Design Of Microstrip Patch Antenna For 5G Applications

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
5G

Fifth-generation wireless (5G) is the latest iteration of cellular technology, engineered to

greatly increase the speed and responsiveness of wireless networks.

With 5G, data transmitted over wireless broadband connections could travel at rates
as high as 20 Gbps by some estimates -- exceeding wireline network speeds -- as well as
offer latency of 1 ms or lower for uses that require real-time feedback.

5G will also enable a sharp increase in the amount of data transmitted over wireless
systems due to more available bandwidth and advanced antenna technology.

5G is the Fifth Generation technology. It has many advanced features potential

enough to solve many of the problems of our mundane life. It is beneficial for the
government, as it can make the governance easier; for the students, as it can make available
the advanced courses, classes, and materials online; it is easier for the common people as
well, as it can facilitate them the internet everywhere.

5G technology stands for fifth generation mobile technology.5G technology has

changed the means to use cell phones within very high bandwidth. User never experienced
ever before such a high value technology. Now a days mobile users have much awareness of
the cell phone technology.

As the 5G technologies include all type of advanced features which makes 5G

technology most powerful and in huge demand in near future, so we go for 5G.

5G technology going to be a new mobile revolution in mobile market.

The fifth generation technology is extended to outright the 4th generation .Such as
limited bandwidth and speed .To have 5G ,the antenna must have at least gain of 28decibles
and bandwidth more than 1GHZ.Microstrip antennas have become attractive for use in
mobile applications.

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 Design Of Microstrip Patch Antenna For 5G Applications

Fifth generation is a wireless networking architecture built on the 802.11 ac IEEE

wireless networking standard, which aims to increase data communication speeds by up to
three times compared to its predecessor,4G.

THE ROAD TO 5G:-

The biggest news on next –generation mobile networks .Carriers around the world are
preparing to move on from 4G LTE to 5G, the next era of mobile networking that promises
ultra-fast data speeds and low latency between device and network. Consumers in the US can
expect to start seeing 5G networks light up in 2019. All four major providers — Verizon,
AT&T, T-Mobile, and Sprint — have promised to make 5G a reality in the new year. Even
before those networks are switched on, smartphones from Samsung, LG, and other 5G-
capable devices have already been announced.

The evolution and standardization of 5G has been a long process, but the technology
could lead to major advancements in numerous areas like the smart home, media
consumption, augmented reality, self-driving cars, telemedicine, and more.

5G’S CHALLENGES
SECURITY ISSUES

5G technology threatens the security of individuals. The Internet of Things may make life
easy for the masses but puts a lot of personal information out in the there through the mode of
exchange. The technology isn’t advanced as such to fight the consequences of this problem –
the reason why 5G does not seem like a huge success (yet).

INCOMPLETE RESEARCH

The speed that 5G technology claims to have does not seem achievable in the current age. We
still don’t have the advanced technology to cope with the advancements that 5G network will
come with. Firstly, the latest designs for the devices that could support the system of this
technology has yet to be built. Secondly, there are several countries that are still
underdeveloped; they can’t be expected to make use of this technology in the near future.

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OLD DEVICES MAY GO OUT OF USE

Most of older devices that will go out of use as their system and features will not support the
latest features of the 5G technology. There will be a demand for completely new sets of smart
phones that everyone would have to buy in order to use 5G if people do not want to stick with
older phones and services. This may affect their lifestyle as well.

One common perception of people is that networks may not go beyond 5G as 5G

itself will be an extremely huge leap of technology that may eradicate the need for 6G. The
previous generations – 1G to 4G – were known by the interface, frequency, and modulation.
On the other hand, 5G claims to possess all of it with added features.

With all that being said, the common point is, the Internet is becoming the central
commodity that may run all fields in the future. It will make every act, job, skill more feasible
and advanced. It has already improved our lives and there are several internet providers that
offer good deals and services to their valuable customers. Users of TWC providers have
given good ratings to Spectrum internet for their efficient customer service, cost-effective
deals, and reliable services. The Internet of Things may take over the world one day and
completely, however, it will still have its shortcomings and drawbacks so that human
dependency will still stay relevant.

