TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED DC FAN

USING OP-AMP
Project Report submitted for

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENT

(EET 3001)

Submitted by

ANWESHA PRADHAN 1641014050

IFFAT NAAZ 1641014053
PRANAV MOHAPATRA 1641014054

(EEE, 6th SEMESTER, SECTION-A)

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Institute of Technical Education and Research

(Faculty of Engineering)

SIKSHA ‘O’ ANUSANDHAN

DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
(February, 2019)

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DECLARATION

We ANWESHA PRADHAN, IFFAT NAAZ, PRANAV MOHAPATRA, B. Tech. of EEE

Department hereby declare that we own the full responsibility for the information, results etc.
provided in this PROJECT titled “TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED DC FAN USING OP-
AMP” submitted to Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar for the
partial fulfillment of the subject ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENT
(EET 3001). We have taken care in all respect to honor the intellectual property right and have
acknowledged the contribution of others for using them in academic purpose and further declare
that in case of any violation of intellectual property right or copyright we, as the candidate(s),
will be fully responsible for the same.

ANWESHA PRADHAN 1641014050

IFFAT NAAZ 1641014053

PRANAV MOHAPATRA 1641014054

DATE: 01.04.2019
PLACE: BHUBANESWAR

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ABSTRACT

The purpose of making a project entitled Temperature Controlled DC Fan using Op-amp is to
allow users to adjust the fan speed automatically with the change in temperature. So it can save
and streamline the work that is usually done manually which could then work automatically and
effective for humans.
Over the last decade, advances in digital electronics have made computers smaller, cheaper and
faster. This project is about how we can control the fan based on temperature sensor called
thermistor. It is also a part of smart home applications where the fan will gradually increase the
speed if the temperature of the environment increases. Here the component that made up the
temperature sensor is known as Thermistor. There are two types of Thermistor depending on
sign k. Firstly k is Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC). PTC themistor works by increasing
the resistance will increase the temperature. Secondly, k is Negative Temperature Coefficient
(NTC). The NTC thermistor works by decreasing the resistance will increase the temperature.
This project will focus on NTC type thermistor. After some experiments, the result of the
experimentation and finding can be concluded.

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CONTENTS

Serial Chapter Title of the Chapter Page No.

No. No.

1. 1 Introduction 01

2. 2 Problem Statement 02

3. 3 Methodology 03-09

4. 4 Validation 10

5. 5 Implementation 11-12

6. 6 Results and interpretation 13

7. 7 Conclusion 14

8. References 15

9. Appendices 16-19

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1. INTRODUCTION
Electronic Fan is one of the most popular electrical devices due to its effectiveness and low
power consumption advantages. It is a common circuit and widely used in many applications. It
is also one of the most sensible solutions to offer a comfortable and energy efficient.

Nowadays, the demand for accurate temperature control and air freshening control has
conquered many industrial domains such as process heat, automotive, industrial places or office
buildings where air is cooled in order to maintain a comfortable environment for its occupants.
One of the most important concern involved in heat area consist in the desired temperature
achievement and consumption optimization. So, an automatic temperature control system
technology is needed for the controlling purpose in the fan speed according to temperature
changes.

The objectives of this project are to:-

 Enable the electric fan to automatically change the speed according to temperature
changes.
 Develop an automatic fan system that can change the speed level due to environment
temperature changes.
 Develop an automatic fan system that can preview the status of the temperature and the
speed level by using NTC thermistor.

ADVANTAGES OF TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED FAN:-

 It is very economical and easy to handle by the user.

 Speed varies automatically.
 It is helpful to disabled people.
 Save energy by slowing down its speed in low temperature.

APPLICATIONS OF TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED FAN:-

 Automotive
 Telecom equipment
 Laptops, servers and many portable and non-portable electronic devices.

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2. PROBLEM STATEMENT
I. To design a temperature controlled DC Fan using op-amp 741.

Most human feels the inconvenient about changing the fan speed level manually when the room
temperature changes. So the automatic fan system that automatically changes the speed level
according to temperature changes is recommended to be built for solving this problem.

