Ch.6 Shearing Stresses in Beams and Thin-Walled Members 29s - DR - Rafi'-1 Mechanical Engg PDF

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
“Strength of Materials”
Text Book Ref.
By
Dr. Rafi’ Mahmoud Sulaiman Al-Ne’aimi
PhD . In Civil Engineering

University of Baghdad , Iraq
CH.6
rafi.mahmoud@uod.ac
Mechanics of Materials / “Strength of Materials” ----- Chapter 6 / Assist. Prof. Dr. Rafi’ M.S.
Shearing Stresses in Beams and

CH.6
Thin-Walled Members
Contents
Introduction
Shear on the Horizontal Face of a Beam Element
Example 6.01
Determination of the Shearing Stress in a Beam
Shearing Stresses txy in Common Types of Beams
Further Discussion of the Distribution of Stresses in a Narrow Rectangular Beam
Sample Problems 6.1, 6.2
Longitudinal Shear on a Beam Element of Arbitrary Shape
Example 6.04
Shearing Stresses in Thin-Walled Members
Sample Problems 6.3, 6.4, 6.5
6-1
6-1 Introduction
• Transverse loading applied to a beam
results in normal and shearing stresses in
transverse sections.
• Distribution of normal and shearing

stresses satisfies
𝑦
𝑧 
Fx   x dA  0 Mx   y t xz  z t xy dA  0
𝑧 Fy   t xy dA   V M y   z  x dA  0 ............ (6.1)
Fig. 6.1 Beam cross section.

Fz   t xz dA  0 M z    y  x dA  0 ........ (6.2)
• When shearing stresses are exerted on

the vertical faces of an element, equal
stresses must be exerted on the
horizontal faces
• Longitudinal shearing stresses must exist

in any member subjected to transverse
loading.
Fig. 6.2 Element from beam.
6-2
6-1 Introduction – Cont’d.
-- Shear stress t𝑥𝑦 is induced by transverse loading.
• In a long beam, the dominating design factor:

Mc
Fig. 6.2 Element from beam.
m  -- Primary design factor
I
V
t xy (average )  -- Minor design factor
A
[due to transverse loading]
• In a short beam, the dominating design factor:

3V
t max 
2 A
-- In pure bending -- no shear stress
Fig. 6.3 Beam made from planks. 6-3

6-2 Shear on the Horizontal Face of a Beam Element

• Consider prismatic beam
• For equilibrium of beam element
  Fx  0  H    C   D  dA
A
My
Fig. 6.5 Beam example. Knowing   and I C  I D  I
I
M D  MC
H 
I  y dA ............ (6.3)
A
• Defining,
Q   y dA
Fig. 6.6 Short segment of beam example. A
dM
M D  MC  x  V x
dx
• Substituting,
VQ
H  x ............ (6.4)
I
H VQ
q   shear flow
Fig. 6.7 Forces exerted on element. x I 6-4
6-2 Shear on the Horizontal Face of a Beam Element – Cont’d.
• Shear flow,
H VQ
q   shear flow ........ (6.5)
x I
• where
Q   y dA
A
 first moment of area above y1
Fig. 6.6 Short segment of beam example.
2
I  y dA
A A'
 second moment of full cross section
• Same result found for lower area
H  VQ
q     q
x I
Q  Q  0
 first moment with respect
Fig. 6.8 Short segment of beam example. to neutral axis
H   H 6-5
Example 6.01
SOLUTION:
• Determine the horizontal force per unit

length or shear flow q on the lower
surface of the upper plank.
• Calculate the corresponding shear

force in each nail.
Fig. 6.9
A beam is made of three planks,

nailed together. Knowing that the
spacing between nails is 25 mm and
that the vertical shear in the beam is
V = 500 N, determine the shear force
in each nail.
6-6
Example 6.01 SOLUTION:
• Determine the horizontal force per unit

length or shear flow q on the lower
surface of the upper plank.
VQ (500 N)(120  106 m3 )

q 
I 16.20  10-6 m 4
 3704 N
Fig. 6.10 m
Q  Ay • Calculate the corresponding shear

 0.020 m  0.100 m 0.060 m  force in each nail for a nail spacing of
25 mm.
 120  106 m3
1 0.020 m 0.100 m 3
I  12 F  (0.025 m)q  (0.025 m)(3704 N m
1 0.100 m 0.020 m 3
 2[12 F  92.6 N
 0.020 m  0.100 m 0.060 m 2 ]