ADVANTAGES OF 5G TECHNOLOGIES:-
 Data rates of about 10 Gbps or higher can be achieved. This provides better user
experience as download and upload speeds are higher.
 Latency of less than 1 ms can be achieved in 5G mm wave. This leads to immediate
connection establishment and release with 5G network by 5G smartphones. Hence
traffic load is decreased on 5G base stations.
 Higher bandwidth can be used with the help of carrier aggregation feature.
 Antenna size is smaller at higher frequecies. This leads to use of massive MIMO
concept to achieve higher data rates.
 Dynamic beamforming is employed to overcome pathloss at higher frequencies.
 Due to improved 5G network architecture handoff is smooth and hence it does not have
any effect on data transfer when mobile user changes cells.

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 Typically 5G offers 10x throughput, 10x decrease in latency, 10x connection density,
3x spectrum efficiency, 100x traffic capacity and 100x network efficiency.

DISADVANTAGES OF 5G :-
 Technology is still under process and research on its viability is going on.
 The speed, this technology is claiming seems difficult to achieve (in future, it might be)
because of the incompetent technological support in most parts of the world.
 Many of the old devices would not be competent to 5G, hence, all of them need to be
replaced with new one — expensive deal.
 Developing infrastructure needs high cost.
 Security and privacy issue yet to be solved.
 It requires skilled engineers to install and maintain 5G network. Moreover 5G
equipments are costly. This increases cost of 5G deployment and maintenance phases.
 5G smart phones are costly. Hence it will take some time for the common man to make
use of 5G technology.
 The technology is still under development and will take time before it is fully
operational without any issues.
 Coverage distance of upto 2 meters (in indoor) and 300 meters (in outdoor) can be
achieved due to higher losses at high frequencies (such as millimeter waves). 5G mm
wave suffers from many such losses (penetration loss, attenuation due to rain, foliage
loss etc.)
 It will take time for security and privacy issues to be resolved fully in 5G network.

APPLICATIONS OF 5G:-
Some of the significant applications are:

 It will make unified global standard for all.

 Network availability will be everywhere and will facilitate people to use their
computer and such kind of mobile devices anywhere anytime.

 Because of the IPv6 technology, visiting care of mobile IP address will be assigned
as per the connected network and geographical position.

 Its application will make world real Wi Fi zone.

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 Design Of Microstrip Patch Antenna For 5G Applications

 Its cognitive radio technology will facilitate different version of radio technologies to
share the same spectrum efficiently.

 Its application will facilitate people to avail radio signal at higher altitude as well.

Chapter 2
ANTENNAS

In the 1890s, there were only a few antennas in the world. These rudimentary devices
were primarily a part of experiments that demonstrated the transmission of electromagnetic
waves. By World War II, antennas had become so ubiquitous that their use had transformed
the lives of the average person via radio and television reception. The number of antennas in
the United States was on the order of one per household, representing growth rivaling the
auto industry during the same period.

By the early 21st century, thanks in large part to mobile phones, the average person
now carries one or more antennas on them wherever they go (cell phones can have multiple
antennas, if GPS is used, for instance). This significant rate of growth is not likely to slow, as
wireless communication systems become a larger part of everyday life. In addition, the strong
growth in RFID devices suggests that the number of antennas in use may increase to one
antenna per object in the world (product, container, pet, banana, toy etc.). This number would
dwarf the number of antennas in use today. Hence, learning a little (or a large amount) about
of antennas couldn't hurt, and will contribute to one's overall understanding of the modern
world.

Types of Antenna’s and their History:

Heinrich Hertz developed a wireless communication system in which he forced an

electrical spark to occur in the gap of a dipole antenna. He used a loop antenna as a receiver,
and observed a similar disturbance. This was 1886. By 1901, Marconi was sending
information across the atlantic. For a transmit antenna, he used several vertical wires attached
to the ground. Across the Atlantic Ocean, the receive antenna was a 200 meter wire held up
by a kite.
In 1906, Columbia University had an Experimental Wireless Station where they used
a transmitting aerial cage. This was a cage made up of wires and suspended in the air,
resembling a cage.