II. CONSTRAINTS:-

In automatic temperature controlled fan, the speed control is independent of individual

preference. Here the micro-controller or heat sensor is the heart of the circuit, if sensor is
damaged then the whole system will be interrupted

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3. METHODOLOGY

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND:-

Sometimes electric fan usage is wasting power because of human attitude. Human also mostly
demands something that easily to be used without wasting energy. To minimize or reduce the
power usage, this project developed an automatic fan system where speed is controlled by the
room temperature.

The automatic temperature controlled fan system totally works on the basis of one component
termed as Thermistor. Thermistor can be called as the heart of the whole system. Themistor is a
type of resistor whose resistance is dependent on temperature. The word is a combination of
thermal and resistor. Thermistors are widely used as inrush current limiters, temperature sensors,
self regulating heating elements.

Thermistors are of two opposite fundamental types:-

NEGATIVE TEMPERATURE CO-EFFICIENT THERMISTOR (NTC):-

Negative temperature co-efficient of resistance thermistors, or NTC thermistors reduce or

decrease their resistive value as the operating temperature around them increases. Generally,
NTC thermistors are the most commonly used type of temperature sensors as they can be used in
virtually any type of equipment where temperature plays an important role.

POSITIVE TEMPERATURE CO-EFFICIENT THERMISTOR (PTC):-

Positive temperature co-efficient of resistance thermistors, or PTC thermistors increase their

resitive value as the operating temperature around them increases. Generally, PTC thermistors
are commonly used as self-regulating heaters, over current protection, time delay, motor starting
and liquid level sensing.

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WORKING OF TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED DC FAN

The basic working principle of temperature controlled DC Fan is based on the working principle
of thermistor. Thermistor is component which changes its resistence as its temperature changes.
There are two types of thermistor available which are NTC i.e. Negative temperature co-efficient
and other is PTC i.e. positive temperature co-efficient.

Fig 3.1- Circuit diagram of Temperature Controlled DC Fan using Thermistor

In temperature controlled DC fan we have used a NTC type thermistor. It is called NTC because
its resistance increases when its temperature decreases and vice-versa. Thermistors are bead like
resistors available from 100Ω to 10kΩ or more values. Here a 4.7kΩ thermistor is used. IC741 is
used as a voltage comparator to switch on the DC Fan. Its pin 2 (Inverting Input) gets an
adjustable voltage through VR while its pin 3 (Non-Inverting Input) gets voltage through a
voltage divider comprising of R1= 4.7kΩ and a thermistor. Thus, the voltage at pin 3 depends on
the conductivity of the thermistor. Thus the output of the op-amp is responsible for the speed of
fan.

When the temperature is normal as set by VR, pin 3 gets higher voltage than pin 2 and makes the
output of the IC high. The high output keeps the transistor BD140 (T1) off since its base is
positive. DC fan remains OFF in this condition. When the temperature increases above the value

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set by VR, the resistance of thermistor decreases and the voltage at pin 3 decreases. As a result,
output of IC becomes low to switch T1. A small brush less DC Fan turns on to increase
circulation. When the temperature returns normal, fan automatically turns OFF. Diode 1N4007 is
necessary to remove back EMF when T1 turns OFF.

JUSTIFICATION:-

1. OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER –
An operational amplifier commonly known as op-amp is a two input single output
differential voltage amplifier which is characterized by high gain, high input impedance,
and low output impedance. It is mainly used in analog circuits to perform mathematical
operations like add, subtract, multiply, divide. Today op-amp are very popular building
blocks in electronic circuits.

(a) (b)

Fig 3.2- (a) Pin configuration of op-amp LM741 (b) Symbolic representation of op-amp

2. DIODE:-

A diode is defined as a semiconductor device with two terminals that conducts current in
one direction only (if operated within a specified voltage level). A diode only blocks
current in reverse direction while the reverse voltage is within a limited range otherwise
reverse barrier breaks and the voltage at which it breakdown occurs is called breakdown
voltage. The diode acts as a valve in the electrical and electronic circuit. A pn-junction

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 diode is the simplest form of the semiconductor diode which in ideal conditions behaves
as a short circuit when forward biased and open circuit when reverse biased.

