GENERAL BIOLOGY PAPER

STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND PROCESS SYSTEMS ON HUMAN

ORGAN [1]

GROUP : 8 (EIGHT)

MEMBER :1.YUNITA JELLIYAH JALLIS PUTRI (18033023)

2. DESI RAMADANI (18033090)

3. KURNIA ANDINI (18033097)

STUDY PROGRAM : PHYSICAL EDUCATION A

LECTURER : Dr. IRDAWATI, S. Si, M.Si

GANDA HIJRAH SELARAS, S. Pd, M. Pd

PHYSICS MAJOR
FACULTY OF MATH AND SCIENCE
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI PADANG
2019
 STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND PROCESS SYSTEMS ON HUMAN ORGAN
[1]
A. Digestive system
1. Understanding the digestive system
The digestion process is the process of destruction of food into nutrients that can
be absorbed by the body. A tool that serves to destroy this food is called the digestive
tract. In order to digest food can be absorbed by the body properly, then the digestive
apparatus must be in good health. Through the digestive system of nutrients that is
processed first, and then absorbed by the body.
As for the food digestion process include the following:
1) Ingestion: importation of food into the body through the mouth.
2) Mastication: the process of chewing food by the teeth.
3) Deglutisi: ingestion of food in the esophagus.
4) Digestion: the conversion of food into simpler molecules by the enzyme, found
in the stomach.
5) Absorption: the absorption process, occurs in the small intestine.
6) Defecation: spending the rest of the food that is not useful.
Digestion of food in the human digestive tract includes two processes, namely
mechanical digestion and mechanical kimiawi.Pencernaan digestion is performed by
digestion of teeth in the mouth, while the chemical digestion is the digestion involves
enzymes. The chemical digestion occurs starting from the mouth, stomach and anus.
2. The structure and processes of the digestive system
1. Salivary gland
2. parotid
3. Submandibular (under the jaw)
4. Sublingual (under the tongue)
5. Oral cavity
6. tonsil
7. Tongue
8. esophagus
9. Pancreas
10. side
11. pancreatic duct
12. Heart
13. Gall bladder
14. duodenum
15. Bile duct
16. Kolon
17. transverse colon
18. ascending colon
19. Kolon descenden
20. ileal
21. cecum
22. Appendix / appendix
23. Rectal / bowel Poros
24. anus
Figure 1. The digestive system
 The structure of the digestive system, also known as the gastrointestinal tract,
allowing the different organs to sequentially break down and process food. Digestive
tract is a channel that receive food from outside and prepare to be absorbed by the
body by the digestive process (penguyahan, swallowing, and mixing) with the
enzyme liquid which spread from the mouth to the anus.
Organ Participate In The Digestive System
a. Digestive tract
The digestive tract is a continuous channel in the form of a tube surrounded
by muscles. Pencernan system humans have in general a process that initially
after the food is chewed and swallowed, it should be about 5-10 seconds to pass
through the esophagus and into the stomach, which spend 2-6 hours to digest the
majority. Final digestion and nutrient absorption occur in the small intestine for
a period of 5-6 hours. Within 12-14 hours, any material that is not tercena will
pass through the large intestine and feces excreted through the anus. The organs
are involved, among others, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small
bowel lumen, and the epithelium of the small intestine.
1) Mouth

Figure 1. Parts of the mouth

The process of digestion begins from the food into the mouth. In the mouth
there are tools that help in the digestion process, namely the teeth, tongue and
salivary gland (saliva). In the mouth, the food experience in mechanical and
chemical digestion. Some organs in the mouth, namely:
a) Tooth
Teeth serve to chew food so the food becomes smooth. This situation allows
the digestive enzymes to digest food more quickly and efficiently. Teeth can
be divided into four kinds, namely incisors, canines, molars front and rear
molars. In general, human teeth consists of three parts, namely dental crown
(corona), tooth neck (neck), and the tooth root (root). Crowns or tooth cusp
part which looks from the outside. Each type of tooth has a tooth crown
shape is different. Chisel-shaped incisors, canines shaped like a pointed
chisel, and molars somewhat cylindrical shape with a wide and flat surfaces
grooved. The shape of crowns on incisors associated with functions for
cutting and nibbling. The canines are shaped like a pointed chisel to tear
food. While the molars with a wide and flat surfaces grooved serves to chew
food. Neck of the teeth is the tooth that is protected in the gums, while the
root of the tooth is the tooth that is embedded in the jaw.
 When we observe the cross-sectional images of teeth, it will look the parts
as in the picture below.

Figure 3. Parts of the teeth

Tooth enamel is the hard white coating that covers the crown of the
tooth. Dental bone, dentin is composed of substances. Marrow tooth (pulp),
a tooth cavity in which there are nerve fibers and blood vessels. That is why
when we are perforated teeth will ache, because the teeth are nerve cord.
b) Tongue
The tongue is a mass of striated muscle covered by mucous membrane
of muscle fibers intersect each other in the 3 areas, grouped in bundles,
usually separated by connective tissue. On the lower surface of the tongue,
mucous membrane smooth, while the dorsal surface irregular, pervaded by
many small bumps called papilae. Papilae tongue protrusions are oral
epithelium and lamina propria allegedly different shapes and functions.
There are 4 types of papilae.
 Papilae filiformis: mepunyai protrusion shape slim and conical, very
much, and there are on the entire surface of the tongue. Epitelnya not
contain soy nipple (receptor).
 Papilae fungiform resembles the shape of mushrooms because they
have a narrow stalk and the top surface widened. This Papilae,
containing nipples taste buds scattered on the upper surface, an irregular
manner are on the sidelines between papilae filoformis are numerous.
 Papilae foliatae, arranged as protrusions are very solid all the lateral
edge of the back of the tongue, these papillae contains a lot of nipple
ketchup.
 Papilae circumfalatae a very large papilae flat surface extending above
the other papilae. Papilae circumvalate scattered in the area "V" on the
posterior part of the tongue. Many mucous and serous glands (von
Ebner) drain the contents into the surrounding groove in the edge of
each papilla. arrangements
This trench resembling enable continuous fluid flow over a lot of soy
sauce contained nipples along side these papillae. The flow of this
secretion is important to get rid of particles from around the nipple soy
sauce so that they can accept and process new stimuli pengencapan. In
addition to serous glands associated with this type of papillae, mucous
 and serous glands are small scattered throughout the oral cavity wall so
epiglottis, pharynx, palate, and so forth-to respond to stimuli ketchup.

Figure 4. Location of the sensitivity of the tongue to taste

c) Salivary gland
Saliva or salivary glands produce saliva (saliva). The salivary glands in
the mouth there are three pairs, namely:
 Parotid glands, located under the ear.
 Submandibular gland, located in the lower jaw.
 Sublingual gland, located under the tongue.
The layout of the salivary glands in the mouth can be seen in the following
figure.

