Why Use a Computer Network?

 Sharing information (or data)

 Sharing hardware and software
 Centralizing administration and
support
The sneakernet
Sharing Hardware and Software
Network Configuration
Overview
 Servers—Computers that provide shared resources to
network users.
 Clients—Computers that access shared network
resources provided by a server.
 Media—The wires that make the physical connections.
 Shared data—Files provided to clients by servers
across the network.
Network Topology
A network's topology affects its
capabilities

 Type of equipment the network needs.

 Capabilities of the equipment.
 Growth of the network.
 Way the network is managed.
 Standard Topologies
All network designs stem from four basic
topologies:
 Bus
 Star
 Ring
 Mesh
Bus topology network
Communication on the Bus
 Sending the signal
 Signal bounce
 Terminator
The following are affect the network performance

 Number of computer in the network

 Hardware capabilities of computers on the
network
 Total number of queued commands waiting
to be executed
 Types of applications (client-server or file
system sharing, for example) being run on
the network
 Types of cable used on the network
 Distances between computers on the
network
Terminator
Star
Ring
Token Passing
 One method of transmitting data
around a ring is called token passing
Mesh
Variations on the Standard
Topologies

 Many working topologies are hybrid

combinations of the bus, star, ring,
and mesh topologies
Star Bus
Star Ring
Network interface card

 Protocols – Ethernet, Token Ring, or

FDDI
 Types of media – Twisted-pair,
coaxial, wireless, or fiber-optic
 Type of system bus – PCI or ISA
Situations that require NIC
installation include the following
 Installation of a NIC on a PC that does not
already have one
 Replacement of a malfunctioning or
damaged NIC
 Upgrade from a 10-Mbps NIC to a
10/100/1000-Mbps NIC
 Change to a different type of NIC, such as
wireless
 Installation of a secondary, or backup, NIC
for network security reasons
The following are some of the
factors that determine throughput:
 Internetworking devices
 Type of data being transferred
 Network topology
 Number of users on the network
 User computer
 Server computer
 Power conditions
Using the formula transfer time = size of file /
bandwidth (T=S/BW)
Network Cabling
 Coaxial cable
 Twisted-pair (unshielded and
shielded) cable
 Fiber-optic cable
 Wireless
Cable specification
Coaxial Cable
There are two types of coaxial
cable:
 Thin (thinnet) cable
 Thick (thicknet) cable

The thicker the copper core, the farther the cable can carry signals
Coaxial-Cable Connection Hardware
Twisted-Pair Cable
Types of twisted-pair cable

 Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP)

Cable
 Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP)
Cable
RJ-45 connector
UTP cabling wire colors are two
types
UTP cable
Straight through
Use straight-through cables for the following
connections:

 Switch to router
 Switch to PC or server
 Hub to PC or server
Straight through
Straight through
Cross over
Use crossover cables for the following
connections
 Switch to switch
 Switch to hub
 Hub to hub
 Router to router
 PC to PC
 Router to PC
Cross over
Cross over
Roll over
Roll over
Roll over
Fiber-optic cable
Wireless
Wireless
Single wire punch
PART TWO
Types of Networking

 Peer-to-peer
 Server based
Peer to peer versus client-server
OSI MODELS
Networking Models
Dividing the network into seven layers provides
the following advantages:

 It breaks network communication into smaller, more

manageable parts.
 It standardizes network components to allow multiple
vendor development and support.
 It allows different types of network hardware and
software to communicate with each other.
 It prevents changes in one layer from affecting other
layers.
 It divides network communication into smaller parts
to make learning it easier to understand.
Peer-to-peer communications
Cabling LAN
Materials used in networking LAN
 REPEATERS
 HUBS
 BRIDGE
 SWITCH
 ROUTERS
REPEATERS
 Is two port (for signal i/o)
 It simply give strength for signal
HUBS

Hubs are actually multiport repeaters

 Passive: used only to share the physical media
(It does not boost or clean the signal )

 Active: it needs power to amplify

 Intelligent: microprocessor chips and diagnostic
capabilities
Hub
The 5-4-3-2-1 rule requires that the following guidelines
should not be exceeded:

 Five segments of network media

 Four repeaters or hubs
 Three host segments of the network
 Two link sections with no hosts
 One large collision domain
BRIDGE

 Used to segment a large LAN to smaller.

 decreases the amount of traffic on a single LAN

 bridges operate at the data link layer of the OSI model

 The function of the bridge is to make intelligent decisions

about whether or not to pass signals on to the next
segment of a network.
BRIDGE
When a bridge receives a frame on the network, the
destination MAC address is looked up in the bridge
table to determine whether to:-
 Filter
 Flood
 Copy the frame onto another segment
Filter

 If the destination device is on the

same segment as the frame, the
bridge will not send the frame onto
other segments. This process is
known as filtering
Flood

If the destination address is unknown

to the bridge, the bridge forwards the
frame to all segments except the one
on which it was received. This process
is known as flooding.
Copy the frame onto another segment

If the destination device is on a

different segment, the bridge
forwards the frame to the appropriate
segment.
SWITCH

 A switch is sometimes described as a multiport

bridge
 Switches reduce traffic and increase bandwidth
 Switches operate at much higher speeds than
bridges and can support new functionality, such
as virtual LANs.
ROUTERS
 Routers are responsible for routing data
packets from source to destination within
the LAN, and for providing connectivity to
the WAN.
 The DTE is the endpoint of the user’s device
on the WAN link.
 The DCE is typically the point where
responsibility for delivering data passes into
the hands of the service provider.
DTE & DCE
TCP-IP
TCP/IP MODEL
TCP/IP MODEL
TCP/IP MODEL
TCP/IP MODEL
TCP/IP MODEL
The OSI and TCP/IP models have many similarities:

 Both have layers.

