A Novel Approach on Automatic Detection of Optic Disc and Optic
Cup Segmentation
Kavyashree M
IV SEM, M Tech (DEC)
Dept of Electronics and Communication Engg.
Rajarajeswari College of Engg.
Bangalore-74, India
mkavyashree149@gmail.com
Abstract— This paper proposed a novel approach on
Automatic detection of optic disc and optic cup
segmentation glaucoma assessment by combined
analysis of fundus eye image and patient data. Fundus
image feature extraction and ocular parameter
evaluation are carried out for image level analysis. The
techniques used for feature extraction include color
model analysis, morphological processing, filtering and
thresholding. Ocular parameters considered are Cup to
Disc Ratio (CDR), Rim to Disc Ratio (RDR), cup to disc
area ratio and Inferior Superior Nasal Temporal(ISNT)
ratio of blood vessels in disc region. The CDR, RDR and
cup to disc area ratio based on optic disc, cup and rim
are calculated using image measuring techniques.
Keywords- CDR, RDR, ISNT, SVM Classify, Glaucoma
cup to disc ratio, morphological operation.
I. INTRODUCTION
This paper described a novel approach towards
automatic glaucoma assessment. The efforts taken to
develop an automatic glaucoma assessment technique
have an integration of fundus image analysis and
patient data analysis. Finally a combined glaucoma
risk analysis is performed and a risk class is labelled
for each set of input. In fundus image analysis fundus
image is preprocessed and features are extracted. The
feature extraction involves optic disc segmentation,
optic cup segmentation, optic rim segmentation and
blood vessel extraction. An array centroid method is
proposed to segment the extracted features into ISNT
quadrants. Then ocular parameters such as CDR, cup
to disc area ratio, Inferior RDR, Superior RDR and
ISNT Ratio are calculated. [1]
Optic disc segmentation is one of the most
important pre-processing steps in building an accurate
automated glaucoma detection system. Glaucoma is
one of the major causes for blindness, which cannot
be reversed back. Once the nerves are damaged, it
cannot be reconstructed back with our current level of
technology. However, early screening will allow the
ophthalmologist to identify the disease during the
early stages. A prevention step can be taken to limit
the damage and save the remainder healthy nerves.
Dr P V Rao
Professor and R& D Head,
Dept of Electronics and Communication Engg.
Rajarajeswari College of Engg.
Bangalore-74, India
pachararao@rediffmail.com
Thus, an automated system will be very beneficial to
the public so that they can do early screening easily
through the online system. Cup-to-disc ratio (CDR) is
a method that utilized fundus camera modality to
capture the back wall of the retina so that the ratio
between cup disc and optics disc can be measured.
The size of the optic disc will remain relatively stable
for both healthy and glaucoma patient but the cup disc
size will increase proportionally to the severity of the
glaucoma disease. Thus, optic disc size needs to be
determined before the ratio can be calculated.
Furthermore, Glaucoma is a chronic eye disease
that leads to vision loss. As it cannot be cured,
detecting the disease in time is important. Current
tests using intraocular pressure (IOP) are not sensitive
enough for population based glaucoma screening.
Optic nerve head assessment in retinal fundus images
is both more promising and superior. This paper
proposes optic disc and optic cup segmentation using
super pixel classification for glaucoma screening. In
optic disc segmentation, histograms, and center
surround statistics are used to classify each super pixel
as disc or non-disc. A self-assessment reliability score
is computed to evaluate the quality of the automated
optic disc segmentation. For optic cup segmentation,
in addition to the histograms and center surround
statistics, the location information is also included into
the feature space to boost the performance. [3]
Fig 1. Medical Diagram of an Eye
 II. LITERATURE SURVEY
Gayathri.R et.al [1] this paper proposed a method
Glaucoma is an eye disease which damages the optic
nerve of the eye and becomes severe over time. It is
caused due to buildup of pressure inside the eye.
Glaucoma tends to be inherited and may not show up
until later in life. The detection of glaucomatous
progression is one of the most important and most
challenging aspects of primary open angle glaucoma
(OAG) management.
Gopal Datt Joshi et.al [2] described a depth
discontinuity (in the retinal surface)-based approach to
estimate the approach shifts focus from the cup region
used by existing approaches to cup boundary. The
given sets of images, acquired sequentially, are related
via a relative motion model and the depth
discontinuity at the cup boundary is determined from
cues such as motion boundary and partial occlusion.
Mohd Asyraf Zulkifley et.al [3] proposed Optic
disc segmentation is a crucial step in automated
glaucoma detection system through Cup-to-Disc ratio
measurement. Recent approaches focus on
deterministic algorithm of RGB or grey model only.
In this paper, we proposed a statistically integrated
approach by combining various colour models. The
driving motivation is the ability of each colour model t
work accurately in certain environments or cases.
A.Murthi et.al [4] this method Proposed a method
The optic cup-to-disc ratio (CDR) in retinal fundus
images is one of the principle physiological
characteristics in the diagnosis of glaucoma. The least
square fitting algorithm aims to improve the accuracy
of the boundary estimation. The technique used here is
a core component of ARGALI (Automatic cup-to-disc
Ratio measurement system for Glaucoma detection
and Analysis), a system for automated glaucoma risk
assessment.
III. PROPOSED SYSTEM
The block diagram of the proposed architecture is
shown in fig1. First we collect the retinal images from
the medical data base. Then in the pre-processing
system retinal images are converted into red
component, green component. Red component is used
to extract optic disc and cup areas for detecting
Glaucoma. Then extracted optic disc is segmented in
disc segmentation, by using the segmented disc
enhance the vein region of retina. And divide the
enhanced vein region using graph nets and finally
display the segmented result.[4,5]
A. Pre-Processing:
Pre-processing is an initial stage where the input
MRI image will be taken and resized to 256X256 and
convert it to gray image for further processing.
Input Retinal Image Pre-Processing
Disc
Cup Segmentation
Segmentation
Disc to Cup Ratio
Glaucoma Analysis Output Result
Calculation
Figure 2: Architecture of Proposed Architecture
A. Disc Segmentation
In optic disc segmentation, adaptive histogram
equalization technique is used to improve the contrast
of a colour image and Gabor filters are used for
texture feature extraction. Combination of these two
parameters is very useful for classification of each
super pixel as disc or non-disc super pixel.
B. Cup Segmentation
Optic cup segmentation, thresholding and
binarization can be used. In binarization, depending
upon the mean value of the entire pixel, each pixel in
an image is assigned the value as „1‟or „0‟. If it is
greater than the mean value then it is '1' else it is
'0'.From a gray scale image, thresholding process is
used to create binary images. In this process, if pixel
value is greater than some threshold value then that
particular pixel in an image is marked as "object"
pixels or else it will be considered as "background"
pixels [8]. Typically, an object pixel is assigned a
value of “1” whereas a background pixel is assigned a
value of “0.”[6, 7]
Normal and abnormal retinal images are collected
from different hospital of different patients for
glaucoma analysis, early detection of glaucoma
helpful for slow down the progression of disease.
Input image is stored in the JPEG image format. Input
RGB image is resize to 256x256 and double the
image for higher precision then converted to
grayscale image by eliminating hue and saturation
and retaining luminance. Green channel is used for
further processing and which contain more Images are stored in JPEG format .The original
information compared to the other blue and red (RGB and NTSC) image is transformed into
channel. Green channel image is used for optic cup appropriate color space for further processes. Optic
and red channel is used for the optic disc cup and disc is segmented by using morphological
segmentation. operations, Hough transform and water shed
segmentation. [8, 9]
Green channel image is applied to the median
filter which removes the noise and smoothens the
edge. Filtered output image is applied to the Start
morphological operations which contain closing,
opening, dilation and erosion operation. Close
operation is a dilation followed by erosion which fill
the gap in that area and by smoothing their edges. RGB to gray Scale Image
Image open operation is erosion followed by dilation.
Output image of morphological operation is applied
to watershed segmentation to extract the boundaries.
Adaptive Histogram
Equalization Technique
Start