Figure 5. Location of the salivary kelenjer

Parotid glands produce saliva liquid. Submandibular gland and
sublingual glands produce a latex containing water and mucus. Saliva serves
to facilitate the ingestion of food. So, saliva serves to moisten and lubricate
the food is so easy to swallow. In addition, the lining of the mouth saliva
also protects against heat, cold, acids, and bases. There are enzymes in the
saliva ptyalin (amylase). Ptyalin enzyme function in the mouth convert food
containing carbohydrates (starch) into simple sugars (maltose). Maltose is
easily digested by the subsequent digestive organs. Enzyme ptyalin works
well at a pH between 6.8 to 7 and 37 ° C.
2) Faring
The pharynx is an organ that connects the mouth to the esophagus
(osofagus) in the pharyngeal arches are tonsils (tonsillectomy) is a collection of
many lymph nodes contain lymphocytes and is a defense against infection.
Here is the junction between the airway and street food, located behind the
 mouth and nasal cavity, in front of the vertebral column. To the top of the front
associated with the nasal cavity, through the hole called koana.

Figure 6. The parts of the digestive tract bagiasn

Pharyngeal circumstances related to the oral cavity through a hole called
the superior ismusfausium.Bagian called nasopharyngeal nasofaring.Pada boils
down tube that connects the pharynx with space telinga.Bagian media drum
called the oropharynx. This section is bounded forward until at the root of the
tongue called the superior part of the pharynx, the base of the tongue that
connects the pharynx to the throat (trachea).
3) Esophagus
Gullet (esophagus) is a conduit between the mouth to the stomach. The
esophagus serves as a way for the chewed food from the mouth to the stomach.
Thus, the esophagus does not happen digestive process. Peristalsis in the
esophagus
Swallowing food occur in the esophagus is peristaltic movement /
peristalsis, the movement of the muscular wall of the digestive tract (rich in
smooth muscle) in the form of movement or motion fireworks flared wringing
food in the form of a bolus and would encourage lobes toward the stomach. The
time required lobes of the esophagus leading to the stomach is 6 seconds.
4) Side
Gastric (ventricle) is the big bag which is located on the left side of the
abdominal cavity as the site of a number of digestive process. Hull consists of
three parts, namely the upper (cardiac), the center of the rounded (fundus), and
bottom (pylorus). Cardiac adjacent to the heart and is associated with the
esophagus. Pylorus directly related to the duodenum. At the end there is a
cardiac and pyloric sphincter valve or regulating the entrance and exit of food to
and from the stomach. Hull structure can be seen in the picture below.
 Figure 8. Structure of the stomach
Gastric function to:
a) Received food and work as a container for a short period.
b) Points mixing food is thawed and mixed with hydrochloric acid.
c) Transform proteins into peptone.
d) Digest fat.
Hull consists of three parts, namely:
a) Kardia is the top, the entrance area of food from the esophagus itself.
b) Fundus is the middle, rounded shape.
c) Pylorus is the bottom, the area associated with the intestine 12 fingers or
often called the duodenum.
Gastric wall consists of four layers, namely:
a) Mucosa is the layer where the cells secrete various types of liquids, such as
enzymes, stomach acids, and hormones. This layer is shaped like a trough to
enlarge the ratio between area and volume that magnifies the volume of
gastric juice that can be issued.
In the mucosa lining there are three types of cells that function in
digestion, namely:
 Goblet cells, function to produce mucus or mucus to keep the outer layer
of cells from being damaged by the enzyme pepsin and stomach acid.
 Parietal cells, used to produce stomach acid [hydrochloric acid] which is
useful in the activation of the enzyme pepsin. It is estimated that the
parietal cells produce 1.5 mol dm-3 gastric acid that makes the level of
acidity in the stomach reaches pH 2.
 Chief cells, serves to produce pepsinogen, namely pepsin enzyme in an
inactive form. Chief producing cells in an inactive form of the enzyme
that does not digest the protein which is owned by the cell, which can
cause death in these cells.
b) Submucosa is the layer where the arteries and veins can be found to distribute
nutrients and oxygen to the cells of the stomach as well as to bring the
nutrients are absorbed, urea, and carbon dioxide from the cells.
 c) Muscularis is a muscle layer that helps the stomach in mechanical digestion.
This layer is divided into three layers of muscle, which is a circular muscle,
longitudinal, and diagonal. Contraction and three kinds of the muscle layer
resulting in peristalsis (the motion menggelombang). Peristalsis cause of food
in the stomach churned. The outermost layer is a serous stomach serves as a
protective layer. The cells in this layer issued a kind of liquid to reduce the
friction that occurs between the stomach with the other limb.
In the stomach wall inside are the glands that produce gastric juice. Aroma,
shape, color, and taste of the food reflex will cause the secretion of gastric juice.
Gastric juice containing gastric acid (HCI), pepsin, mucin, and renin. Gastric
acid acts as a killer of microorganisms and activates the enzyme pepsinogen into
pepsin.
 Pepsin is an enzyme that can convert proteins into smaller molecules.
 Mucin is a mucous protein that paves the food.
 Renin is an enzyme specifically present only in mammals, acted as
kaseinogen into casein. Casein is coagulated by Ca2 + of milk that can be
digested by pepsin. Without renim milk in liquid form will pass by in
lambuing and intestines without a chance to digest.
 HCL (Hydrochloric Acid) is an enzyme that is useful to kill germs and
bacteria on food.
5) Small intestine
Small bowel (intestine) is the absorption of nutrients and the scene of the
most long digestive process. The small intestine is a channel length of about 8.25
m and is divided into three main parts:
a) Duodenal / duodenum is the small intestine, which borders ventriculus. A
process of the breakdown of fats and carbohydrates. Length about 25 cm /
0.25 m
b) Jejunum / small intestine jejunum is directly adjacent to the duodenum and
ileum. Here there is a process of absorption and pencernaaan food. Length is
about 7 m.
c) Ileum / intestinal absorption of the small intestine which is adjacent to the
intestine jejunum and crassum. This is where absorption occurs in nutrients.
Length is about 1 m.

Figure 9. part of the small intestine

 The main function of the small intestine are:
a) Receive substances that are easily digested foods to be absorbed through
the blood capillaries and lymph channels
b) Absorb protein in the form of amino acids
c) Absorb carbohydrates in the form of fat emulsion
Gland or enzyme in the small intestine:
a) Enterokinase to activate trypsinogen to trypsin.
b) Eripsin enhance protein digestion into amino acids.
c) Lactase convert lactose into glucose and galactose.
d) Maltase maltose into glucose change.
e) Disakarase change disaccharide into monosaccharides
f) Peptidase change polypeptides into amino acids
g) Lipase change triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids
h) Sukrase change sucrose into fructose and glucose.
6) Colon
Food that is not digested in the small intestine, such as cellulose, together
with mucus will go to the colon into the stool. In the large intestine are
Escherichia coli. These bacteria help in the process of decay of the remaining
food into feces. In addition to decompose the leftovers, the E. coli bacteria also
produce vitamin K. Vitamin K plays an important role in blood clotting process.
The rest of the food in the large intestine entry contains a lot of water. Because
the body needs water, so most of the water is absorbed back into the large
intestine. Re-absorption of water is an important function of the colon. The large
intestine is composed of parts that go up, starting from the appendix (appendix),

part landscape, part decreases, and ends at the anus.

