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TWO MARKS (FMM UT-2)

1. What do you mean by fundamental units and derived units? Give examples.
The fundamental units are Length (L), Mass (M), and Time (T).
Secondary or derived units which possesses more than one fundamental unit.
For example: velocity, Acceleration
Velocity (m/s) =LT-1
Acceleration (m/s2) =LT-2

2. What do you mean by repeating variables? How are repeating variables selected for
dimensional analysis?
The numbers of repeating variables are equal to the number of fundamental dimensions
of the problem.
1. As for as possible, the dependent variable should not be selected as repeating variable.
2. The repeating variables should be chosen in such a way that one variable contains
geometric property, other variable contains fluid property.
Variables with geometric properties are
(i)Length (L) (ii) diameter (iii) Height
Variables with flow properties are
(i)Velocity V (ii) Acceleration a
Variables with fluid properties are
(i)Viscosity µ (ii) density (iii) Angular velocity

3. Define the term: Model and Prototype


Model
The model is the small scale replica of actual structure or machine.
Prototype
The actual structure or machine is called prototype. It is not necessary that the models
should be smaller than the prototypes; they may be larger than the prototype.

4. State Buckingham’s π theorem.


If there are n variables (independent and dependent variables) in a physical phenomenon
and if these variables contains m fundamental dimensions (M, L, T), then the variables
are arranged into (n-m) dimensionless terms. Each term is called π term.

5. What is meant by geometric, kinematic and dynamic similarities?


1. Geometric similarity.
The geometric similarity is said to exist between the model and the prototype. The
ratio of all corresponding linear dimensions in the model and prototype are equal.
2. Kinematic similarity.
Kinematic similarity means the similarity of motion between model and prototype.
Thus the kinematic similarity is said to exist between the model and prototype if the
ratios of the velocity and acceleration at the corresponding points in the model and
corresponding points in the prototype are the same.
3. Dynamic similarity.
Dynamic similarity means the similarity of forces between the model and prototype.
Thus dynamic similarity is said to exist between the model and prototype if the ratios of
the corresponding forces acting at the corresponding points are equal.

6. Give dimensions of: Force and Kinematic viscosity


Force (N)
Kg (m/s2) =MLT-2
Kinematic Viscosity (m2/s) =L2T-1

7. Define Hydraulic gradient line.


It is defined as the line which gives the sum of pressure head and datum head of a
flowing fluid in a pipe with respect to some reference line.

8. What are the different laws on which models are designed for dynamic similarity?
1. Reynolds’s model law
2. Froude model law
3. Euler model law
4. Weber model law
5. Mach model law

9. Define total energy line.


It is defined as the line which gives the sum of pressure head, datum head and kinetic
head of a flowing fluid in a pipe with respect to some reference line.

10. What do you mean by ‘Viscous flow”?


The fluid moves in layer at low velocity. Each layer of fluid slides over the adjacent
layer. Due to relative velocity between two layers the velocity gradient du/dy exists and
hence the shear stress acts on the layer.

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