A rough outline of some major antennas and their discovery/fabrication dates are listed:

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1. Yagi-Uda Antenna, 1920s:

2. Horn antennas, 1939:

Interesting, the early antenna literature discussed waveguides as "hollow metal pipes":

3. Antenna Arrays, 1940s:

4. Parabolic Reflectors, late 1940s, early 1950s? :

5. Patch Antennas, 1970s:

6. PIFA, 1980s:

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Current research on antennas involves met materials (materials that have engineered
dielectric and magnetic constants that can be simultaneously negative, allowing for
interesting properties like a negative index of refraction). Other research focuses on making
antennas smaller, particularly in communications for personal wireless communication
devices (e.g. cell phones). A lot of work is being performed on numerical modelling of
antennas, so that their properties can be predicted before they are built and tested.

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Parameters of Antenna:
In order to describe the performance of an antenna, we use various, sometimes
interrelated, parameters.
• Radiation pattern, beam width
• Power
• Directivity, gain, aperture
• Radiation resistance

Radiation Pattern:
(Antenna Radiation Pattern). An antenna radiation pattern or antenna pattern is defined as a
mathematical function or a graphical representation of the radiation properties of the antenna
as a function of space coordinates.
• Defined for the far-field.
• As a function of directional coordinates.
• There can be field patterns (magnitude of the electric or magnetic field)
or power patterns (square of the magnitude of the electric or magnetic field).
• Often normalized with respect to their maximum value.
• The power pattern is usually plotted on a logarithmic scale or more commonly in decibels.

Radiation Pattern Lobes:

A radiation lobe is a portion of the radiation pattern bounded by regions of

relatively weak radiation intensity.
• Main lobe
• Minor lobes
• Side lobes
• Back lobes

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Beam width:
• The beam width of an antenna is a very important figure of merit and often is used as a
trade-off between it and the side lobe level; that is, as the beam width decreases, the side lobe
increases and vice versa.
• The beam width of the antenna is also used to describe the resolution capabilities
of the antenna to distinguish between two adjacent radiating sources or radar targets.

(Half-Power Beam Width (HPBW)),In a plane containing the direction of the maximum of a
beam, the angle between the two directions in which the radiation intensity is one-half value
of the beam.
(First-Null Beam width (FNBW)), Angular separation between the first nulls of the pattern.

Directivity:
The ratio of the radiation intensity in a given direction from the antenna to the radiation
intensity averaged over all directions.

• The average radiation intensity: total power radiated by the antenna divided by 4π.

• Stated more simply, the directivity of a non isotropic source is equal to the ratio of its
radiation intensity in a given direction over that of an isotropic source.

Antenna Gain:
The parameter that measures the degree of directivity of antenna’s radial pattern is
known as gain. An antenna with a higher gain is more effective in its radiation pattern.
Antennas are designed in such a way that power raises in wanted direction and decreases in
unwanted directions.

G = (power radiated by an antenna)/ (power radiated by reference antenna)

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Aperture:
This aperture is also known as the effective aperture of the antenna that actively
participate in transmission and reception of electromagnetic waves. The power received by
the antenna gets associated with collective area. This collected area of an antenna is known as
effective aperture.

Pr = Pd*A Watts ;A = Pr/Pd m2

Directivity and Bandwidth:
The directive of an antenna is defined as the measure of concentrated power radiation
in a particular direction. It may be considered as the capability of an antenna to direct
radiated power in a given direction. It can also be noted as the ratio of the radiation intensity
in a given direction to the average radiation intensity. Bandwidth is one of the desired
parameters to choose an antenna. It can be defined as the range of frequencies over which an
antenna can properly radiates energy and receives energy.
𝟏
𝐃= 𝟏 𝟐𝛑 𝛑
𝟒𝛑
∫𝟎
∫𝟎 |𝐅(𝛉, ∅)|𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉𝐝𝛉𝐝∅

Polarization:
An electromagnetic wave launched from an antenna may be polarized vertically and
horizontally. If the wave gets polarized in the vertical direction, then the E vector is vertical
and it requires a vertical antenna. If vector E is in horizontal way, it needs a horizontal
antenna to launch it. Sometimes, circular polarization is used, it is a combination of both
horizontal and vertical ways.