 Both have application layers, though they include
different services.
 Both have comparable transport and network
layers.
 Both use packet-switched instead of circuit-
switched technology.
 Networking professionals need to know both
models.
Some differences of the OSI and TCP/IP models:

 TCP/IP combines the OSI application, presentation, and

session layers into its application layer.
 TCP/IP combines the OSI data link and physical layers into its
network access layer.
 TCP/IP appears simpler because it has fewer layers.
 When the TCP/IP transport layer uses UDP it does not provide
reliable delivery of packets. The transport layer in the OSI
model always does.
 The Internet was developed based on the standards of the
TCP/IP protocols.
 The OSI model is not generally used to build networks. The OSI
model is used as a guide to help students understand the
communication process.
NETWORK ADDRESSING
IP Addressing
The Hierarchical IP Addressing
Scheme

There are three types of IP

addressing

 Dotted-decimal, as in 172.16.30.56
 Binary, as in
10101100.00010000.00011110.00111000
 Hexadecimal, as in AC.10.1E.38
Network Addressing
 called the network number
 uniquely identifies each network
 Network Address Range: Class A
00000000 = 0
01111111 = 127
 Network Address Range: Class B
10000000 = 128
10111111 = 191
 Network Address Range: Class C
11000000 = 192
11011111 = 223
 Network Address Ranges: Classes D and
E
Class D (224–239)
Class E (240–255
Class A
network.node.node.node
 In a Class A network address, the
first byte is assigned to the network
address, and the three remaining
bytes are used for the node
addresses:
 All host bits off is the network
address: 10.0.0.0.
 All host bits on is the broadcast
address: 10.255.255.255
Private IP Addresses
(they’re not routable through the Internet)
Reserved IP Address Space
 Address Class Reserved address
space
 Class A 10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255
 Class B 172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255
 Class C 192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.255
Introduction to Network Address
Translation (NAT)
 to translate your private inside addresses to a global
outside address by using NAT
 There are different flavors of NAT
 Static NAT
 Dynamic NAT
 Overloading
 Classless Inter-Domain Routing
(CIDR)

 It’s basically the method that ISPs (Internet Service

Providers) use to allocate an amount of addresses to a
company, a home—a customer
 When you receive a block of addresses from an ISP,
what you get will look something like this:
192.168.10.32/28.(The slash notation (/) means how
many bits are turned on (1s))
Broadcast Addresses
 Layer 2 broadcasts These are sent to all
nodes on a LAN.
 Broadcasts (layer 3) These are sent to all
nodes on the network.
 Unicast These are sent to a single
destination host.
 Multicast These are packets sent from a
single source, and transmitted to many
devices on different networks
Subnetting Basics
 Reduced network traffic
 Optimized network performance
 Simplified management
 Facilitated spanning of large
geographical distances
How to Create Subnets
Follow these steps:
1.Determine the number of required network IDs:
 One for each subnet
 One for each wide area network connection
2.Determine the number of required host IDs per subnet:
 One for each TCP/IP host
 One for each router interface
3.Based on the above requirements, create the following:
 One subnet mask for your entire network
 A unique subnet ID for each physical segment
 A range of host IDs for each subnet
Subnetting
Subnetting a Class C
Address

Answer five simple questions:

 How many subnets does the chosen subnet mask
produce?
 How many valid hosts per subnet are available?
 What are the valid subnets?
 What’s the broadcast address of each subnet?
 What are the valid hosts in each subnet?
Subnetting a Class C
Address
 How many subnets? 2^x = number of subnets. x is the
number of masked bits, or the 1s

 How many hosts per subnet? 2^y – 2 = number of hosts per

subnet. y is the number of unmasked bits, or the 0s. For
example, in 11000000, the number of zeros gives us 26 – 2
hosts. In this example, there are 62 hosts per subnet

 What are the valid subnets? 256 – subnet mask = block size,
or increment number. An example would be 256 – 192 = 64.
The block size of a 192 mask is always 64. Start counting at
zero in blocks of 64 until you reach the subnet mask value
and these are your subnets. 0, 64, 128, 192.

 What’s the broadcast address for each subnet? the broadcast

address is always the number right before the next subnet.

 What are the valid hosts? Valid hosts are the numbers
between the subnets, omitting all the 0s and all 1s.
 Practice Example #1: 255.255.255.192
(/26)
 Let’s use the Class C subnet mask from the
preceding example, 255.255.255.192, to see
how much simpler this method is than
writing out the binary numbers. We’re going
to subnet the network address 192.168.10.0
and subnet mask 255.255.255.192.
 How many subnets? Since 192 is 2 bits on
(11000000), the answer would be 22.
 How many hosts per subnet? We have 6 host
bits off (11000000), so the equation would be
26 – 2 = 62 hosts.
 What are the valid subnets? 256 – 192 = 64.
Remember, we start at zero and count in our
 block size, so our subnets are 0, 64, 128, and
192.
Practice Example #2: 255.255.255.224 (/27)
This time, we’ll subnet the network address
192.168.10.0 and subnet mask 255.255.255.224.
 How many subnets? 224 is
11100000, so our equation would be
23 = 8.
 How many hosts? 25 – 2 = 30.
 What are the valid subnets? 256 –
224 = 32. We just start at zero and
count to the subnet
 mask value in blocks (increments) of
32: 0, 32, 64, 96, 128, 160, 192,
224.