Figure 10. Colon
7) Anus
A pit disposal of faeces from the body. Before being discharged through the
anus, faeces collected prior to the rectum. If the stool is ready to be discarded
then spinkter rectum muscle regulate the opening and closing of the anus.
Spinkter muscles that make up the rectum there are two, namely smooth muscle
and striated muscle. Thus, the process of defecation (bowel movements) done
consciously, with the contraction of the abdominal wall muscles followed by a
loosening of the anal sphincter muscle and the contractions of the colon and
rectum. As a result of feces can be pushed out of the anus.
b. Additional digestive organs (accessories)
This additional digestive organs function to assist in performing its digestive
tract. Teeth and tongue contained in the oral cavity, gall bladder and digestive glands
will be linked to the digestive tract through a channel. Additional digestive glands
will produce secretions that contribute to the breakdown of foodstuffs. Teeth, tongue,
gall bladder, some digestive glands such as the salivary glands, liver and pancreas.
1) Pancreas
The pancreas is a long gland rather narrow and vital role in the human
digestive system, particularly the duodenum (duodenum). It lies behind the
duodenum, the posterior part of the abdomen under the hull with a length of 114
to 18 cm and weighing 65 to 67 grams.
Figure 11. Pancreas

The pancreas also contains cells that produce sap pankreas.Getah pancreas
is a digestive fluid that has an important role in treating the three main groups of
organic food ingredients, namely carbohydrates, proteins, and pancreas
lemak.Getah is mainly composed of water, bicarbonate, and enzymes that can be
distinguished on the enzyme trypsin, enzimamilase, and lipase.
Pancreatic enzyme function is as follows.
• The enzyme amylase or amylopsin serves to convert carbohydrates (zattepung)
into sugars such as maltose simpler.
• Lipase enzyme plays a role in changing fat into fatty acids and glycerol.
• The enzyme trypsin to digest protein. Transform proteins into simpler forms,
such as peptones and amino acids.
• Sodium bicarbonate create alkaline conditions which activates enzymes.
Pancreas sap flowed into the duodenum through two channels along
pankreas.Pada duodenum, bicarbonate neutralizes chymus asam.Tripsin work on
protein in the diet and help improve food digestion in the stomach together with
pepsin enzyme produced by the stomach , Amylase plays a role in the
breakdown of carbohydrates continue the process begun by the enzyme ptyalin
in saliva. Meanwhile, the lipase has a no less important role in the breakdown of
fats.
Some of the main functions of the pancreas, among others:
• Regulate blood sugar levels through the issuance of glucagon, which
increases blood sugar levels by accelerating the release rate of the heart.
• Reduction in blood sugar levels by secreting insulin which accelerate the
flow of glucose into the cells of the body, especially the muscles. Insulin
 also stimulates the liver to convert glucose into glycogen and store it in the
cells.
2) Liver
Hepatic (liver) is the largest gland in the body with a weight of about 1300
to 1550 grams red and brown, has a lot of blood vessels and soft. Hepatic essenti
ally wedge-shaped surface on the right side and the peak on the left side of the
body, located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen (right hypochondria).
The upper surface is adjacent to the diaphragm and the lower limit following the
right costal outskirts.

Figure 12. Heart

Liver function is as follows:

a) Detoxicating
The main function of the liver is offering toxins that enter the body. Tox
ins can come from food, beverage, or medication. Metabolic processes in th
e body will produce lactic acid that can be harmful, but the liver will convert
into glycogen which is a type of carbohydrate that can be used as a source of
energy stored in the muscles.
Protein metabolism also will generate residual ammonia substances that
are harmful to the body, but the heart will be converted into urea and excrete
d with urine.
b) Carbohydrate metabolism
Other monosaccharides such as glucose and fructose and galactose are
converted into glycogen. Glycogen is a carbohydrate made up of hundreds o
f glucose units bonded together.
Carbohydrate storage in the form of glycogen has advantages:
- Quickly broken down to produce energy
- High energy production
- Does not leak into the cell and does not interfere with intracellular fluid
content
Changing the form of carbohydrates require the help of two hormones i
nsulin and glucagon are produced by the pancreas. When blood glucose leve
ls rise, insulin is released to convert glucose into glycogen and stored in the
liver and muscle tissue. When the level of glucose in the blood falls, the glu
cagon is released to break down stored glycogen into glucose and then be m
etabolized to produce energy.
 c) Protein metabolism
Some amino acids are converted into glucose through gluconeogenesis.
Amino acids needed by the body and then converted into urea and uric acid
which is secreted from liver cells into the blood to excreted by the kidneys a
nd excreted through urine.
d) Fat metabolism
When the fat needed by the body, the fat will be taken out of the storag
e area in the body, and then transported through the blood to the liver and is
broken down into fatty acids and glycerol.
e) The synthesis of cholesterol and plasma protein
The liver can synthesize cholesterol and steroid and plasma protein pro
ducts such as fibrinogen, prothrombin, and most globulin.
f) Storage of various substances
The liver is a glycogen storage, fat, vitamins A, B12, D, and K, as well
as iron.
g) Points formation and dismantling of red blood cells
Within 6 months of fetal life, the liver produces red blood cells, and the
n the production of red blood cells is gradually taken over by the bone marr
ow. At the time of blood passes through the liver, about 3 million red blood
cells are destroyed every second, and the results of its destruction is still no
substance that will be used to form new red blood cells.
h) Produce substances that dissolve fat
The liver produces approximately 0.5 - 1 liter of bile every day. Bile is
what will dissolve the fat in the intestines.
3. The function of the digestive system
The main function of this system is to provide food, water, and electrolytes to
the body of the nutrients are digested so ready to be absorbed.
The digestive system (from the mouth to the anus) function as follows:
a. receive food
b. Break down food into nutrients (a process called digestion)
c. Absorb nutrients into the bloodstream
d. Get rid of the food that can not be digested from the body.
4. The mechanism of the human digestion system
First of all, the digestion is done by mouth. Here do the mechanical digestion is
the process of using teeth to chew food and chemical digestion using enzymes
ptyalin (amylase). Ptyalin enzyme function in the mouth convert food containing
carbohydrates (starch) into simple sugars (maltose). Maltose is easily digested by the
subsequent digestive organs. Enzyme ptyalin works well at a pH between 6.8 to 7
and 37 ° C.
The food is then taken to the stomach and passes through the esophagus. Food
can be dropped into the stomach due to the contraction of the muscles in the
esophagus. In the stomach, food is going through chemical digestion process using a
substance / enzyme as follows:
 Renin, functioning precipitate milk protein (casein) from milk (ASI). Only
owned by the baby.
  Pepsin, serves to break down proteins into peptone.
 HCl (hydrochloric acid), serves to activate pepsinogen into pepsin. As a
disinfectant, as well as stimulate the hormone secretin and cholecystokinin in
the small intestine.
 Lipase, serves to break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol. However lipase
produced very little.
Once the food is processed in the stomach which takes about 3-4 hours, the food
will be brought into the duodenum. In the duodenum following are enzymes from the
pancreas:
a. Amylase
An enzyme that converts starch (starch) into simpler sugars (maltose).
b. lipase
The enzyme that converts fat into fatty acids and glycerol.
c. trypsinogen
If not active, it will be activated to trypsin, an enzyme that converts the protein
and peptone into a dipeptide and an amino acid that is readily absorbed by the
small intestine.
In addition, there are also bile. The bile produced by the liver and stored in the
gall bladder. Furthermore, bile flowed through the bile duct into the duodenum. Bile
contains bile salts and bile pigment (bilirubin). Functioning bile salts emulsify fat.
Brown bile pigment, and is produced by means of a remodel red blood cells that have
been dark at heart. Bile is a resultexcretionin the heart. Bile pigment gives
characteristic brown color of stool.
Furthermore, the food was brought to the small intestine. Occurs in the small
intestine chemical digestion process involving various digestive enzymes. Digestible
carbohydrates into glucose. Digested fats into fatty acids and glycerol, as well as
protein is digested into amino acids. So, in the duodenum, the whole process of
digestion of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins resolved. Furthermore, the process of
absorption (absorption) will take place in the jejunum and mostly in the intestine
absorbent. Carbohydrates are absorbed in the form of glucose, fat is absorbed in the
form of fatty acids and glycerol, and protein is absorbed in the form of amino acids.
Vitamins and minerals are not experiencing digestion and can be directly absorbed
by the small intestine.
Food that is not digested in the small intestine, such as cellulose, together with
mucus will go to the colon into the stool. In the large intestine are Escherichia coli.
These bacteria help in the process of decay of the remaining food into feces. In
addition to decompose the leftovers, the E. coli bacteria also produce vitamin K.
Vitamin K plays an important role in blood clotting process. The rest of the food in
the large intestine entry contains a lot of water. Because the body needs water, so
most of the water is absorbed back into the large intestine. Re-absorption of water is
an important function of the colon. Furthermore, the leftovers will be removed
through the anus in the form of feces. This process is called defecation and done
consciously.
5. Disease In The Digestive System
a. Sprue
Digestive tract disturbed or attacked by canker sores are mouth (lips and
gums) and the tongue. When you are exposed to thrush, lips and tongue like hurt
and sore, especially when eating. Usually people who are affected by this
disease become reluctant to eat, so the condition of the body down. The cause is
"hot in 'or sores on the mouth and tongue. People are susceptible to thrush
possibility of lack of vitamin C or weak durability.
Treatment is done with drugs thrush. If the signs would be attacked by
canker sores appear should take a refresher or prevention solution heat inside.
People who are prone to canker sores should eat foods that contain a lot of
vitamin C or increase the intake of vitamin C in the form of tablets or drink
supplements rich in vitamin C.
b. Tooth ache
Toothache is most often caused by a hole in the tooth. Cavities are also
called dental caries. The cause of cavities in children are food containing sugar.
The rest of the food on the teeth and become a hotbed of bacteria. Bacteria will
easily breaks into a tooth to tooth loss. And into cavities so that invade blood
vessels and nerves teeth. Tartar can cause tooth fragile and easily dislodged.
Cavities should be repealed in order to not spread to other teeth. In toddlers,
better cavities so that growth remains patched regularly.
c. poisoned
Food poisoning is a condition that causes a person to experience nausea,
abdominal pain, vomiting, loss of appetite, diarrhea, fever, fatigue, and muscle
pain caused by eating contaminated food, such as by a virusnorovirusor
bacteriaE.coliand salmonella that caused typhoid and paratyphoid fever,
d. Diarrhea
Diarrhea is a disease or a state in which the patient experienced bowel
movements mixed with water several times. The cause of diarrhea is
inflammatory bowel by other diseases such as cholera and dysentery. Often the
diarrhea is also caused byvirus, Bacteria, allergies or can not stand certain foods,
or malnutrition. Diarrhea, including diseases that are often experienced by small
children because predilection to put something into his mouth or also
experienced by the children who like to snack at random. People with diarrhea
will lose a lot of fluids and if diarrhea lasts longer, the patient may become
dehydrated. The health condition of children with diarrhea usually quick to
decline. Body weight also be reduced dramatically. Even if not promptly treated
can cause death in children under five.
Treatment of symptoms is done with drugs that stop diarrhea. For example,
norit or karbotablet, is the main ingredient of carbon. Diarrhea caused by
bacteria can be treated with antibiotics. If the cause is due to malnutrition, it
should be given nutritious food intake over time.
e. Constipation (constipation)
Constipation or what we often call as "constipation" is a state which
experienced about a man with symptoms of hardened thus difficult fases issued.
 Constipation is caused by the absorption of water in the rest of the meal. As a
result, fases lack of water and becomes hard. It occurs from bad habits that
delaying big waste. In addition, due to a lack of patients in fiber foods, less
drinking, stress, and others. Therefore, consume a lot of fruits and vegetables in
fiber, drink plenty of water, eat regularly, waste water every day, eat fibrous
foods and regular exercise can prevent this disorder.
f. Ulcer
The disease is also called gastric ulcers or wounds in the stomach. Digestive
tract are attacked by ulcers are the stomach or duodenum. Symptoms include
stiffness in the back one to two hours after eating or when the stomach is empty.
Symptoms famous of ulcer disease are nausea, bloating, and vomiting. Other
symptoms are lack of appetite and weight down. The cause of ulcer disease in
which bacteriaHelicobakter pylorior the use of a type of anti-inflammatory drugs.
The treatment is done by giving antibiotics if bacterial cause earlier. For
example, administration tetrasikin or amoxicillin. Light can be treated with
antacids. Nausea and bloating can be treated with medication heartburn.
g. Dysentery
This disease affects the intestines. Intestinal dysentery infected by germs
(bacteria or amoeba) become inflamed. Common symptoms include abdominal
pain, diarrhea (diarrhea) sometimes bloody and slimy. There are two types of
dysentery dysentery amebik baksiler and dysentery. Baksiler dysentery caused
by bacteria of the familyShigella, While amebik dysentery caused by
familyAmoeba, Dissemination or transmission such as diarrheal diseases, namely
through the patient feces that contaminate water or soil. And healthy people use
water or soil contaminated with feces that contain the germs of this disease.
h. Gastric
Gastric ulcer is one of the digestive system abnormalities that damage to the
mucous membranes. Peptic ulcers can be caused by factors germs, toxins, or
psychosomatic. Anxiety, fear, stress, and fatigue is psychosomatic factors that
may eventually stimulate spending HCL in the stomach. If HCL excessive
mucus selapu hull will be damaged.
i. Gastristis
Is an acute or chronic inflammation of the mucous lining (lender) of the
stomach wall. The reason is that people with eating that contains bacteria. It
might also be the levels of hydrochloric acid (HCL) in the stomach is too high.
j. Appendix (Appendicitis)
Appendicitis is a disorder that occurs due to inflammation of the appendix.
The reason is the presence of bacterial infection of the appendix
(appendectomy). Appendicitis is an inflammation and swelling that occurs in the
appendix, which is a sac-shaped organ and the size of a finger, which is
connected to the large intestine.
A person who is diseased the appendix was originally going to have pain
that often appear and disappear in the middle abdomen. This pain within a few
hours it will feel more constant and slowly move toward the source of the
inflammation, ie to the right lower abdomen. The cause of appendicitis itself is
 still not known with certainty. Experts argue that this condition can be caused by
blockage of the entrance of the appendix by feces or by swelling of lymph nodes
in the intestinal wall. One reason is also because of a bacterial infection in the
appendix (appendectomy).
k. Hemeroid / Hemorrhoids / Ambeyen
Hemorrhoids are swollen blood vessels around or inside the anus. The cause
of the swelling is not known for certain, but it is closely related to increased
pressure on blood vessels due to less eating foods rich in fiber. Hemorrhoids
including disease is easily diagnosed by a doctor through a rectal examination
conditions. Usually the doctor will prescribe medication to relieve symptoms as
well as facilitate the patient's bowel movements.
B. Respiratory system
1. Understanding And Respiratory Function
Breathing is the process of taking O2 from the air (inspiration), followed by the
distribution of O2 to tissues, and then spending the rest of the metabolism of the
body in the form of CO2 (expiration) through the means of breathing Breathing is a
dual process, namely the gas exchange in the network (breathing in ) and in the
lungs (breathing in).
Respiratory function, namely:
a. Take in oxygen which is then carried by the blood to the entire body (cell-cell)
to conduct combustion.
b. Remove carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions that occur from combustion, later
carried by the blood to the lungs for disposal (as useless by the body)
c. Warm up and humidify the air.
2. Organ systems pernapas
The main respiratory organs such as the lungs. The following are the
organs used in human breathing.
a. Nasal cavity
The nose is the main organ of the
respiratory tract which directly relate to the
outside world that serves as the entrance
and exit of air through the breathing
process. Additionally nose also serves to
maintain and warm the incoming air, as
filters in cleaning foreign objects that enter
and contribute to sound resonance, as
alfaktorius receptor site.

