
transmissions occupying the same frequency band. Each transmission uses its
own transmitting antenna. Then, on the receiving end, multiple antennas
again are used, along with innovative signal processing, to separate the
mutually interfering transmissions from each other. Thus the capacity of a
given frequency band increases proportionally to the number of antennas.
The BLAST prototype, built to test this theory, uses an array of eight transmit
and 12 receive antennas. During its first weeks of operation, it achieved
unprecedented wireless capacities of at least 10 times the capacity of today’s
fixed wireless loop systems, which are used to provide phone service in rural
and remote areas.
CHAPTER 5
OVERVIEW OF BLAST SYSTEM
FIG
5.1
sequentially understood as the desired signal. This implies that the other sub
The essential difference between D-BLAST and V-BLAST lies in the vector
encoding process. In D-BLAST, redundancy between the sub streams is
introduced through the use of specialized inter-sub stream block coding. In
D-BLAST code blocks are organized along diagonals in space-time. It is this
coding that leads to D-BLAST’s higher spectral efficiencies for a given
number of transmitters and receivers. In V-BLAST, however, the vector
encoding process is simply a demultiplex operation followed by independent
bit-to-symbol mapping of each sub stream. No inter-sub stream coding, or
coding of any kind, is required, though conventional coding of the individual
sub streams may certainly be applied.
CHAPTER 7
CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER 9
ADVANTAGES
Since the entire sub streams are transmitted in the same frequency band,
spectrum is used efficiently. Spectrally efficiency of 30-40 bps/Hz is
achieved at SNR of 24 db. This is possible due to use of multiple antennas at
the transmitter and receiver at SNR of 24 db. To achieve 40bps/Hz a
conventional single antenna system would require a constellation with 10^12
points. Furthermore a constellation with such density of points would require
in excess of 100db operating at any reasonable error rate.
A critical feature of BLAST is that the total radiated power is held constant
irrespective of the number of transmitting antennas. Hence there is no
increase in the amount interference caused to users.
Figure 5 displays cumulative distributions of system capacity (in megabits
per second per sector) over all locations with transmit arrays only as well as
with transmit and receive arrays. These curves can also be interpreted as user
peaks rates, that is user data rates (in megabits per second) when the entire
capacity of every sector is allocated to an individual user. With transmit
arrays only; the benefit appears significant only in the lower tail of the
distribution, corresponding to users in the most detrimental location. The
improvements in average and peak systems capacities are negligible.
Moreover, the gains saturate rapidly as additional transmit antennas are
added. With frequency diversity taken into account, those gains would be
reduced even further. The combined use of transmit and receive arrays, on
the other hand , dramatically shifts the curves offering multifold
improvements in data rate at all levels. Notice that, without receive arrays,
the peak data rate that can be supported in 90 per-cent of the systems
locations-with a single user per sector –is only on the order of 500kb/s with
FIG
9.1
CHAPTER 10
DRAWBACKS
The BLAST technology is not is not well suited for mobile wireless
applications, such as hand-held and car-based cellular phones multiple
antennas—both transmitting and receiving—are needed. In addition, tracking
signal changes in mobile applications would increase the computational
complexity.
It would require manufacture to invest in the development of new multi-
antenna devices. It would also require new wireless network infrastructure.
CHAPTER 11
LABORATARY RESULS
FIG
FIG
CHAPTER 12
CONCLUSION
Under widely used theoretical assumption of independent Rayleigh scattering
theoretical capacity of the BLAST architecture grows roughly, linearly with
the number of antennas even when the total transmitted power is held
constant. In the real world ofcourse scattering will be less favorable than the
independent Raleigh’s assumption ant it remains to be seen how much
capacity is actually available in various propagation environments.
Nevertheless, even in relatively poor scattering environment, BLAST should
be able to provide significantly higher capacities than conventional
architectures.
CHAPTER 13
REFERENCES
1. IEEE Communication Magazine. September 2001
2. www.bell-labs.com/projects/blast
3. www.lucent.com/information theory