Classification of Consonants
5. Lingua-palatal – a sound that is produced as
Consonants
– are sounds that are produced when air
passes through an articulator and point of
articulation that touch or nearly touch each
other which provide clarity of diction.
CONSONANT SOUNDS
are produced by completely or partially
stopping the breath
are used before or after a vowel or a
diphthong (a combination of vowel sounds
with a continuous gliding motion)
CONSONANT SOUNDS
can be voiceless , or voiced
voiceless - when there is no vibration
voiced - when there is vibration
can be classified according to the organs used
for production and manner of articulation
(see Fig. 3.11: Place of Articulation)
CONSONANT SOUNDS
Place of Articulation
refers to the articulator involved in the sound
production such as the lips , teeth, tongue ,
alveolar ridge , hard palate, velum, nasal
cavity , and glottis
Manner of articulation or production
- describes how the sound is made or
produced by the articulators
Place of Articulation
Bilabial – refers to the production of the
consonant sounds with the use of the upper
and lower lips pressed together or almost
touching one another
Labio-dental – refers to the lips and teeth
where the lower lip is touching the upper
teeth to articulate the sound
Lingua-dental – the sound produced with the
tongue contacting the teeth
Lingua-alveolar – refers to the sound made
when the tongue touches the alveolar ridge or
the roof of the mouth
Place of Articulation
the tongue makes contact with the hard
palate
6. Lingua-velar – the sound made as the
tongue is raised and touches the soft palate
7. Glottal – refers to the glottis , the opening
between the vocal cords in the larynx, and of
which sound is produced by closing the glottis
or the opening of the vocal cords
Labial (b,p,m) Labia-Dental (f) Velar(g,k,
ŋ)
Lingua-Velar
Place of Articulation
Manner of Articulation
Plosives or stops – are consonant sounds
produced by a momentary blocking of the
airflow and the sudden release of the blocked
air
e.g. [p] , [b] , [t] , [d] , [k] , [g]
2. Fricatives – are consonant sounds produced
by forcing air through the narrow channel
made by placing two articulators close
together
e.g. [f], [v] , [s] , [z], [h], [ ∫ ],
3. Nasals – refer to the production of sounds
with a lowered velum in the mouth and
allowing air to escape freely through the nose
e.g. [m], [n], [ŋ]
Place of articulation
This refers to the production of the consonant
sounds with the use of the upper and lower
lips pressed together or almost touching one
another
This refers to the lips and teeth where the
lower lip is touching the upper teeth to
articulate the sound
This is the sound produced with the tongue
contacting the teeth
This refers to the sound made when the
tongue touches the alveolar ridge or the roof
of the mouth
5. These are those that are formed by
stopping the flow of air and then releasing it,
so that a friction – sound is produced.
Manner If it is a second syllable as in obJECT , it means
6. [d] not to agree to/ with
[k] Note : the word that received the primary
[f], stress on the first syllable is a noun, and the
[v] word that received the primary stress on the
[m], second syllable is a verb
[ t∫ ] , Read the ff. words with the correct stress.
Place/manner
Bilabial NOUN VERB
Labio-dental PROduce
Lingua-dental proDUCE
Lingua-alveolar DEfect
Affricates deFECT
Manner PREsent
Plosives or stops preSENT
6. Plosives or stops CONduct
7. Fricatives conDUCT
8. Fricatives CONtest
Nasal conTEST
affricates REcord
reCORD
Manner of Articulation CONtract
4. Laterals – a consonant sound produced conTRACT
when the tongue is raised to the root of the PERmit
mouth that the air flows or passes out of both perMIT
sides of the tongue Insult
5. Glides – are the sounds produced from inSULT
constricting the vocal tract but not really PROcess
obstructing it ( e.g. [ w ], [ j ] proCESS
6. Affricates – are those that are formed by Simple Rules on Word Stress
stopping the flow of air and then releasing it,
so that a friction – sound is produced.
e.g. [ t∫ ] , [ dζ ] Stress the suffix itself.
Two Classifications of Stress ee employee,
refugee
Major = primary and secondary eer career,
Minor = tertiary and weak engineer
Primary stress – is considered the stress that ese Japanese,
is always present in a word, except for Cantonese
monosyllabic words. Word Stress
- the strongest stress and once one
knows which syllable or component receives Rhythm – is an ordered recurrent alternation
it, he is sure to be able to pronounce the word of strong and weak stresses or the
correctly recurrences of stressed and unstressed
There are words on the different syllables syllables in a word or components
which convey a different meaning
e.g. object Stress – is the emphasis or force given to a
If it is pronounced with the emphasis on the syllable or syllables in a word or phrase as it is
first syllable as in Object, the word means a pronounced
thing - usually symbolized by [ ’ ] being placed
on the syllable intended to be emphasized or
pronounced more audibly than the rest of the numbers ending in –ty receives the stress on
syllables in the word or phrase the first syllable.