Effective Length:
The effective length is the parameter of antennas that characterizes the efficiency of
the antennas in transmitting and receiving electromagnetic waves. Effective length can be
defined for both transmitting and receiving antennas. The ratio of EMF at the receiver input
to the intensity of the electric field occurred on the antenna is known as receivers’ effective
length. The effective length of the transmitter can be defined as the length of the free space in
conductor, and current distribution across its length generates same field intensity in any
direction of radiation.

Effective Length = (Area under non-uniform current distrbution)/(Area under uniform

current distribution)

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Polar diagram:
The most significant property of an antenna is its radiation pattern or polar
diagram. In case of a transmitting antenna, this is a plot that discusses about the strength of
the power field radiated by the antenna in various angular directions as shown in the plot
below. A plot can also be obtained for both vertical and horizontal planes – and, it is also
named as vertical and horizontal patterns, respectively

Antennas generally fall in one of two categories:

1. Omni directional or only weakly directional antennas which receive or radiate more or
less in all directions. These are employed when the relative position of the other
station is unknown or arbitrary. They are also used at lower frequencies where a
directional antenna would be too large, or simply to cut costs in applications where a
directional antenna isn't required.

2. Directional or beam antennas which are intended to preferentially radiate or receive in

a particular direction or directional pattern.

In common usage "Omni directional" usually refers to all horizontal directions,

typically with reduced performance in the direction of the sky or the ground (a
truly isotropic radiator is not even possible). A "directional" antenna usually is intended to
maximize its coupling to the electromagnetic field in the direction of the other station, or
sometimes to cover a particular sector such as a 120° horizontal fan pattern in the case of a
panel antenna at a cell site.

Both the vertical and dipole antennas are simple in construction and relatively
inexpensive. The dipole antenna, which is the basis for most antenna designs, is
a balanced component, with equal but opposite voltages and currents applied at its two
terminals through a balanced transmission line (or to a coaxial transmission line through a so-
called balun). The vertical antenna, on the other hand, is a monopole antenna. It is typically
connected to the inner conductor of a coaxial transmission line (or a matching network); the
shield of the transmission line is connected to ground. In this way, the ground (or any large
conductive surface) plays the role of the second conductor of a dipole, thereby forming
a complete circuit. Since monopole antennas rely on a conductive ground, a so-
called grounding structure may be employed to provide a better ground contact to the earth or
which itself acts as a ground plane to perform that function regardless of (or in absence of) an
actual contact with the earth.

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Introduction of the Microstrip Antenna

Microstrip antenna is a printed type of antenna consisting of a dielectric substrate with
relative permittivity and permeability where sandwiched in between a ground plane and a
metallic patch. The concept of microstrip antenna was first proposed in 1953, twenty years
before the practical antennas were produced.

Since the first practical antennas were developed in early 1970's, interest in this kind of
antenna increase and in 1979 the first professional meeting on micro strip antennas was held
in New Mexico. The microstrip antenna is physically very simple and flat, these are two of
the reasons for the great interest in this type of antenna.

Microstrip antennas have several advantages compared to other bulky type of antennas.
Some of the main advantages of micro strip antennas are that it has low fabrication cost, its
lightweight, low volume, and low profile configurations that it can be made conformal, it can
be easily be mounted on rockets, missiles and satellites without major modifications and
arrays of these antennas can simply be produced .
However, micro strip antennas have some drawbacks including narrow bandwidth, low
power handling capability and low gain. But with technology advancement and extensive
research into this area these problems are being gradually overcome.
In many practical designs, the advantages of microstrip antennas far outweigh their
disadvantages. With continuing research and development it is expected that micro strip
antennas will replace conventional antennas for most applications. Some of the notable
applications for microstrip antennas are in the areas of mobile satellite

Communications, the Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) system and Global Positioning
System (GPS). Microstrip antennas also found useful in non-satellite based application such
as remote sensing and medical hyperthermia application.

General Description
In its simplest form, micro strip antenna is a dielectric substrate panel sandwiched
in between two conductors. The lower conductor is called ground plane and the upper
conductor is known as patch. Microstrip antenna is commonly used at frequencies from to
100 GHz and at frequencies below ultra high frequency, UHF micro strip patch become
exceptionally large. The radiating patch can be design in various shapes according to the
desired characteristics. Illustrated is the simplest structure of a rectangular microstrip patch
antenna.