 16.20  106 m 4 6-7
6-3 Determination of the Shearing Stress in a Beam

• The average shearing stress on the horizontal
face of the element is obtained by dividing the
shearing force on the element by the area of
the face.
Fig. 6.8 Short segment of beam example. H q x VQ x
t ave   
A A I t x
VQ
t ave  ………………………...................... (6.6)
It
At the N.A. Q = max, but tave may not be max,

because of t.
Fig. 6.11 Beam element.
• On the upper and lower surfaces of the beam,
𝜏𝑦𝑥 = 0. It follows that 𝜏𝑥𝑦= 0 on the upper and
lower edges of the transverse sections.
• If the width of the beam is comparable or large

relative to its depth, the shearing stresses at
D’1 and D’2 are significantly higher than at D’.
Fig. 6.13 Beam cross section.
6-8
6-4 Shearing Stresses 𝝉𝒙𝒚 in Common Types of Beams
• For a narrow rectangular beam,

VQ
t xy  tb ....................... (6.7)
Ib
1
QAy y
(c  y )
2
1 1 ………............ (6.8)
Q  A y  b( c  y ) ( c  y )  b( c 2  y 2 )
2 2
Fig. 6.15 Beam cross section. bh 3 2 3
Also, I  bc
12 3
VQ 3 c 2  y 2
Hence, t xy   V
Ib 4 bc 3
3V y2
Knowing A = 2bc, it follows t xy  (1  2 ) ............ (6.9)
2A c
t xy  0 @ yc
3V
t xy  t max  @ y  0 (i.e., @ N . A.) ........... (6.10)
Fig. 6.16 Shear stress distribution on 2A
transverse section of rectangular beam.
6-9
6-4 Shearing Stresses 𝝉𝒙𝒚 in Common Types of Beams - Cont’d.
• For American Standard (S-beam)

and wide-flange (W-beam) beams
VQ
t ave  ....................... (6.6)
It
-- over section aa’ or bb’
-- Q = about cc’
Assuming the entire V is carried by

the web, since the flanges carry little
shear force:
Fig. 6.17 Shear stress distribution on transverse
V
section of wide-flange beam.
t max  ..................... (6.11)
Aweb
6-10
Further Discussion of the Distribution of Stresses in

6-5
a Narrow Rectangular Beam
• Consider a narrow rectangular cantilever beam
subjected to load P at its free end:
3 P  y 2  Px y M y
t xy  1 .....(6.12) x    .....(6.13)
2 A  c 2  I I
• Normal strains and normal stresses are unaffected by

Fig. 6.20 Deformation of cantilever the shearing stresses.
beam with concentrated load.
• From Saint-Venant’s principle, effects of the load

application mode are negligible except in immediate
vicinity of load application points.
Fig. 6.21 Cantilever beam. • Stress/strain deviations for distributed loads are
negligible for typical beam sections of interest.
• Plane sections do NOT remain plane – warping takes

place, when a beam is subjected to a transverse
shear loading.
Fig. 6.22 Deformation of cantilever
beam with distributed load. 6-11
Sample Problem 6.1
Beam AB is made of three planks glued

together and is subjected, in its plane of
symmetry, to the loading shown. Knowing
that the width of each glued joint is 20 mm,
determine the average shearing stress in
each joint at section n-n of the beam. The
location of the centroid of the section is given
in the sketch and the centroidal moment of
inertia is known to be I = 8.63 x 10-3 m4.
6-12
SOLUTION:
Sample Problem 6.1
• Vertical Shear at Section n-n. Due to symmetry of
beam and loading, we have RA = RB = 1.5 kN .
Considering the portion of the beam to

the left of section n-n as a free body, we
write
R R
R    Fy  0 : 1.5 kN  V  0 V  1.5 kN
• Shearing Stress in Joint a. Pass section a-a and

compute Q by using the area above the section.
Q  Ay1  (0.100m)(0.020m)(0.0417m)  83.4  106 m3
VQ (1500 N )(83.4  106 m3 )
t ave   t ave  725 kPa
It (8.63  10-6 m 4 )(0.020m)
• Shearing Stress in Joint b. Pass section b-b and