Figure 13. Nasal cavity

b. Faring
The pharynx is the intersection point between the airway and street
food, are below the base of the skull, behind the nasal cavity and mouth
next ten neck vertebrae.
 Figure 14. Pharynx
c. Larynx
The larynx is the respiratory tract that is located between the
oropharynx and trachea, the function of the larynx is as a way in the air,
clearing the way the entry of food into the esophagus and a sound
production.
The base of the throat can be closed by a valve larynx (epiglottis). At
the time of swallowing food, the epiglottis to fold down cover laing so
that food can not be included in the larynx. Meanwhile, when breathing
epiglottis will open. That's why when we ingest foods may not coincide
with the breathing air

Figure 15. Larynx

The larynx is often referred to as the voice box and consists of:
1) Epiglottis cartilage numbered one and is located at the top of the leaf-
shaped larynx.
2) Thyroid cartilage numbered one, shaped like a shield which is located
next to the anterior of the larynx. The difference between men and
women that in men who form a large and prominent Adam's apple.
3) Cricoid cartilage and limit the amount to the lower part of the larynx
ring.
4) Arytenoid cartilage amounted to two and situated above the cricoid
related to vocal cords
5) Cuneiform cartilage amounted to two and is located in between the
epiglottis and arytenoid.
 6) Cartilage kornoculatum amounting to two and is located above the
arytenoid.
7) The base of the throat can be closed by a valve larynx (epiglottis)

d. Trachea
The trachea is a tube organ
between the larynx to the lungs
peak, the length is about 10-12 cm,
height 6 cervical-thoracic 5. Also
called windpipe. Tracheal tip
branched into two bronchi called
Karina.

Figure 16. trachea

The trachea (windpipe) is a long pipe ± 9 cm. Windpipe or trachea is a
pipe whose walls consist of three layers. The outer layer consists of connective
tissue, the middle layer consists of smooth muscle and cartilage ring, while the
inner layer consists of ciliated epithelial tissue. The trachea is lined by mucous
membrane produced by a ciliated epithelium.
Cilia-cilia move upwards towards the larynx so that the movement of dust
and other fine grains were in when breathed can be issued.
e. Bronchi
Tracheal tip branched into two parts called bronchi. If this part
intruding dust resulting in a narrowing of the airways, causing difficulty
breathing person who causes someone would sneeze if respiratory
intruding foreign bodies that interferes with breathing).
Bronchi consists of two branches, namely the right and left
bronchus. It is also different from the right bronchus more vertical than
the left. Because of this structure, so it will easily concede the right
bronchial foreign body causing the right lung more susceptible to disease
bronchitis.
Bronchus right side branched into three bronchioles, while the left
bronchus branched into two bronchioles. In a person with asthma are part
of this bronchial muscles to contract so as to be narrowed. This is done to
prevent the entry of more foreign substances that cause allergic reactions.
As a result, patients will experience shortness of breath. Whereas in
patients with bronchitis, bronchial section will be clogged by mucus.
f. Lung
The lung is an organ that is mostly located in the upper chest cavity,
on the side limited by muscle and ribs and at the bottom is limited by
strong muscular diaphragm.
The lungs are located in the upper chest cavity, on the side limited
by muscle and ribs and at the bottom is limited by strong muscular
diaphragm. The lungs are two parts namely the right lung (pulmonary
dekster) consisting of three lobes and the left lung (pulmonary sinister)
which consists of two lobes. The lungs are covered by two thin
membranes, called the pleura. Tunica menyelaputi direct part in the lungs
called the pleura (pleural visceralis) and membrane menyelaputi chest
cavity adjacent to the outer ribs called the pleura (parietal pleura).
There are between the two pleural cavity (cavity) which is known as
the pleural cavity. In normal circumstances, this vacuum pleural cavity so
that the lungs can develop flat and there is also a bit of fluid (exudates)
are useful to lubricate the surface of the pleura, to avoid friction between
the lung and the chest wall during breathing movement.

