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Agnès Varda
Agnès Varda (French: [aɲɛs vaʁda]; 30 May 1928 – 29 March 2019) was a
Agnès Varda
French film director, photographer and artist. Her work was pioneering for,
and central to, the development of the widely influential French New Wave
film movement of the 1950s and 1960s.[1] Her films focused on achieving
documentary realism,[2] addressing feminist issues, and/or producing other
social commentary, with a distinctive experimental style.
Further reading
Spouse(s) Jacques Demy
External links (m. 1962;
died 1990)
Children Rosalie Varda
Early life Mathieu Demy
Varda was born Arlette Varda on 30 May 1928 in Ixelles, Brussels, Belgium,
to Christiane (née Pasquet) and Eugène Jean Varda, an engineer.[3] Her mother was from Sète, France, and her father was
a member of a family of Greek refugees from Asia Minor. She was the third of five children. Varda legally changed her first
name to Agnès at age 18. During World War II, she lived on a boat in Sète with the rest of her family. Varda attended the
Lycée et collège Victor-Duruy, and received a Bachelor's degree in literature and psychology from the Sorbonne.[4] She
described her relocation to Paris as a "truly excruciating" one that gave her "a frightful memory of my arrival in this grey,
inhumane, sad city." She did not get along with her fellow students and described classes at the Sorbonne as "stupid,
antiquated, abstract, [and] scandalously unsuited for the lofty needs one had at that age."[5]
Photography career
Varda intended to become a museum curator, and studied art history at the École du Louvre,[4] but decided to study
photography at the Vaugirard School of Photography instead.[5] She began her career as a still photographer before
becoming one of the major voices of the Left Bank Cinema and the French New Wave. However, she maintained a fluid
interrelationship between photographic and cinematic forms: "I take photographs or I make films. Or I put films in the
photos, or photos in the films."[6]
Varda discussed her beginnings with the medium of still photography: "I started earning a living from photography
straight away, taking trivial photographs of families and weddings to make money. But I immediately wanted to make
what I called 'compositions.' And it was with these that I had the impression I was doing something where I was asking
questions with composition, form and meaning."[6] In 1951, her friend Jean Vilar opened the Théâtre National Populaire
and hired Varda as its official photographer. Before accepting her position there, she worked as a stage photographer for
the Theatre Festival of Avignon.[4] She worked at the Théâtre National Populaire for ten years from 1951 to 1961, during
which time her reputation grew and she eventually obtained photo-journalist jobs throughout Europe.[5]
Varda's still photography sometimes inspired her subsequent motion pictures.[7] She recounted: "When I made my first
film, La Pointe Courte — without experience, without having been an assistant before, without having gone to film school
— I took photographs of everything I wanted to film, photographs that are almost models for the shots. And I started
making films with the sole experience of photography, that's to say, where to place the camera, at what distance, with
which lens and what lights?"
I made a film in 1982 called Ulysse, which is based on another photograph I took in 1954, one I'd made with
the same bellows camera, and I started Ulysse with the words, 'I used to see the image upside down.' There's
an image of a goat on the ground, like a fallen constellation, and that was the origin of the photograph. With
those cameras, you'd frame the image upside down, so I saw Brassaï through the camera with his head at the
bottom of the image.[6]
Filmmaking career
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The beginning of Varda's filmmaking career pre-dates the start of the French New Wave, but contains many elements
specific to that movement.[8]:3 While working as a photographer, Varda became interested in making a film, although she
stated that she knew little about the medium and had only seen around twenty films by the age of twenty-five. She later
said that she wrote her first screenplay "just the way a person writes his first book. When I'd finished writing it, I thought
to myself: 'I'd like to shoot that script,' and so some friends and I formed a cooperative to make it." She found the
filmmaking process difficult because it did not allow the same freedom as writing a novel; however she said that her
approach was instinctive and feminine. In an interview with The Believer, Varda stated that she wanted to make films that
related to her time (in reference to La Pointe Courte), rather than focusing on traditions or classical standards.[9]
The film was edited by Varda's friend and fellow "Left Bank" filmmaker Alain Resnais, who was reluctant to work on the
film because it was "so nearly the film he wanted to make himself" and its structure was very similar to his own Hiroshima
mon amour (1959). While editing the film in Varda's apartment, Resnais kept annoying her by comparing the film to
works by Luchino Visconti, Michelangelo Antonioni and others that she was unfamiliar with "until I got so fed up with it
all that I went along to the Cinémathèque to find out what he was talking about." Resnais and Varda remained lifelong
friends, with Resnais stating that they had nothing in common "apart from cats."[5] The film was immediately praised by
Cahiers du Cinéma: André Bazin said "There is a total freedom to the style, which produces the impression, so rare in the
cinema, that we are in the presence of a work that obeys only the dreams and desires of its auteur with no other external
obligations."[12] François Truffaut called it "an experimental work, ambitious, honest and intelligent."[13] Varda said that
the film "hit like a cannonball because I was a young woman, since before that, in order to become a director you had to
spend years as an assistant." However the film was a financial failure, and Varda made only short films for the next seven
years.[5]
Varda is considered the grandmother and the mother of the French New Wave. La Pointe Courte is unofficially but widely
considered to be the first film of the movement.[14] It was the first of many films she made that focus on issues faced by
ordinary people. Late in her life, she said that she was not interested in accounts of people in power; instead she was
"much more interested in the rebels, the people who fight for their own life".[15]
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Cléo from 5 to 7 follows a pop singer through two extraordinary hours in which she awaits the results of a recent biopsy.
