Chapter 2 Using Hydromax

Stability Criteria
Hydromax implements stability criteria checking, including the IMO requirements. These can be
selected and modified by selecting from the Criteria item in the Analysis menu, when the either the
Large Angle Stability, Equilibrium or Limiting KG analysis modes are in use.

Checks are made to ensure that the heel angle range is sufficient for the selected criteria. If the
positive range is insufficient, users will be warned and asked to increase the range. If negative
angles are required (e.g. US Navy wind heeling), Hydromax will automatically adjust the range.

Several different types of stability criteria are available for selection:

IMO
HSC Monohull
HSC Multihull
Marpol 73
US Navy
USL
Heeling Arms
Other

IMO
IMO Code on Intact Stability for All Types of Ships Covered by IMO Instruments: Resolution
A.749 (18). IMO publication IMO-874E; Chapter 3.

• Area under the GZ curve from 0° to 30° heel should not be less than 0.055 metre-
radian.

• Area under the GZ curve from 0° to the lower of 40° or the angle of first
downflooding should not be less than 0.90 metre-radian.

• Area under the GZ curve from 30° to the lower of 40° or the angle of first
downflooding should not be less than 0.03 metre-radian.

• The righting lever should be at least 0.2m at an angle of heel of 30° or greater.

• The maximum righting lever should occur at an angle of heel preferably

exceeding 30° but not less than 25°.

• The initial metacentric height should not be less than 0.15m

If the IMO initial GM criterion is selected, the GM line is drawn on the GZ curve.
This is the slope of the GZ curve at zero heel, irrespective of whether the vessel is in
static equilibrium at zero heel. The line always has the slope of the GZ curve at zero
heel and always passes through 0, 0, even if the value of GZ is a non-zero at zero
heel.

HSC Monohull
IMO International Code of Safety for High-Speed Craft: Resolution MSC.36 (63). IMO
publication IMO-187E; Chapter 2.

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• Area under the GZ curve from 0° to 15° heel should not be less than 0.07 metre-
radian when the maximum righting lever occurs at 15° and 0.055 meter-radian
up to 30° when the maximum righting lever occurs at 30° or above. Where the
maximum righting lever occurs between 15° and 30° the required area is given
by: A = 0.055 + 0.001(30° - φ max °); where φ max is the heel angle, in degrees, where
the maximum righting lever occurs.

• Area under the GZ curve from 30° to the lower of 40° or the angle of first
downflooding should not be less than 0.03 metre-radian.

• The righting lever should be at least 0.2m at an angle of heel of 30° or greater.

• The maximum righting lever should occur at an angle of heel not less than 15°.

• The initial metacentric height should not be less than 0.15m

HSC Multihull
IMO International Code of Safety for High-Speed Craft: Resolution MSC.36 (63). IMO
publication IMO-187E; Chapter 2, Annex 7.

• Area under the GZ curve up to an angle φ , should be at least 0.055 x 30°/φ . Where
φ is the least of: the downflooding angle; the angle of maximum righting lever;
and 30°.

• Maximum righting lever should occur at an angle of at least 10°.

• Heeling arms and criteria as specified in Annex 7 or the HSC code. Hydromax
accounts for the different wind pressures and equilibrium angles to be used for
the intact or damage criteria. For the combined heeling lever, the greater of the

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passenger crowding and heeling due to turn levers is used for the intact case
and the passenger crowding lever is used for damaged cases.

Pi AZ
The wind heeling arm is given by: HLwind =
9800 ∆
where Pi is the wind pressure, 500 Pa for the intact case and 120 Pa for damaged cases; A m2 is the
projected lateral area above the lightest service waterline; Z m is the vertical distance from the
centre of A to a point one half of the lightest service draught; and ∆ is the displacement in tonnes.
Note that A and Z must be entered by the user.

0.075 N pass D
The passenger crowding lever is HL pass =
∆
where Npass is the number of passengers (assumed to weigh 75kg each); D m is the distance of the
passengers from the centreline; and ∆ is the displacement in tonnes.

v2  d
The heeling lever due to turning is HLturn =  KG − 
Rg  2
where v m/s is the craft speed in the turn; R m the radius of the turn; g m/s2 acceleration due to
gravity; KG height of CG above keel; and d m the mean draught. Note that Hydromax uses the
corrected (fluid) VCG if the "Use corrected VCG" option in the Fluids Analysis dialog is selected
and the uncorrected (solid) VCG if the "Simulate fluid movement" option is selected. In addition,
the mean draught is taken to be the upright midships draught.

MARPOL

• Final waterline, calculated after equilibrium analysis: No immersed downflooding

points. Note that only downflooding points which are not linked to damaged
tanks or compartments are used; potential downflooding points, embarkation
points, immersion points, and downflooding which are linked to damaged tanks
or compartments are ignored.

• Equilibrium angle of heel evaluated from the GZ curve must be less than
specified value.

• Range of positive stability (GZ > 0) must be greater than the specified value.
Limited by downflooding angle also.

• Residual GZ (maximum GZ) must be greater than specified value, no additional

heeling arms are taken into account.

US Navy
Please note that if the US Navy wind heeling criterion is selected, the range of heel angles will be
automatically extended if necessary. For this criterion to be correctly evaluated the heel angle range
must be at least –30° to 90°.