Figure 17. The structure of the lungs

Between the outer membrane and the membrane are filled cavity
pleural fluid serves as a lubricant lungs. Pleural fluid derived from blood
plasma incoming exudation. Pleural cavity wall is permeable to water
and other substances.
The lungs are composed of bronchioles, alveoli, elastic tissue, and
blood vessels. Lungs elastic sponge-like structure with a surface area
within a very wide for gas.Di exchange in the lungs, the bronchial
smooth branches with a diameter of ± 1 mm, the walls are diminishing if
compared with the bronchi.
Bronchioles have no cartilage, but the bay still has cilia and in the
end has a cuboid ciliated epithelium. At the distal possibility of non-
ciliated. Bronchioles end up on a cluster of air sacs (alveoli).
Alveoli are at the tip end of the bronchioles in the form of a small
bag with one side open so resembles a similar foam or honeycomb.
Therefore webbed alveolar thin and there was much boils the blood
capillaries allow the diffusion of respiratory gases. Is part of the terminal
branches of the bronchi and is responsible for the structure of the lung
that resembles a small pouch is open on one side and the exchange of O2
and CO2 There are approximately 300 million which, when united to
form a single sheet would be an area of 70 m2
 Figure 18. Alveolus
3. Human respiratory mechanism
Nasal cavity → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi →
bronchioles → alveolar→ cells of the body.
At the time of breathing lasts two processes, namely inspiration and
expiration.
a. Inspiration
Inspiration occurs when muscles to contract so antarrusuk ribs and
sternum lifted upwards. At the moment of inspiration, the diaphragm
muscle to contract so that it is located a bit flat. The diaphragm will urge
the abdominal cavity of 5 cm to the bottom. As a result of the chest cavity
enlarges. Enlarged chest cavity causing the lung participate enlarged, as a
result of air pressure in the lungs is reduced so that the air passes.
b. Expiratory
Expiration occurs when muscles antarrusuk relaxation, the ribs and
the sternum down back to its original position so that the chest cavity
smaller. Expiratory also occur if the diaphragm muscles slacken back to its
original position, so that the chest cavity and lungs shrink, too smaller.
Therefore, the air pressure in the lungs increases, as a result of air
outdoors.
4. Various breathing
Based on the muscles that play an active role in the process of breathing,
breathing in humans can be divided into the chest breathing and abdominal
breathing.
a. Breathing chest
Chest breathing occur when the muscles of the ribs outside the contract,
consequently ribs rose and the volume of the chest cavity would be smaller
than the air outside. Because of differences in air pressure, then the outside air
into the chest cavity, resulting in a process of inspiration. Expiration process
occurs when the muscles between the ribs in the contract. As a result, the ribs
down and the chest cavity volume decreases, so that the air pressure within the
chest cavity will be greater. Furthermore, the air will be pushed out.
 Figure 19. Process chest breathing
In a simple order process as follows.
process Inspiration

The ribs contract rib ride the volume of the chest cavity
enlarges, resulting in a small air pressure incoming air
Expiration process

The ribs slacken the ribs down chest cavity volume decreases
resulting in a large air pressure air out

b. Abdominal breathing

Figure 20. Breathing stomach

In abdominal breathing, inspiration phase occurs when the diaphragm
muscle (diaphragm) flat and the volume of the chest cavity enlarges, so that the
air pressure within the chest cavity is smaller than the air outside, consequently
the inlet air. The expiratory phase occurs when the muscles of the diaphragm to
contract (contract) and the volume of the chest cavity to shrink, so that the air
pressure within the chest cavity is greater than the air outside. As a result,
pushed into the air from the outside. In a simple order process as follows.
The process of inspiration
The muscles slacken flat diaphragm muscle the volume of
the chest cavity enlarges air pressure smaller chest cavity
incoming air

expiration process

Diaphragm muscle to contract chest cavity volume decreases

chest cavity air pressure is greater air outdoors
5. Diseases of the respiratory system
The respiratory system in humans may also experience disruption or
disorder affecting the system this is sendiri.Berikut Various Types Of Disease
In Human Respiratory System:
a. Pharyngitis
Pharyngitis is an inflammation of the pharynx because of infection
causing pain on swallowing food or throat feels dry. This disorder is
caused by a bacterial or viral infection. The bacteria usually attack the
disease is Streptococcus pharyngitis. Inflammation can also occur because
of too much smoke, characterized by pain when swallowing and dryness in
the throat.
b. Asthma
Asthma is an inflammatory disease of the lungs that causes shortness
of breath and wheezing attacks are repeated. Asthma is a lung disorder
most numerous and varied, affects one in four children in some
daerah.Otot airway walls to contract such as seizures, causing the airways
to narrow, causing shortness of breath attacks. Refinement exacerbated by
excessive mucus secretion. Most cases occur in childhood and is usually
associated with a disease that is constituted by allergies such as eczema
and both have a hereditary disease factors.
c. Influenza (Flu)
Influenza disease caused by influenza viruses. Symptoms are caused,
among others, runny nose, nasal congestion, sneezing, and itchy throat.
Influenza is an acute infectious disease of the respiratory tract is mainly
characterized by fever, shivering, muscle pain, headache and often
accompanied by a runny nose, sore throat and cough that are not
productive. Long illness lasts between 2-7 days and usually resolves itself.
d. Sinusitis
Sinusitis is an inflammatory disease of the upper part of the nasal
cavity or paranasal sinuses. Sinusitis is caused by bacterial, fungal, viral,
decreased immunity, flu, stress, addiction, and infections of the teeth.
(Sinusitis Herbal Medicines)
e. Tuberculosis (TB)
Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by infection with the bacteria
Mycobacterium tuberculosis that are systemic, which can manifest in
almost all organs of the body with the highest location in the lungs which
is usually the primary infection site. This bacteria attacks the lungs so that
the alveoli are part of a pimple. The disease causes impaired oxygen
diffusion process for their small spots on the walls of the alveoli.
f. Pneumonia
Pneumonia or also on call with Pneumonia is a disease of the lungs
where the pulmonary aveolus that bears responsibility absorb oxygen from
the atmosphere inflamed and filled with fluid. Pneumonia can be caused
by several causes including infection by bacteria, virus, fungus, or parasite
(parasite). Pneumonia can be caused by the bacterium Streptococcus
pneumoniae and mycopalsma. Pneumonia can also be caused by chemical
 substances pain or physical injury to the lungs or as a result of disease
lainnya.Seperti lung cancer or drinking excessive alcohol
g. Dipteri
Diphtheria is an infection of the upper respiratory tract. In general,
caused by Corynebacterium diphterial. At the advanced level, the sufferer
can damage the lining of the heart, fever, paralysis, even death.
h. Lung cancer
This disease is one of the most dangerous. The cancer cells in the
lungs continue to grow uncontrolled. This disease can affect the entire
body lamakelamaan. One of the triggers of lung cancer is smoking.
Smoking can lead to lung cancer and lung damage.