The film is superficially about a woman coming to terms with her mortality, which is a common auteurist trait for
Varda.[16] On a deeper level, Cléo from 5 to 7 confronts the traditionally objectified woman by giving Cléo her own vision.
She cannot be constructed through the gaze of others, which is often represented through a motif of reflections and Cleo's
ability to strip her body of "to-be-looked-at-ness" attributes (such as clothing or wigs). Stylistically, Cléo from 5 to 7 mixes
documentary and fiction, as had La Pointe Courte. Although many believe that the 90-minute film represents the diegetic
action which occurs between 5 p.m. and 7 p.m. in real time, there is actually a half-hour difference.[11]
Later career
In 1977, Varda founded her own production company, Cine-Tamaris, in order to have more control over shooting and
editing.[17] In 2013, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art held Varda's first American exhibition called Agnès Varda in
Californialand. The exhibition featured a sculptural installation, several photographs, and short films, and was inspired
by time she spent in Los Angeles in the 1960s.[18]
Vagabond (1985)
In 1985, Varda made Sans toit ni loi ("without roof nor law"; known in most English-speaking countries as Vagabond), a
drama about the death of a young female drifter named Mona. The death is investigated by an unseen and unheard
interviewer who focuses on the people who have last seen her. The story of Vagabond is told through nonlinear
techniques, with the film being divided into forty-seven episodes, and each episode about Mona being told from a different
person's perspective. Vagabond is considered to be one of Varda's greater feminist works because of how the film deals
with the de-fetishization of the female body from the male perspective.[19]
was her first, Varda did not regard it as important, stating: "There is nothing to
be proud of, but happy. Happy because we make films to love. We make films
so that you love the film."[25][26]
Like many other French New Wave directors, Varda was likely influenced by
auteur theory, creating her own signature style by using the camera "as a pen."
Varda described her method of filmmaking as "cinécriture" ("cinematic
writing" or "writing on film").[8]:12 Rather than separating the fundamental
roles that contribute to a film (such as cinematographer, screenwriter, and Varda receiving an honour at the
director), Varda believed that all roles should be working together Guadalajara International Film
Festival in 2010
simultaneously to create a more cohesive film, and all elements of the film
should contribute to its message. She claimed to make most of her discoveries
while editing, seeking the opportunity to find images or dialogue that create a motif.[28]
Because of her photographic background, still images are often significant in her films. Still images may serve symbolic or
narrative purposes, and each element of them is important. There is sometimes conflict between still and moving images
in her films, and she often mixed still images (snapshots) with moving images.[8]:13 Varda paid very close attention to
detail and was highly conscious of the implications of each cinematic choice she made. Elements of the film are rarely just
functional, each element has its own implications, both on its own and that it lends to the entire film's message.[8]:15
Many of her influences were artistic or literary, including Surrealism, William Faulkner, Franz Kafka, and Nathalie
Sarraute.[8]:6, 12, 106
Left Bank Cinema was strongly tied to the nouveau roman movement in literature. The members of the group had in
common a background in documentary filmmaking, a left wing political orientation, and a heightened interest in
experimentation and the treatment of film as art. Varda and other Left Bank filmmakers crafted a mode of filmmaking
that blends one of film's most socially motivated approaches, documentary, with one of its most formally experimental
approaches, the avant-garde. Its members would often collaborate with each other. According to scholar Delphine
Bénézet, Varda resisted the "norms of representation and diktats of production."[30]:6
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As a feminist filmmaker
Varda's work is often considered feminist because of her use of female protagonists and her creation of a female cinematic
voice.[17] Varda is quoted quoted as having said, "I'm not at all a theoretician of feminism, I did all that—my photos, my
