ADDITIONAL

MATHEMATICS
MODULE 18

DIFFERENTIATION

CHAPTER 9 : DIFFERENTIATION

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Content page

Concept Map 2

9.1 Rates of Change 3

Test Yourself 1 4–5

9.2 Small Changes and Approximations 6–7

Test Yourself 2 8–9

SPM Question 10 – 11

Assessment 12 – 14

Answer 15

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 APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION

Rate of change Small changes

dv dv dx dy
  y   x
dt dx dt dx

Maximum and Approximation

minimum values

9.1 Rates of Change

dy dy dx dy
If y = f (x) and x = g(t), then using the chain rule   , where is the
dt dx dt dt
dx
rate of change of y and is the rate of change of x.
dt

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 Sharpen Your Skills

h cm
h cm 9 cm
h cm
9 cm
9 cm

The above figure shows a cube of volume Rate of change of the volume of water,
729 cm³. If the water level in the cube, h
cm, is increasing at the rate of 0.8 cm s 1 , dV dV dh
 
dt dh dt Chain rule
find the rate of increase of the volume of
water.
 81  0.8 dh
=rate of increace
Solution : dt
of the water
V=9x9xh= level
Let each side of the cube be x cm. 81h
1
dV 64.8 cm s
3

Volume of the cube = 729 cm³ =81

dh the rate of increase of the volume of
Hence,
x³ = 729 water is 64.8 cm³ s 1 .
x = 9

TEST YOURSELF 1

1. A spherical air bubble is formed at the base of a pond. When the bubble moves to the
surface of the water, it expands. If the radius of the bubble is expanding at the rate of
0.05 cm s 1 , find the rate at which the volume of the bubble is increasing when its
radius is 2 cm.

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 Answer :

2. When the radius of a circle decreases at the rate of 0.2 cm s 1 the area of the circle
decreases at 1.2 cm2 s-1 when the radius is r cm. find the value of r.

Answer :

4 cm
3.

20 cm

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 h cm

The above figure shows an inverted cone with a height of 20 cm and a base-radius of
4 cm. Water is poured into the cone at the rate of 5 cm³ s 1 but at the same time,
water is dripping out from the cone due to a leakage a the rate of 1 cm³ s 1 .
(a) If the height and volume of the water at time t s are h cm and V cm³
1
respectively, show that V  h 3 .
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(b) Find he rate of increase of the water level in the cone at the moment the water
level is 12 cm.

Answer :

9.2 Small Changes and Approximations

Small Approximate Value

y dyChanges dy
  y   x
x dx dx y new  y original  y
where y  small change in y dy
 y original   x
x  small change in x dx

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 Sharpen Your Skills

The height of a cylinder is three times its Approximate change in the total surface area
radius. Calculate the approximate increase is A
in the total surface area of the cylinder if its
radius increases from 7 cm to 7.05 cm. A dA

r dr
Solution : dA A  8 r 2
A   r
dr
dA
 16r
dr
 16r   7.05  7 

New r (7.05)
 16  7   0.05 Minus old
r(7)
 5.6 cm 2
Substitute r with
the old value of r,
Hence, the approximate i.e.
increase
7 in the total
Let the total surface
4 area of the cylinder be A surface area of the cylinder is 5.6π cm² .
Given
cm². that y  5 , calculate the value of 4 4  5 
x 5
 5    2.03  2 
Ady= ifSum of Hence
areas estimate
of the top 2.03 2  16 
x = 2. the and bottom
values of
dx circular surface + Area of the curved
4
surface. 4 4 3
(a ) (b)  
5 5 32 320
A  22
.r03
2
 2rh 1.98
 2r 2  2r  3r   0.116525
 8r :2
Solution It is given
that
(b) y new  y original  y
4
y 5
 4 x 5 dy
x y new  y original   x
dx
dy 20
 20 x 6   6
dx x 4 4  5 
 5   1.98  2 
dy 20 5 1.98 5 2  16 
Sharpen
When x  2Your
, Skills
 6 
dx x 16
4 1
 
32 160
(a) y new  y original  y
dy  0.13125
 y original   x
dx

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 x new  2.03
x original  2

x new  1.98
x original  2

TEST YOURSELF 2

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1. It is given that y  . Find the approximate change in x when y increases from
2x
40 to 40.5.

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 5 dy
2. Given that y  3
, find the value of when x = 4. Hence, estimate the value of
x dx
5 5
(a) (b)
 4.02  3
 3.99  3

3. A cube has side of 6 cm. If each of the side of the cube decreases by 0.1 cm, find the
approximate decrease in the total surface area of the cube.

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4. The volume of a sphere increases from 288  cm 3 to 290  cm 3 . Calculate the
approximate increase in its radius.

SPM QUESTION

SPM 2003 (Paper 1 – Question 16)

Given that y  x 2  5 x, use differentiation to find the small change in y when x increases
from 3 to 3.01.
[3 marks]

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Solution:

SPM 2004 (Paper 1 – Question 21)

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Two variables, x and y, are related by the equation y  3 x  .
x
Given that y increase at a constant rate of 4 units per second, find the rate of change of x
when x =2.
[3 marks]

Solution :

SPM 2005 (Paper 1 – Question 20)

1 3
The volume of water , V cm³, in a container is given by V  h  8h, where h cm is the
3
height of the water in the container. Water is poured into the container at the rate of
3 -1
10 cm 3 s -1 . Find the rate of change of the height of water, in cm s , at the instant when
its height is 2 cm.
[3 marks]

Solution :

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 ASSESSMENT

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1. Given v   r 3. Use the differentiation method to find the small change in v
3
when r increases from 3 to 3.01.

Answer :

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 27 dy
2. Given y  3
. Find the value of when x = 3.
x dx
27
Hence, estimate the value of .
3.033

Answer :

3. Diagram 1 shows a conical container with a diameter of 60 cm and height of 40 cm.

Water is poured into the container at a constant rate of 1 000 cm 3 s -1 .
60 cm

40 cm
Water

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 Diagram 1

Calculate the rate of change of the radius of the water level at the instant when the
1 2
radius of the water is 6 cm. (Use π = 3.142; volume of cone  r h )
3

Answer :

4.
V
4x cm

E H

F G

D C
6x cm
A 6x cm

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 B

The above diagram shows a solid which consists of a cuboid with a square base of
side 6x cm, surmounted by a pyramid of height 4x cm. The volume of the cuboid is
5832 cm³.

(a) Show that the total surface area of the solid, A cm², is given by
3888
A  96 x 2  .
x
(b) If the value of x increasing at the rate 0.08 cm s -1 , find the rate of increase of
the total surface area of the solid at the instant x = 4.

Answer :

ANSWER

Test Yourself 1 Test Yourself 2

1. 0.005

dy 15
2. dx

256

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1. 0.8 cm 3 s 1 (a) 0.07695
(b) 0.07871
dA
2.  1.2
dt
3. -7.2 cm²
dh 25
3.  cms 1 1
dt 36 4. 72
cm

SPM Question Assessment

1. 0.11 1. 0.36π

dx 8 dy
2.  units 1 2.  1, 0.97
dt 5 dx

dh 3. 6.631 cm s 1
3.  0.8333cms 1
dt
4. (b) 42 cm 2 s 1

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