fourteen
2. Stress the syllable immediately before forty
suffixes like : sixteen sixty
-ic heroic, fifteen fifty
symbiotic eighteen
-ical geological, biological, eighty
logical 6. Most words on with two syllables are
-ity identity, stressed on the first syllable.
personality window balance
-sion, -tion commission, movement
contrition closet table
-tious,-cious cautious, luscious candy
-ual,-ial continual, congenital ladder teacher
-logy biology, ideology honey
-graphy photography, ceiling mother
orthography noodles
- meter kilometer, centimeter clothing father
pasta
children baby
3. For compound nouns, stress the first market
component (first word) . 7. Reflexive pronouns are stressed on the
doorknob bookshelf second syllable/component. (-self)
lampshade
tablespoon pillbox himself
rooftop herself
roofdeck penthouse yourself
staircase themselves
scoreboard rainbow Read the following words, giving emphasis on
pinwheel the syllables that receives the strongest
windmill courseware stress, or the primary stress.
ballpen
hairnet hairpin Two-syllable words stressed on the first
blackboard syllable
manhole bookrack 12
classroom actor drastic carbon
classmate organ
essence logic hamper
4. Compound verbs have a primary stress on chaos
the second component. magic waffle clothing
charcoal
understand sterile baggage folder
undertake village
overtook timber closet color
oversleep jewel
undergo
overtake
5. Numbers ending in –teen receives the Two- syllable words stressed on the second
primary stress on the –teen syllables; syllable.
12 Four-syllable words with the primary stress on
conceal corsage avoid reveal the second syllable.
revise collage abrupt direct 1234
event enthuse assent surreal congressional biology histology
dessert dissent oblique bestow ferocity belligerent
proclaim disclose reprint oppose impeccable
transferable commendable
Three – syllable words with the primary stress ambivalent
on the first syllable Conditioner injectable
123
amulet polisher gallantry
arrogant
decibel coroner violet avalanche Four-syllable words with the primary stress on
arbiter caliber palpable anarchy the third syllable.
difficult portable condiment benefit 1234
deficit flammable bigotry personnel obligation anarchism
Three – syllable words with the primary stress machination
n the second syllable. charismatic accidental
123 manufacture
arrival connivance departmental ambidextrous
conjecture
consortium commercial Five-syllable words with the primary stress on
monarchial the second syllable.
aroma continuous 12345
ambitious romanticism
completion defective commercialism
imperfect conventionalize refrigerator
persona coercion consideration
insomnia industrialize
sophistication
Three-syllable with primary stress on the Catholicism
third or final syllable. Five-syllable words with the primary stress on
the third syllable.
123 12345
photosynthesis personality archipelago
understand warranty operational parliamentary
lemonade elementary
jamboree conjugate beneficiary temporarily
overthrow chronological
undermine impolite Choreography sedimentary
metropolitan
Four-syllable words with the primary stress on Five-syllable words with the primary stress on
the first syllable. the fourth syllable.
12345
1234 accommodation
characteristics
adversary commentary appreciation
incandescent temperamental
temporary aviary socialization
mortuary authoritarian
oligarchy mandatory
 pronunciation - a basic pattern used in declarative
antagonistic and imperative statements and information
consideration questions
classification = drop or shift
alliteration = glide
precipitation 2. Rising intonation or 2-3-3 pattern
Shift in Stress - a pattern used for questions
Generally, when suffixes are added to a word, answerable by yes or no
no shift in the stress occurs.
e.g. Intonation
honest–honesty improve- Examples:
improvement Declarative Statement :
holy-holiness direct- Drop/shift
directive Sarah dances gracefully.
attend-attendance reason-reasonable
beautiful-beautifully lonely-loneliness
happy-happiness crazy- They visit their parents on
craziness Sundays.
measure-measurement
color-colorful Glide
She is in love.
Imperative ( command) Statement:
Adding a suffix will result to a movement of Drop/shift
the stress from one syllable to another. Please get me a glass of
e.g. water.
operate – operation render –
rendition Run me an errand.
politics – political organ –
organic Glide
person – personality history – historical Come in.
comment – commentary technology -
technological Sit down.
product – productive discipline – Information Questions:
disciplinary
available – availability record - recording
Where did you find this
wallet?

Intonation What is your name?

Rising intonation or 2-3-3 pattern
- a melody or tune of speech
produced when the voice goes up or down as
the speaker changes his thoughts or emotions Are you scared?

Intonation Is this yours?

English Intonation System
Final Intonation or 2-3-1 pattern
- also known as rising–falling THANK YOU FOR
intonation LISTENING…