craft, my film, my life—on my terms, my own terms, and not to do it like a man."[5]:1142–1148 Although she was not actively
involved in any strict agendas of the feminist movement, Varda often focused on women's issues thematically and never
tried to change her craft to make it more conventional or masculine.[31][32]
Historically, Varda is seen as the New Wave's mother. Film critic Delphine Bénézet has argued for Varda's importance as
"au feminin singulier," a woman of singularity and of the utmost importance in film history. Varda embraced her
femininity with distinct boldness.[30]
In 1971, Varda was one of the 343 women who signed the Manifesto of the 343 admitting they had had an abortion despite
it being illegal in France at the time and asking for abortions to be made legal.[34]
Varda was the cousin of the painter Jean Varda. In 1967, while living in California, Varda met her father's cousin for the
first time. He is the subject of her short documentary Uncle Yanco, named after Jean Varda who referred to himself as
Yanco and was affectionately called "uncle" by Varda due to the difference in age between them.[35][36]
Varda died from cancer on 29 March 2019 in Paris, at the age of 90.[37][38] She was buried at Montparnasse Cemetery on 2
April.[39][40] Among those who attended her funeral were Catherine Deneuve, Julie Gayet, Sandrine Kiberlain, Jacques
Toubon, and Macha Meril.[41]
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European Film Academy.[52] On 24 May 2015, Varda received an honorary Palme d'Or. She was the first woman to receive
an honorary Palme d'Or.[53] On 16 April 2017, Varda was promoted to Grand officier de la Légion d'honneur.[54] Varda
was included in Cinema Eye's 2017 list of "Unforgettables."[55]
On 11 November 2017, Varda received an Academy Honorary Award for her contributions to cinema, making her the first
female director to receive such an award.[56][57][58] The prize was presented at the 9th Annual Governors Awards
ceremony. She was nominated two months later for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature for her
documentary Faces Places, becoming the oldest nominated person at the show (she was eight days older than fellow
nominee James Ivory).[59]
For the 1985 documentary-style feature film Vagabond, she received the Golden Lion of the 42nd Venice International
Film Festival.[60] In 2009, The Beaches of Agnès won the Best Documentary Film award at the 34th César Awards.[61]
At the time of her death, Varda was the oldest person to be nominated for an Academy Honorary Award and is the first
female director to receive an honorary Oscar.[62]
Filmography
Feature films
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Short films
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Director,
1958 L'opéra-mouffe Diary of a Pregnant Woman
Writer
Director,
1958 La cocotte d'azur -
Writer
Director,
1958 Du côté de la côte Along the Coast
Writer
Director,
1958 Ô saisons, ô châteaux -
Writer
Les fiancés du pont MacDonald ou (Méfiez-vous Director,
1961 -
des lunettes noires) Writer
1963 Salut les cubains - Director, Star
Director,
1965 Elsa la rose -
Writer
Director,
1967 Oncle Yanco Uncle Yanco
Writer, Star
1968 Black Panthers Black Panthers Director
1968 Huey Director
Director,
1975 Réponse de femmes: Notre corps, notre sexe Women Reply
Writer, Star
Director,
1976 Plaisir d'amour en Iran -
Writer
Director,
1984 Les dites cariatides The So-Called Caryatids
Writer, Star
Director,
1984 7p. cuis., s. de b., ... à saisir -
Writer
You've Got Beautiful Stairs, You Director,
1986 T'as de beaux escaliers, tu sais
Know Writer
Director,
1982 Ulysse Ulysse
Writer, Star
Director,
2003 Le lion volatil -
Writer
Director,
2004 Ydessa, les ours et etc. Ydessa, the Bears and etc.
Writer
Venice International Film Festival Director,
2004 Der Viennale '04-Trailer
2004 - Trailer Writer, Star
Director,
2005 Les dites cariatides bis -
Writer
Cléo from 5 to 7: Remembrances
2005 Cléo de 5 à 7: souvenirs et anecdotes Director
and Anecdotes
Director,
2015 Les 3 Boutons The Three Buttons
Writer
Television work
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English
Year Original title[63] Credits
title
1970 Nausicaa (TV movie) - Writer, Director
1983 Une minute pour une image (TV documentary) - Director
P.O.V., episode 3, season 23, The Beaches of Director, Writer, Producer,
2010 -
Agnès Cinematographer
Agnès de ci de là Varda, 5 episodes (TV
2011 - Director, Writer, Actor
documentary)
Publications
(All in French.)
Les Plages d'Agnès: texte illustré du film d'Agnès Varda, collection Mémoires de César, éditions de l'Œil, 108 pp.