compute Q by using the area below the section.
Q  Ay2  (0.060m)(0.020m)(0.0583m)  70.0  106 m3
VQ (1500 N )(70.0  106 m3 ) t ave  608 kPa
t ave  
It (8.63  10-6 m 4 )(0.020m) 6-13
SOLUTION:
Sample Problem 6.2
• Develop shear and bending moment
diagrams. Identify the maximums.
A timber beam is to support the

three concentrated loads shown.
Knowing that for the grade of timber
used,
 all  1800 psi t all  120 psi
determine the minimum required

depth d of the beam ?
Vmax  3 kips
M max  7.5 kip  ft  90 kip  in 6-14
Sample Problem 6.2 • Determine the beam depth based on allowable

normal stress.
M
 all  max
S
90  103 lb  in.
1800 psi 
0.5833 in.  d 2
1 bd3 d  9.26 in.
I  12
• Determine the beam depth based on allowable shear
I
S   16 b d 2 stress.
c
3V
 16 3.5 in. d 2 t all  max
2 A
 0.5833 in. d 2 120 psi 
3 3000 lb
2 3.5 in.  d
d  10.71in.
• Required beam depth is equal to the larger of the

two.
d  10.71in. 6-15
Homework Problems # 1
 Probs. 6.2, 6.5, 6.9, 6.14, 6.22 (4th. ed. pgs. 384 - 387).
6-16
6-6 Longitudinal Shear on a Beam Element

of Arbitrary Shape
• We have examined the distribution of
the vertical components txy on a
transverse section of a beam. We now
wish to consider the horizontal
components txz of the stresses.
Fig. 6.5 Beam example- repeated.
• Consider prismatic beam with an
element defined by the curved surface
CDD’C’.
  Fx  0  H    C   D  dA
a
Fig. 6.24 Short segment of beam example.
• Except for the differences in
integration areas, this is the same
result obtained before which led to
VQ
H  x ............... (6.4)
I
H VQ
q   shear flow ............... (6.5)
x I 6-17
Fig. 6.25 Forces exerted on element.
A square box beam is made of two 0.75 x 3 in. planks and two
Example 6.04
0.75 x 4.5 in. planks nailed together as shown in figure.
Knowing that the spacing between nails is 1.75 in. and the
beam is subjected to a vertical shear of magnitude V = 600 lb,
determine the shearing force in each nail.
SOLUTION:
• Determine the shear force per unit

length along each edge of the upper
Fig. 6.26 plank.
• Based on the spacing between nails,

determine the shear force in each
nail.
6-18
•6 -
Example 6.04
20
SOLUTION:
• Determine the shear force per unit

length along each edge of the upper
plank.
q 

VQ 600 lb  4.22 in 3
 92.

3
lb
I 27.42 in 4 in
Fig. 6.27
q lb
f   46.15
2 in For the upper plank,
 edge force per unit length Q  Ay  0.75in. 3 in .1.875 in .
• Based on the spacing between nails,  4.22 in 3

determine the shear force in each
For the overall beam cross-section,
nail.
1 4.5 in 4  1 3 in 4
I  12 12
 lb 
F  f    46.15 1.75 in 
 in   27.42 in 4
F  80.8 lb 6-19
6 -•67- Shearing Stresses in Thin-Walled Members

21
• Consider a segment of a wide-flange
beam subjected to the vertical shear V.
• The longitudinal shear force on the

element is:
VQ
H  x ............... (6.4)
I
• The corresponding shear stress is:
H VQ
Fig. 6.30 Wide-flange beam segment. t ave  t zx  t xz   ............. (6.6)
t x It
• Previously found a similar expression for
the shearing stress in the web
VQ
t xy  ............... (6.6)
It
• NOTE: t xy  0 in the flanges
Fig. 6.31 Segment of beam flange. t xz  0 in the web 6-20
6-7 Shearing Stresses in Thin-Walled Members – Cont’d.
• The variation of shear flow across the

section depends only on the variation of
the first moment.
VQ
q tt  ............... (6.6)
I
Fig. 6.33 Box-beam. • For a box beam, 𝑞 grows smoothly from

zero at A to a maximum at C and C’ and
then decreases back to zero at E.
• The sense of 𝑞 in the horizontal portions

of the section may be deduced from the
sense in the vertical portions or the
sense of the shear V.
Fig. 6.35 Shear flow q in box-beam section. 6-21