DDS 079-1: Stability and Buoyancy of U.S. Naval Surface Ships

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 Chapter 2 Using Hydromax

• A dynamic stability analysis is carried out by comparing areas under the GZ

curve and a wind heeling curve. Hydromax calculates the wind heeling on the
above water portion of the hull as defined by the Maxsurf design, but you may
add additional windage area due to superstructure in the dialog.

Hydromax calculates the wind heeling arm as follows:

AZ
HLwind = 0.0195 v 2 cos 2 (φ )
∆
where: v knots is the wind speed; A m2 is the total projected lateral area above the waterline;
Z m is the lever from the half draught to the vertical centroid of the windage area; and ∆ kg
is the displacement.

This is the metric equivalent of the heeling arm specified in DSS 079-1 where the heeling
arm and Z are in ft, A is in square ft, and ∆ in tons:
0.004 2 AZ
HLwind = v cos 2 (φ )
2240 ∆
Hydromax then checks that the GZ value at the intersection of the GZ curve with the wind
heeling arm is less than 60% of the maximum GZ value. Hydromax also evaluates the areas
specified in the criteria assuming a roll-back angle of 25° and integrates area A1 up to a heel
angle of 90° or the second intersection of the GZ and heeling arm curves, whichever is the
lower.

• The margin line should not be immersed at the final equilibrium waterline (after
an Equilibrium analysis).

• Angle of equilibrium should be less that 20° either due to list or loll, and the
margin line should not be immersed.

USL – Uniform Shipping Laws Code (Australian Transport Council)

Uniform Shipping Laws Code, Section 8: Stability, Sub-Section C: Stability Criteria

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• The heeling lever due to passenger crowding is given by:

NML
HL pass = cos(φ ) .
∆
where: N is the number of passengers; M is the mass of a single passenger; L is the distance
of the passengers from the vessel's centreline; ∆ is the vessel's displacement and φ the heel
angle, in consistent units. Note that the cos(φ) term arises from the fact that the effective
lever decreases as the vessel heels.

• The heeling lever due to wind is given by:

PAh
HLwind = 0.000102 cos 2 (φ ) .
∆
where: P Pa is the wind pressure; A m2 is the total projected lateral area above the waterline;
h m is the vertical lever from the centroid of the windage area to the vertical centre of
projected lateral underwater area; ∆ tonne is the vessel's displacement. Note the cos2(φ)
term arises from the fact that both the windage area and the lever are assumed to decrease
with cos(φ).

• The heeling lever due to turning is given by:

v 2d
HLturn = 0.0053 cos(φ ) .
L
where: v knots is the service speed; d m is the vertical separation of the centre of gravity and
the centre of projected lateral underwater area, in the upright condition; L m is the vessel's
waterline length; and φ the heel angle. Note that the cos(φ) term arises from the fact that the
effective lever decreases as the vessel heels.

• The combined heeling lever is the heeling lever due to passenger crowding and
the greater of wind heeling and heel due to turning.

Hydromax checks that the equilibrium heel angle due to any one heeling arm is less than 10° and if
the combined heeling lever criterion is selected that the equilibrium heel angle is less than 15°.

Heeling Arms
Additional heeling curves superimposed on GZ curve. Arbitrary positive powers of Cos(heel) are
allowed.

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When these criteria are selected, the heeling arms are calculated and displayed on the CZ graph. In
addition, the areas under these heeling arms may also be integrated from zero to the specified value
(note that these are simply integrations of the Cos heeling arms specified).

The 1, 2 and 3 suffixes in the Heeling Arm Criteria dialog are there to allow you to specify up to 3
different curves and three different areas for heeling criteria checks.

Others
A number of other criteria may also be evaluated:

• Equilibrium heel angle taken from GZ curve

• Area under the GZ curve to the angle of maximum GZ

• Areas under the GZ curve between specified angles

• Range of positive GZ.

Note that, except for range of positive stability where downflooding is taken into account, no
account is taken of downflooding or additional heeling arms.

Specifying and Selecting Criteria

To select particular criteria, click on the check boxes on the left side of the dialog box. To modify
criteria, click in the text box and enter the required value. Units for the area under the GZ curve can
be set to Radians or Degrees by selecting from the buttons at the bottom of the dialog, and existing
values will be converted accordingly.

Output of the Stability Criteria is via the Stability Criteria table available from the Results item in
the Windows menu. Data is presented in the following format.

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Chapter 2 Using Hydromax

Stability Criteria information is also automatically pasted into the Report window at the
conclusion of a Large Angle Stability or Equilibrium analysis.

Note that criteria are evaluated on the positive side of the GZ curve only. The positive heel
direction, starboard or port, may be specified in the Heel dialog.

Windage Areas
It should be noted that the windage area required in the HSC Multihull code is different from that
required in the US Navy and USL codes. This is because the HSC multihull code requires "the area
above the lightest service draft" (which is not necessarily area above the current waterline) but US
Navy and USL codes require the area above the current waterline. In the case of the HSC Multihull
code, the user is required to enter the area above the lightest service draft which includes the above
water part of the hull modelled in Maxsurf and any additional area not modelled by Maxsurf “hull
shell” surfaces (Maxsurf “internal structure” surfaces are not included by Hydromax in windage
area calculations). For the US Navy and USL codes, only the additional windage area, which is not
modelled by Maxsurf “hull shell” surfaces, is required to be entered by the user. Hydromax
calculates the area of the Maxsurf model above the current waterline itself, and adds this to the
“extra” area given by the user.

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