C. Bloodstream system
1. Definition and function of the circulatory system
The circulatory system or cardiovascular system is an organ system that
serves to move the substances to and from cells. These systems also help
stabilize body temperature and pH (part of homeostasis).
The circulatory system is one of the important systems in the body weight.
This system stems from the heart circulate blood throughout the body and into
the heart of the original. Human circulatory system is also known as a closed
circulatory system because the blood flow in the blood-covered stripes.
Transport is the process of distribution of various substances necessary to
the whole body and taking substances that are not required to be removed from
the body. The main transportation mean in human is blood. Blood circulates in
the body with the aid of blood circulation that is the heart and blood vessels. In
addition to blood circulation, in humans there are also the circulation of lymph
(lymph) and distributed through the lymph vessels.
2. The components of the circulatory system
a. Blood
Blood is the liquid found in all living organisms (except plants) that
serves to transmit high levels of substances and oxygen needed by the body
tissue, transporting chemicals products of metabolism, as well as the body's
defense against viruses or bacteria. Medical terms related to blood begins
with hemo- or hemato- word derived from the Greek word meaning haima
blood [1].
Blood is a specialized tissue that covers yellowish fluid or blood
plasma contained within her the blood cells. Blood cells consist of red blood
cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets (thrombocytes).
The composition of the plasma in the blood of about 55%, while the blood
cells and platelets is about 45%. Cells and blood platelets are heavier than
plasma so that it can be split through a procedure called sentrifugas.
The function of blood, is as follows:
1) Distribute nutrients throughout the body carried by the blood
plasma.
 2) Transport the oxidation of the body's cells are removed from the
body carried by the blood plasma, the carbon dioxide is excreted
through the lungs, urea excreted through the kidneys.
3) Circulating hormone secreted by glands clogged (endocrine)
carried by the blood plasma.
4) Carry oxygen throughout the body carried by red blood cells.
5) Kill germs that enter the body are made by white blood cells.
6) Dilakuakn wound closed by pieces of blood.
7) Maintain a stable body temperature.

Here are the components of blood:

1) Blood plasma
In humans, blood plasma contains about 92% water, 8% protein,
and organic compound lainnya.selain also inorganic salts, mainly NaCl.
Blood plasma is useful in regulating blood osmotic pressure so that by
itself its amount in the body will be set.
2) Blood cells
The blood cells are living cells. Blood cells do not split, but
immediately replaced by new cells from the spinal cord. There are three
kinds of blood cells, namely:
a) Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Erythrocytes flattened shape with a diameter of 7.5 cm,
erythrocyte sunken middle section (biconcave) and no core. (Istamar
Syamsuri dkk.2006). Color depends on the hemoglobin erythrocytes.
Functioning hemoglobin binds oxygen (O2), if the hemoglobin bind
O2, the erythrocytes will be red, if O2 has been in release then
becomes bluish red color.
The formation process of erythrocytes is called erythropoiesis.
Cells that can be formed erythrocytes is hemositoblas (myeloid stem
cells) are capable of developing into various cells virgin. Under
normal circumstances, erythrocyte survived for an average of 120
days. When aging cells, the cell membrane fragile and rupture. Old
erythrocytes destroyed diorgan spleen (lien) and hati.Jumlah
erythrocytes varies, depending on sex, age and height of a person's
residence. The concentration of erythrocytes in normal men are: 5.1
to 5.8 million cubic per ml of blood, and in normal women from 4.3
to 5.2 million permili
b) Leukocytes (white blood cells)
There are six types of leukocytes in the blood, namely
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes and
plasma cells. Neotrofil, eosinophils, and basophils have granules so
often called granulocytes. While the lymphocytes and monocytes
called agranulasit (not granular). The materials that need to form the
leukocytes are uitamin and amino acids such as his case
lainnya.Orang adult cells has about 4800-10800 cubic per ml of
blood leukocytes, consisting of 62% neutrophils, eosinophils 2.3%,
 0.4% basophils, 5.3% monocytes, and 30% live limfosit.Masa
different leukocyte, granulocyte about 12 hours, monocytes difficult
to assess because it is always wandering, but allegedly for several
weeks or months, limsofit generally many for 100-300 days.
c) Platelets (pieces of blood)
Platelets are useful for blood clot. Disc-shaped platelets and
platelet life berinti.Masa about 8-10 days, after which it will be
under kelimpa platelets to be destroyed. Number of blood platelets is
150 thousand 0400 thousand per mm3 of blood. Here is the blood
clotting mechanism:
Blood clotting occurs in three phases:
1. Said scar tissue to blood, platelets will stick to kologen tissue
and secrete substances that make platelets stick to each other
and.
2. Platelets will form a protective emergency stoppers causing
blood loss.
3. The formation of fibrin threads.
b. Blood vessel
In the 17th century an English physiologist, Yani William Harvey
(1578-1657), the results of experiments and various other expert trial was
discovered veins (veins). Thirty years later, an Italian anatomist Marcello
Malpighi. Kapiller managed to find a vein.
1) Nadi vessels (arteries)
Arteries are the vessels that brought blood from the heart and
generally contains a lot of oxygen. When the heart contracts (sisto) blood
will come out of the booth to the arteries.
Its main function is to deliver oxygen and nutrients to all cells, as
well as the transport of carbon dioxide wastes These vessels are like the
thick, elastic, and has a pole (Valvula semilunris) which are contained
outside the heart.
There are two arteries are bypassed blood, namely:
a) Major artery (aorta).
The aorta is the artery through which blood from the left ventricle of
the heart to the body.
b) Pulmonary arteries are the vessels through which blood from the
right ventricle to the lungs (pulmonary).
There are several types of arteries in the body:
a) Pulmonary artery
These vessels carry blood that has dideoksigenasi newly
discharged from the lungs.
b) Systemic arterial
Systemic arteries carry blood to the arterioles and then to
capillaries, where nutrients and gases to be swapped.
c) Aorta
The aorta is the largest artery in the body that is out of the
ventricles of the heart and brings a lot of oxygen.
 d) Arterioles
Arterioles are the smallest arteries associated with capillaries.
e) Capillaries
These vessels are not real arteries. This is where the exchange of
substances into the main function of the circulatory system.
Capillary vessels are vessels that connect the branches of the artery
and vein branches of the smallest to the body's cells. Arteries and
veins that branch out, and the size of the vessel branches further
away from the heart gets smaller. Capillaries are very delicate and
thin-walled.
2) Behind vessels (veins)
Veins or veins are the vessels that carry blood to the heart. Its blood
contains a lot of carbon dioxide. Generally located near the surface of the
body and appear bluish. The walls of veins are thin and elastic. if
touched, does not feel his heart rate. Veins have valves along the veins.
This valve serves to keep blood flowing in one direction. With the valve,
the flow of the blood flowing toward the heart. If the injured veins, blood
does not gush but perk.
Of the whole body, vein empties into a large vein, called the vena
cava. These blood vessels into the heart through the right atrium. After
the gas exchange in the lungs, blood flow to the heart again through the
pulmonary vein. These veins carry oxygen-rich blood. Thus, blood in the
veins all contain a lot of carbon dioxide except the pulmonary vein.
Vena shrouded skeletal muscle and has a valve that is Valvula
semilunaris.
Veins into the heart is as follows:
a) Vena Kava
Vena cava branches into smaller vessels that vein. There are two
kinds of the vena cava, the superior vena cava and inferior vena
cava.
 Superior vena cava
This vein carries blood containing CO2 from the upper
part of the body (head, neck, right keserambi heart.
 The inferior vena cava
This vein carries blood containing CO2 from other body
parts dananggota lower body weight right keserambi heart.
b) Pulmonary venous
This vein carries blood containing O2 from the lungs keserambi
heart left.