6-7 Shearing Stresses in Thin-Walled Members – Cont’d.
• For a wide-flange beam, the shear flow

increases symmetrically from zero at A
and A’, reaches a maximum at C and the
decreases to zero at E and E’.
Fig. 6.32 Wide-flange beam. • The continuity of the variation in 𝑞 and

the merging of 𝑞 from section branches
suggests an analogy to fluid flow.
Fig. 6.36 Shear flow q in wide-flange beam section. 6-22

Sample Problem 6.3
SOLUTION:
• For the shaded area,
Q  4.31in 0.770 in 4.815 in 

 15.98 in 3
• The shear stress at a,
t
VQ 50 kips  15.98 in 3 
Knowing that the vertical shear is
It

 
394 in 4 0.770 in 
50 kips in a W10x68 rolled-steel t  2.63 ksi
beam, determine the horizontal
shearing stress in the top flange
at the point a.
6-23
Solve Sample Prob. 6.3, assuming that 0.75 x 12-in. plates

Sample Problem 6.4 have been attached to the flanges of the W10 x 68 beam
by continuous fillet welds as shown.
SOLUTION:
For the composite beam the centroidal moment of inertia is

1
I  394 in 4  2 [ (12 in.)(0.75 in.)3  (12 in.)(0.75 in.)(5.575 in.)2 ]
12
I  954 in 4
Since the top plate and the flange are connected only at
the welds, find the shearing stress at 𝑎 by passing a
section through the flange at 𝑎, between the plate and the
flange, and again through the flange at the symmetric
point 𝑎’.
For the shaded area that we have isolated, we have

t  2t f  2(0.770 in.)  1.540 in.
Q  2[(4.31in.)(0.770 in.)(4.815 in.)]  (12 in.)(0.75 in.)(5.575 in.)
Q  82.1 in 3
VQ (50 kips)(82.1 in 3 )
t  t  2.79 ksi
It (954 in 4 )(1.540 in.) 6-24
The thin-walled extruded beam shown is made of aluminum

Sample Problem 6.5 and has a uniform 3-mm wall thickness. Knowing that the
shear in the beam is 5 kN, determine
(a) the shearing stress at point A,
(b) the maximum shearing stress in the beam.
Note: The dimensions given are to lines midway between
the outer and inner surfaces of the beam.
SOLUTION:
Centroid. We note that AB = AD = 65 mm.
Y
y A  2 [(65 mm)(3 mm)(30 mm)]
 A 2 [(65 mm)(3 mm)]  (50 mm)(3 mm)
Y  21.67 mm
Centroidal Moment of Inertia. Each side of the thin-

walled beam can be considered as a parallelogram, and we
recall that for the case shown 𝐼𝑛𝑛 = 𝑏ℎ3/12 where 𝑏 is
measured parallel to the axis 𝑛𝑛.
b  (3 mm) / cos   (3 mm) /(12 / 13)  3.25 mm

6-25
1
Sample Problem 6.5 I   ( I  Ad 2 ) 2 [ (3.25 mm)(60 mm)3  (3.25 mm)(60 mm)(8.33 mm)2 ]
12
1
 [ (50 mm)(3 mm)3  (50 mm)(3 mm)(21.67 mm)2 ]
12
I  214.6  103 mm4 I  0.2146  10-6 m 4
a. Shearing Stress at A. If a shearing stress 𝜏A occurs at 𝐴, the

shear flow will be 𝑞 A = 𝜏A𝑡 and must be directed in one of the two
ways shown. But the cross section and the loading are symmetric
about a vertical line through A, and thus the shear flow must also
be symmetric. Since neither of the possible shear flows is
symmetric, we conclude that
tA  0
b. Maximum Shearing Stress. Since the wall thickness is constant,

𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 occurs at the neutral axis, where 𝑄 is maximum. Since the
shearing stress at A is zero, cut the section along the dashed line
shown and isolate the shaded portion of the beam. To obtain the
largest shearing stress, the cut at the neutral axis is made
perpendicular to the sides, and is of length 𝑡 = 3 mm.
38.33 mm
Q  [(3.25 mm)(38.33 mm)]  ( )  2387 mm3
2
Q  2.387  106 m 3
VQ (5 kN )( 2.387  106 m 3 )
tE   t max  t E  18.54 MPa
It (0.2146  106 m 4 )(0.003 m) 6-26
Homework Problems # 2
 Probs. 6.34, 6.38, 6.45, 6.51, 6.59 (4th. ed. pgs. 396 - 401).
6-27
Assignment 6
 Do the following questions:
6.3, 6.12, 6.19, 6.24, 6.26, 6.30, 6.36, 6.46, 6.51, 6.57
(From Mechanics of Materials, by Ferdinand P. Beer Johnston