Fig 3.3- Symbolic representation of Diode

3. POTENTIOMETER-
A Potentiometer is an electronic instrument that is used to measure the EMF(electro
motive force) of a given cell, the internal resistance of a cell. And also it is used as a
variable resistor in most of the applications. These potentiometers are used in huge
quantities in the manufacture of electronic equipment that provides a way of adjusting
electronic circuits so that the correct outputs are obtained.

(a) (b)

Fig 3.4- (a) A Potentiometer (trim pot) (b) Symbolic representation of trim pot

4. RESISTORS-

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 A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current
flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate
transmission lines, among other uses.

Fig 3.5- (a) A 10kΩ resistor (b) A 47Ω resistor

5. THERMISTOR-
Thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance changes with the change in the
temperature of the environment. There are two types of thermistor depending on the sign
of K. If K is positive, the resistance increases with increasing temperature. This is known
as positive temperature coefficient (PTC) thermistor. However, if K is negative, the
resistance decreases with increase in temperature. This is known as negative temperature
co-efficient (NTC) thermistor.

(a) (b)

Fig 3.6- (a) Thermistor symbolic representation (b) Thermistor

6. TRANSISTOR-

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 A transistor is a semi-conductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and
electrical power. It is composed of semi-conductor material usually at least three terminals
for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current is applied to one pair of transistor’s
terminals changes the current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled
output power can be higher than that controlling input power, a transistor can amplify signal.
Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in
integrated circuits.

Fig 3.7- Transistor symbol and pin out configuration of BD140

7. CONNECTING WIRES-
Copper is a good conductor of electricity that allows the electricity to flow through it easily. So it
is used to make connecting wires. Copper as a connecting wire has a very low electrical
resistance.

Fig 3.8-Connecting wires

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ENGINEERING SPECIFICATIONS:-
COMPONENT SPECIFICATION QUANTITY

OP-AMP LM741 01

DIODE IN4007 01

POTENTIOMETER 500KΩ 01

RESISTOR 10KΩ 01

47Ω 01

THERMISTOR 4.7K, NTC 01

TRANSISTOR BD140 01

DC MOTOR 12V 01

BREADBOARD 01

POWER SUPPLY ±12V, DC 01

CONNECTING WIRES 23SWG AS REQUIRED

Table 3.1- Components Required

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4. VALIDATION

Fig 4.1- Implementation of temperature controlled DC Fan

OUTPUT:-

Fig 4.2-Design of temperature controlled DC Fan

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5. IMPLEMENTATION
Using op-amp, finally the circuit below was implemented and a temperature controlled DC fan
was designed.

Fig 5.1- Automatic Temperature Controlled DC Fan using Op-amp LM741

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BREADBOARD IMPLEMENTATION:-

Fig 5.2 – Breadboard implementation of temperature controlled DC fan

VEROBOARD IMPLEMENTATION:-

Fig 5.3 – Vero board implementation of temperature controlled DC fan

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6. RESULTS & INTERPRETATION

Fig 6.1 – When we increase the temperature of thermistor, the fan starts rotating

Fig 6.2 – When the temperature decreases of thermistor, the fan stops rotating

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7. CONCLUSION

This project elaborates the design and construction of fan speed control system to control the
room temperature. The temperature sensor was carefully was carefully chosen to gauge the room
temperature. Moreover, the fan speed will increase automatically if the temperature of the room
increases. As conclusion, the system which was designed in this project was tested, implemented
in breadboard as well as soldered in vero board. It was performed very well, for any temperature
changes and can be classified as automatic control.
After the successful completion of the experiment, I learnt:

 About thermistor, its working principle, and its uses.

 About the whole working of automatic temperature controlled dc fan.

After completing this project I have learnt how to do soldering. How to make a circuit and
implement it in the vero board? Many a times I have to de- solder because of wrong connection
and sometimes while doing the soldering the circuit got shorted. The heating issue of op-amp
was a great hindrance in our project. I learnt how to keep patent and learnt many things about
various new components. It was a very nice experience while doing the experiment.

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REFERENCES
[1] https://www.electroschematics.com/4788/temperature-controlled-dc-fan/

[2] http://www.resistorguide.com/ptc-thermistor/

[3] https://myclassbook.org/temperature-controlled-dc-fan-using-thermistor/

[4]https://www.academia.edu/32168458/Temperature_Controlled_DC_Fan_Using
_Thermistor.docx

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APPENDICES

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