Differences Between Vessels Arteries and Veins

N Vessels Arteries Vessels Veins

O
1 Close to the surface of the
A little place in the
body (thin bluish)
 2 Wall Tubes Thick, strong, and
Thin vessel walls, not elastic
elastic
3 Derived blood flow from the heart Blood flow towards the heart
4 pulse feels Pulse is not felt
5 The valve is only one place close to
Along valve vessel
heart
6 If there are wounds Blood gushed If there is a wound gushing
out blood photo

c. Heart
A blood pumping apparatus. The heart is composed of the heart muscle
(myocardium), lining of the heart (pericardium) and the membrane lining the
room the heart (endocardial). Cast wrapped by pericardium consists of two
sheets of the outer lamina and lamina panistalis viceralis attached to the wall cor
(heart) itself. Among the two sheets was formed cavity containing liquor
pericardi pericardi.
The heart muscle is getting nutrients and O2 of direction through the
coronary arteries. Koronariasis called coronary artery blockage.
The heart consists of four spaces, namely: two atria and two ventricles.
1) Atrium (porch)
A room where an influx of blood from veins (veins). The right atrium
(Dexter) and left atrium (sinister) are valvula bicuspid valve (the valve two
leaves). Fetal between the right atrium and left atrium there is a hole called
the foramen ovale.
2) Ventricle (chamber)
Ventricle has thicker muscles of the atrium and the left ventricle is
thicker than the right ventricle, left ventricle function due to pump blood out
of the heart. Between the right ventricle and left ventricle are valvula
tricuspid valve (the valve three leaves).
When the ventricle contracts, blood from the left ventricle into the aorta
pumped O2 rich. While the blood from the right ventricle that is rich in CO2
is pumped through the pulmonary artery (pulmonary artery). When
ventricular loosening (relaxation) then the heart will receive the blood vari
superior vena cava and inferior vena cava rich in CO2 goes into the right
atrium. While the blood from the veins of the lungs (pulmonary veins) are
rich in O2 into the left atrium.
At the heart of the deflated (contraction) of the maximum heart pressure
be called the systolic pressure. The state of cardiac relaxation (slack)
maximum, then the heart becomes minimum tekananruang called the
diastolic pressure.
 Figure 21. Parts of the heart
Ventricular function
1) Right atrium serves to receive blood from the body and rich in carbon
dioxide.
2) Left atrium serves to receive blood from the lungs and oxygen-rich.
3) Functioning right ventricle to pump blood to the lungs and contains a lot
of carbon-dioxide
4) The left ventricle function is to pump blood throughout the body and
contains a lot of oxygen
3. Human circulatory
There are two kinds of blood circulation in the human body, namely:
a. Small circulation.
Dibilik blood circulation is the right heart to the lungs passing through
the pulmonary artery and back to the left atrium through the vena pulmonary
heart (heart-lung -paru - back to the heart).
b. Large blood circulation
Is circulation of blood from the left ventricle of the heart throughout the
body via the aorta and right atrium finally returning to the heart through the
vena cava (the heart - the whole body and back to the heart).
Therefore, in humans there are two kinds of blood circulation, then the
man in the said had a double blood circulation. Human circulatory system is a
closed circulatory system and blood circulation double
Under normal circumstances there is blood in the veins, arteries end
continuous with the blood capillaries and blood capillaries met with the
smallest veins (venules) so that the blood flowing in the veins despite the
 exchange of substances, it is called a closed circulatory system.

Figure 22. Circulatory

4. Abnormalities or disorders of the circulatory system, among others:
a. Anemia (Less Blood) is the lack of blood hemoglobin or the lack of red
cells in the blood.
b. Varisis is the dilation of blood vessels in the calf.
c. Hemorrhoids (Ambien) is a dilation of blood vessels around the rectum
(anus).
d. Arterios klerosis is hardening of the arteries due to a heap or precipitated
chalk.
e. Atherosclerosis is the hardening of the arteries due to fatty deposits.
f. Embolus is a blockage of blood vessels due to moving objects.
g. Thrombus is a blockage of blood vessels due to bendah that does not
move.
h. Hemophilia is a blood disorder is difficult to freeze because of heredity or
heredity.
i. Leukemia (blood cancer) is increasing leukocyte uncontrollably.
j. Jaundice in infants (hemolytic disease of the newborn) is destroying
erythrocyte agglutination infant or fetus as a result of maternal antibodies,
if the mother is Rh blood type and Rh + embryos.
 Relations Structure, Function and Process On Human Organ Systems [1] With
Al-Quran

In the letter Qaf: 16 we can see how close God's description of the man.

This means:
"And indeed We created man and know what is whispered by heart, and We are nearer to
him than his neck vein." The veins of the neck that is meant in these verses is that the blood
vessels in the neck that contained jugular vein.
If we look at anatomical, jugular vein carries blood from the head (brain, cranium / skull,
face) and neck to return to the heart so it can be concluded how important and vital this
vessel. We can see from this verse that the creator of the Quran (Allah) really know how
important the blood, blood vessels, and blood circulation throughout the body. If God does
not know the importance of blood, certainly not the analogy used vein notabenenya serves to
drain the blood. And if God does not know the blood circulation throughout the body, why
would God specify analogy with the blood vessels in the neck?
Other large blood vessel that is mentioned in the Qur'an is Al-Aatiin (aorta). The aorta is
the large blood vessel that carries blood directly from the heart to be distributed throughout
the body. D realm al-haaqqa verses 45 and 46 God says:

It means: "Surely it is We hold him on his right hand. We then actually cut the rope heart
veins. "
The purpose of this verse is that if the Prophet lie against Allah then sanction that will be
given is cutting the blood vessels coming out of the heart (aorta) that death is the end result.
Aortic blood flow quickly because the pressure is directly derived from the contraction of the
heart, in addition to the volume of blood was still very much (only has one smaller branching
ie coronary) therefore when the aorta is cut then the consequences are going to bleed very
powerful and shock and easily can cause death. This verse explains that: 1. Blood is seen as a
"vehicle" for life, 2. Arterial straight from the heart (aorta) are essential to sustain life.
From the nasal cavity, respiratory air to the pharynx. The pharynx (throat cavity) is a fork
in the cavity toward the gastrointestinal tract (esophagus), respiratory tract (trachea), and
drain into the nasal cavity. In the event of choking while eating, talking, going on to reissue a
reflex movement of objects or food into the respiratory kesaluran. Swallowing and breathing
mechanism has been arranged with a kind of valve epiglottis and larynx upward movement
during swallowing, so that the nose kerongga tract (respiratory) closed.
Allah says:

This means:
Nay. If breath (someone) has (urged) to the esophagus. (QS. Qiyama: 26)
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