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Conducting Layers:
The common materials used for conducting surfaces are copper foil or copper foil plated
with corrosion resistant metals like gold, tin and nickel. These metals are the 3 main choice
because of their low resistivity, resistant to oxidation, solderable, and adhere well to
substrate.
An alternative to metal for conducting surface is to use conductive ink. It is easier to fabricate
but have three disadvantages. First, is that conductive inks cannot be soldered in the usual
way, to overcome this solder pastes are used. Secondly is oxidation, but the effect is
negligible since the oxide is also conductive. The third is the problem of silver ion migration.
Silver ions tend to migrate under humid conditions and this will cause a short across the
conductive ink lines.

Dielectric Substrate:
The first step in designing micro strip antenna is to choose the suitable
substrate. There are various types of substrate available in market that provides
considerable flexibility in the choice of a substrate for particular applications.
In most cases, considerations in substrate characteristics involved the
dielectric constant and loss tangent and their variation with temperature and
frequency, dimensional stability with processing, homogeneity and isotropicity.
In order to provide support and protection for the patch elements, the dielectric
substrate must be strong and able to endure high temperature during soldering
process and has high resistant towards chemicals that are used in fabrication
process.
The surface of the substrate has to be smooth to reduce losses and adhere
well to the metal used. Substrate thickness and permittivity determine the
electrical characteristics of the antenna. Thicker substrate will increase the
bandwidth but it will cause the surface waves to propagate and spurious
coupling will happen. This problem however, can be reduced or avoided by
using a suitably low permittivity substrate.
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Different Shapes of Microstrip Patch Antenna

Microstrip Feeds:
Matching is usually required between the antenna and the feed line, because antenna
input impedances differ from customary 50 Ohm’s line impedance. An appropriately 6
selected port location will provide matching between the antenna and its feed line. And the
location of the feed line also affects the radiation characteristics. There are three common
techniques for exciting a particular microstrip antenna. These are coaxial probe, microstrip
line and aperture coupling.

The coaxial probe is the most popular technique and is illustrated in Figure. The
coaxial connector is attached to the ground plane and the coaxial center conductor extends
through the substrate and is attached to the radiating patch. For coaxial probe the location of
the feed is normally located at one third of the distance from the center of the patch to the
side. The advantages of this method are that the probe location can selectively excite
additional modes and it can be use with plated via for multi layer circuits.

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 Design Of Microstrip Patch Antenna For 5G Applications

In the second technique, micro strip line is connected directly to the radiating patch;
see Figure. The location of the feed line may affect a small shift in resonant frequency, due to
the change in coupling between the feed line and the antenna. This technique provide good
polarization however, it is very difficult to minimize the spurious radiation from the
microstrip line. Spurious radiation will increase side lobes on the radiating pattern.

Microstrip Line Feed

In the aperture coupling the feed line and the patch are on different sides of the
ground plane. A slot is cut in the ground plane to couple the electromagnetic to the radiating
patch, thus no via connectors needed. This technique is to avoid spurious radiation escapes
from the feed line and corrupt the side lobes or polarization of the antenna.

Aperture Coupling Feed

The upper substrate can be made with a lower permittivity to produce loosely bound
fringing fields, yielding better radiation. The lower substrate can be independently made with
a high value of permittivity for tightly coupled fields that don't produce spurious radiation.
The disadvantage of this method is increased difficulty in fabrication.

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Proximity Coupled Feed

This type of feed technique is also called as the electromagnetic coupling scheme. As
shown in figure 1.5, two dielectric substrates are used such that the feed line is between the
two substrates and the radiating patch is on top of the upper substrate. The main advantage of
this feed technique is that it eliminates spurious feed radiation and provides very high
bandwidth of about 13%, due to increase in the electrical thickness of the microstrip patch
antenna. This scheme also provides choices between two different dielectric media, one for
the patch and one for the feed line to optimize the individual performances.

