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Retinopathy
DR.SHAH-NOOR HASSAN
FCPS,FRCS
History
Marcus Gunn 19th century
Keith-Wagner-Barker (1939)
signs of HR are predictive of death
increasing severity.
Scheie (1953) modified. Five stage
Pathophysiology
Hypertensive choroidopathy
Hypertensive neuropathy
Signs
•Arteriosclerosis defined as hardening and thickening of arteries.
Atherosclerosis Arteriolosclerosis
changes in the intima & changes in the intima
medial sclerosis, is with or without media. is
characterized by an characterized by intimal
hyalinization, medial
atheroma, which hypertrophy, and
evolves from the endothelial hyperplasia.
accumulation of fat- D/d from involutional
laden cells between the sclerosis, age-related
intimal elastic lamella thickening of the small
and the endothelium of arteries
the vessel wall.
Light reflex change
Spencer: normal light Progression of sclerosis
reflex of the retinal and hyalinization---
vasculature is formed reflex----more diffuse
by the reflection from and the retinal arterioles
the interface between to become red-brown.
the blood column and Copper wiring.
vessel wall. Advanced sclerosis
--visible as sheathing of
Increased thickness of the vessels. When the
the vessel walls causes anterior surface
the reflex to be more becomes involved, the
diffuse and less bright. entire vessel appears
opaque (pipestem
sheathing). When
sheathing encircles the
wall, it produces a
silver-wire vessel.
AV nicking
Ikui noted that arteriole and venous basement
membranes are adherent with shared collagen fibers
at the crossing points. Thickening of the basement
membrane and the media of the arteriole in
hypertension impinge on the vein and cause the
crossing phenomenon.
CRAO,BRAO
AION
Evaluation and Management
of HR.
Points To Remember
For CWS to develop from hypertension,
autoregulatory mechanisms must first be overcome.
For this to happen, the patient must have at least
110mmHg diastolic readings.