(2010) OCLC 642213101 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/642213101) ISBN 2351370872
L'île et elle: Agnès Varda, Actes sud, 81 pp. (2006) OCLC 2742762086 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2742762086)
ISBN 9782742762088
Sans toit ni loi: un film d'Agnès Varda, L'Avant-scène Cinéma, 92 pp. (2003) OCLC 2847250220 (https://www.worldca
t.org/oclc/2847250220)[64]
Varda par Agnès, Les Cahiers du Cinéma (1994, reprint 2005) OCLC 2866421450 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/286
6421450) ISBN 9782866421458
La Côte d'Azur, d'azur, d'azur, d'azur, collection Lieu-dit, Les éditions du Temps (1961) OCLC 9817787 (https://www.w
orldcat.org/oclc/9817787)[65]
See also
Alice Guy-Blaché
References
1. Vincendeau, Ginette (28 January 2008). "La Pointe Courte: How Agnès Varda "Invented" the New Wave" (https://ww
w.criterion.com/current/posts/497-la-pointe-courte-how-agnes-varda-invented-the-new-wave). The Criterion
Collection. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
2. Documentary realism usually refers to nonfiction forms of media that base their arguments on claims of truth, actuality
and authenticity. See https://medialiteracies21st.blogspot.com/2012/02/really-conventions-of-realism-in.html
3. "Agnes Varda Biography (1928-)" (http://www.filmreference.com/film/29/Agnes-Varda.html). Filmreference.com. 30
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4. "Agnes Varda facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Agnes Varda" (https://www.encyclopedia.
com/people/literature-and-arts/film-and-television-biographies/agnes-varda). www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved
10 April 2018.
5. Wakeman, John (1987). World Film Directors – Volume 2: 1945 – 1985 (https://books.google.com/books?id=8aEYAA
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6. Darke, Chris. "Agnes Varda." Sight & Sound, vol. 25, no. 4, April 2015, pp. 46–50. Film & Television Literature Index
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7. DeRoo, Rebecca (2018). Agnes Varda between Film, Photography, and Art. Oakland: University of California Press.
pp. 43–45, 88, 108–110. ISBN 9780520279407.
8. Smith, Alison (1998). Agnès Varda (https://books.google.com/books?id=iddRAQAAIAAJ). Manchester: Manchester
University Press. ISBN 9780719050619. OCLC 39443910 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39443910).
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spotlight-on-sidebars-1118017346/). Variety. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180125114931/http://variety.co
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62. http://time.com/5564179/agnes-varda-obituary-jr/
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29 March 2019.
64. "Notice bibliographique" (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb399599701). BNF. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
65. "Agnès Varda, Professor of Film at The European Graduate School / EGS" (https://egs.edu/faculty/agn%C3%A8s-var
da). European Graduate School. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
Further reading
Neupert, Richard John (2007). A History of the French New Wave Cinema (https://uwpress.wisc.edu/books/4192.htm)
(2nd ed.). Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299217044. OCLC 538539415 (https://www.world
cat.org/oclc/538539415).
Schwartz, Alexandra (4 March 2018). "Agnès Varda Is Still Going Places" (https://www.newyorker.com/culture/person
s-of-interest/agnes-varda-is-still-going-places). The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028
-792X). Retrieved 17 April 2018.
Conway, Kelley (2015). Agnes Varda (Contemporary Film Directors). University of Illinois Press. ISBN 025208120X.
DeRoo, Rebecca J. (2018). Agnes Varda between Film, Photography, and Art. University of California Press.
ISBN 9780520279407.
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External links
Agnès Varda (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0889513/) on IMDb
Ciné-Tamaris. Official Site Agnes Varda and Jacques Demy (https://web.archive.org/web/20090303153940/http://cine
-tamaris.com/intro.php)
Watch 17 films of Agnes Varda at www.dafilms.com (http://dafilms.com/director/8991-agnes-varda/)
Biography on newwavefilm.com (http://www.newwavefilm.com/french-new-wave-encyclopedia/agnes-varda.shtml)
Agnès Varda last home in Paris + list of related articles (http://www.lefigaro.fr/cinema/agnes-varda-etait-tres-mignonn
e-dans-la-rue-daguerre-a-paris-ses-voisins-se-souviennent-20190329) (in French)
(https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/video/2019/03/29/mort-d-agnes-varda-mon-travail-n-est-pas-dans-l-ombre-mais-
dans-la-discretion_5443092_3382.html)Le MondeObituary (https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/video/2019/03/29/mor
t-d-agnes-varda-mon-travail-n-est-pas-dans-l-ombre-mais-dans-la-discretion_5443092_3382.html) at Le Mon[1] (http
s://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/video/2019/03/29/mort-d-agnes-varda-mon-travail-n-est-pas-dans-l-ombre-mais-dans-
la-discretion_5443092_3382.html)de (video)
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