Hough Transform
Input Image

RGB to NTSC
Cup Area Disc area

Segmentation Green Morphological

Channel Operation
CDR

Cup Area Disc Area

yes
Abnormal CDR>0.3

Cup to Disc Ratio No

yes
Normal
Normal CDR>03
No
Fig 4.Flowchart 2 of Hough transform

Abnormal
IV. RESULTS

Images are stored in JPEG format .The original (RGB

Stop
and NTSC) image is transformed into appropriate
color space for further processes. Optic cup and disc
Fig 3.Flowchart 1 of Morphological operation
 is segmented by using morphological operations, Table 3:Glaucoma analysis
Hough transform and water shed segmentation. SL.N VC VD CDR=VCD/V Glauco
O D D DD ma
analysis
1 59 148 0.3986 Yes
2 65 146 0.4452 Yes
3 40 91 0.4396 Yes
4 39 78 0.500 Yes
5 30 80 0.260 No
6 31 80 0.3875 Yes
(a) (b) (c) 7 29 75 0.3867 Yes
8 48 135 0.3555 Yes
Fig.2.(a)Original image (b)Optic disk (c)Optic cup 9 49 107 0.4579 Yes
Table 1: CDR measurement for normal data base
V CONCLUSION
SL.NO Cup Disc Cup Data Result
Area Area to Base
Disc The cup to disc ratio is an important indicator of
Ratio the risk of the presence of glaucoma in diabetes
1 295.625 884.3750 0.3343 N N patients. In this paper the segmentation of optic disc,
2 366.75 1133.9 0.3234 N N optic cup and smooth their boundaries by
3 264.875 759.6250 0.3487 N N morphological operations will be used. The
morphological operations are efficient to detect the
4 260.870 794 0.3286 N N
cup to disc ratio in glaucoma patients and normal
5 577.25 1230.8 0.4690 N Abn patients and then check the level of disease. If the cup
6 291.25 924.875 0.3149 N N to disc ratio is more 0.3 then those patients are
7 287.625 944 0.3047 N N glaucoma patients and if the disc ratio is less than
8 284.875 1044.8 0.2727 N N
those are normal patient .This operations has been
tested on a different images. Flow chart 1 of
9 273.25 1264.6 0.2761 N N
morphological operation achieved 93.33% accuracy.
10 189.625 939.625 0.2018 N N Flow chart 2 of Hough transform achieved 85%
11 321.50 1192.5 0.2696 N N accuracy.
12 206.5 982.25 0.2102 N N
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