E. Russell, and DeWolf John T., 4th. Edition).
 Please submit the assignment on Wednesday, 22 February 2017 at the end of

the class.
 Late submission will be penalized. Failure to submit the assignment without any
valid will lead to no point been awarded.
 Please try as much as possible do it by yourself. If still having difficulties, please

discuss with your fellow course mates. Feel free to ask guidance from any of the
lecturers, but please do not expect us to solve the problems for you.
 The final answers for all the questions are available at the end of the textbooks.
Please kindly notice that we would rather look at your attempt and problem
solving skills instead of the final answer.
6-28

Ch.6 Shearing Stresses in Beams and Thin-Walled Members 29s - DR - Rafi'-1 Mechanical Engg PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ch.6 Shearing Stresses in Beams and Thin-Walled Members 29s - DR - Rafi'-1 Mechanical Engg PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Dr. Rafi’ Mahmoud Sulaiman Al-Ne’aimi

PhD . In Civil Engineering

Shearing Stresses in Beams and

• Distribution of normal and shearing

Fig. 6.1 Beam cross section.

• When shearing stresses are exerted on

• Longitudinal shearing stresses must exist

6-1 Introduction – Cont’d.

-- Shear stress t𝑥𝑦 is induced by transverse loading.

• In a long beam, the dominating design factor:

• In a short beam, the dominating design factor:

-- In pure bending -- no shear stress

Fig. 6.3 Beam made from planks. 6-3

6-2 Shear on the Horizontal Face of a Beam Element

6-2 Shear on the Horizontal Face of a Beam Element – Cont’d.

• Determine the horizontal force per unit

• Calculate the corresponding shear

A beam is made of three planks,

Example 6.01 SOLUTION:

• Determine the horizontal force per unit

VQ (500 N)(120  106 m3 )

Q  Ay • Calculate the corresponding shear

 0.020 m  0.100 m 0.060 m 2 ]

6-3 Determination of the Shearing Stress in a Beam

At the N.A. Q = max, but tave may not be max,

• If the width of the beam is comparable or large

6-4 Shearing Stresses 𝝉𝒙𝒚 in Common Types of Beams

• For a narrow rectangular beam,

6-4 Shearing Stresses 𝝉𝒙𝒚 in Common Types of Beams - Cont’d.

• For American Standard (S-beam)

Assuming the entire V is carried by

Further Discussion of the Distribution of Stresses in

• Normal strains and normal stresses are unaffected by

• From Saint-Venant’s principle, effects of the load

• Plane sections do NOT remain plane – warping takes

Sample Problem 6.1

Beam AB is made of three planks glued

Considering the portion of the beam to

• Shearing Stress in Joint a. Pass section a-a and

• Shearing Stress in Joint b. Pass section b-b and

A timber beam is to support the

 all  1800 psi t all  120 psi

determine the minimum required

Sample Problem 6.2 • Determine the beam depth based on allowable

• Required beam depth is equal to the larger of the

6-6 Longitudinal Shear on a Beam Element

• Determine the shear force per unit

• Based on the spacing between nails,

• Determine the shear force per unit

• Based on the spacing between nails,  4.22 in 3

6 -•67- Shearing Stresses in Thin-Walled Members

• The longitudinal shear force on the

6-7 Shearing Stresses in Thin-Walled Members – Cont’d.

• The variation of shear flow across the

Fig. 6.33 Box-beam. • For a box beam, 𝑞 grows smoothly from

• The sense of 𝑞 in the horizontal portions

Fig. 6.35 Shear flow q in box-beam section. 6-21

6-7 Shearing Stresses in Thin-Walled Members – Cont’d.

• For a wide-flange beam, the shear flow

Fig. 6.32 Wide-flange beam. • The continuity of the variation in 𝑞 and

Fig. 6.36 Shear flow q in wide-flange beam section. 6-22

Sample Problem 6.3