DISCUSSION :

From the first experiment, the preparation sodium hydroxide. As we know sodium hydroxide cannot be
used as a primary standard as it really absorbs water, moisture and carbon dioxide from the air. So in
order to determine the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution through titration, we use KHP
because it is a non-hygroscopic which is not react with any components and does not absorb moisture
rapidly from the environment. KHP also does not contain any water. KHP is an organic acid that is solid.

Thus, it is easily weighed. In a titration, the volume of a solution added to a reaction is measured using a
burette. A burette is a long tube with a stopcock at one end that can be used to control the flow.
Burette used for the accurate delivery of a variable amount of solution up to its max capacity and
typically calibrated in milliliters.

KHP and NaOH reacted together until one of the two is completely reacted which at this state we called
as endpoint and the solution is in neutral. If additional neutral base is added, the solution will become
basidic depending on which was added in excess. We cannot visually determine the solution has
reached end point without using indicator. To determine endpoint, we must use an indicator in the
solution. An indicator is a chemical that changes colour at a particular pH. When just a tiny excess of the
acid or base is added beyond the completion of reaction, the indicator changes colours. The amount
added from the burette at this point is called endpoint. In this experiment, we use phenolphthalein
indicator, which is the colour chang to pink when the solution is basidic. The first pink colour appear is
the end point. There is the chemical equation for the experiment:

KH𝐶8 𝐻4 𝑂4 + NaOH → KNa𝐶8 𝐻4 𝑂4 + 𝐻2 𝑂

From chemical equation above, we know that :

1 mole KH𝐶8 𝐻4 𝑂4 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑 I mole NaOH to produce 1 mole of KNa𝐶8 𝐻4 𝑂4 + 𝐻2 𝑂

So in titration 1 :

0.004948 mole KH𝐶8 𝐻4 𝑂4 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑 0.004948mole NaOH to produce 0.004948 mole of KNa𝐶8 𝐻4 𝑂4 +
0.004948𝐻2 𝑂

Using the number of mole we can get the molarity of NaOH used in this experiment that is 0.1712M.

in titration 2 :

0.005073 mole KH𝐶8 𝐻4 𝑂4 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑 0.005073 mole NaOH to produce 0.005073 mole of KNa𝐶8 𝐻4 𝑂4 +
0.005073 𝐻2 𝑂

Using the number of mole we can get the molarity of NaOH used in this experiment that is 0.1720M.

in titration 3 :

0.005111 mole KH𝐶8 𝐻4 𝑂4 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑 0.005111 mole NaOH to produce 0.005111 mole of KNa𝐶8 𝐻4 𝑂4 +
0.005111 𝐻2 𝑂

Using the number of mole we can get the molarity of NaOH used in this experiment that is 0.1727 M.
Next the analysis of the vinegar sample. Vinegar is a solution of acetic acid in water. Acetic acid is a weak
monoprotic acid. There is the chemical equation:

CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3CO𝑂− 𝑁𝑎+ + 𝐻2 𝑂

From the equation, we can determine the number of moleof acetic acid by using stoichiometry. We had
been calculate the number of mole of sodium hydroxide from the part b experiment.

1 mole CH3COOH need 1 mole NaOH to produce 1 mole CH3CO𝑂− 𝑁𝑎+ 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐻2 𝑂. 0.005111 mole
CH3COOH need 0.005111 mole NaOH to produce 0.005111 mole CH3CO𝑂− 𝑁𝑎+ and 0.005111 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝐻2 𝑂.

So by using the number of mole we can get the mass of acetic acid, that is 0.3068g.