Proximity coupled feed

Microstrip Line Feeding:

Microstrip line feed is one of the easier methods to fabricate as it is a just conducting
strip connecting to the patch and therefore can be consider as extension of patch. It is simple
to model and easy to match by controlling the inset position. However the disadvantage of
this method is that as substrate thickness increases, surface wave and spurious feed radiation
increases which limit the bandwidth.
In this type of feed technique, a conducting strip is connected directly to the edge of the
microstrip patch as shown in Figure The conducting strip is smaller in width as compared to
the patch and this kind of feed arrangement has the advantage that the feed can be etched on
the same substrate to provide a planar structure

Microstrip Line Feeding

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The purpose of the inset cut in the patch is to match the impedance of the feed line to
the patch without the need for any additional matching element as in figure

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For low frequencies the effective dielectric constant is essentially constant. At

intermediate frequencies its values begin to monotonically increase and eventually approach
the values of the dielectric constant of the substrate. The initial values (at low frequencies) of
the effective dielectric constant are referred to as the static values
1
∈𝑟 +1 ∈ ℎ −
∈𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 = + 𝑟−1 [1 + 12 ] 2 (3-1)
2 2 𝑊

Effective Length, Resonant Frequency, and Effective Width:

Because of the fringing effects, electrically the patch of the micro strip antenna looks
greater than its physical dimensions. For the principal E-plane (xy-plane), this is
demonstrated where the dimensions of the patch along its length have been extended on each
end by a distance 3L, which is a function of the effective dielectric constant 𝜀 reff and the
width-to-height ratio (W/h). A very popular and practical approximate relation for the
normalized extension of the length.
𝑤
∆𝐿
(∈𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 +0.3)( ℎ +0.264)
ℎ
=0.412 𝑤 (3-2)
(∈𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 −0.258)( ℎ +0.8)

Since the length of the patch has been extended by 3L on each side, the effective length of the
patch is now (L=λ/2 for dominant TM010 mode with no fringing).

Leff = L+2∆L (3-3)

For the dominant TM010 mode, the resonant frequency of the micro strip antenna is function
of its length . Usually it is given by

1 𝑣0
(𝑓𝑟 )010 = = (3-4)
2L√𝜀𝑟 √𝜇0 𝜀0 2𝐿 √𝜀𝑟

Where V0 is the speed of light in free space. Since (3-4) does not account for fringing, (3-5)
must be modified to include edge effects and it should be computed using

1 𝑣0
(𝑓𝑟𝑐 )010 = 2𝐿 = 2(L+2∆L)
eff √𝜀reff √𝜇0 𝜀0 √εreff √μ0 ε0

1 v
= q 2L = q 2L 0ε (3-5)
√εr √μ0 ε0 √ r

Where
(𝑓𝑟𝑐 )010
𝑞= (3-5a)
(𝑓𝑟 )010

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The q factor is referred to as the fringe factor (length reduction factor). As the substrate
height increases, fringing also increases and leads to larger separations between the radiating
edges and lower resonant frequencies.
Design:
Based on the simplified formulation that has been described, a design procedure is outlined
which leads to practical designs of rectangular microstrip antennas. The procedure assumes
that the specified information includes the dielectric constant of the substrate h, the resonant
frequency (fr), and the height of the substrate h. The procedure is as follows:
Specify:

𝜀𝑟, 𝑓𝑟 (in H𝑧), and ℎ

Determine:

W, L

Design procedure:
1. For an efficient radiator, a practical width that leads to good radiation efficiencies

1 2 𝜗𝑜 2
W= √∈ = √∈ (3-6)
2𝑓𝑟 √𝜇0 ∈𝑜 𝑟 +1 2𝑓𝑟 𝑟 +1

Where υ0- is the free-space velocity of light.

2. Determine the effective dielectric constant of the microstrip antenna using (3-1).
3. Once W is found using (3-6), determine the extension of the length ΔL using (3-2).
4. The actual length of the patch can now be determined by solving (3-5) for L, or
1
L= − 2∆𝐿 (3-7)
2𝑓𝑟 √∈𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 √𝜇𝑜∈𝑜

Conductance

Each radiating slot is represented by a parallel equivalent admittance Y (with conductance G

and susceptance B).
The equivalent admittance of slot based on an innately wide, uniform slot and it is given by
Y1=G1+jB1 (3-8)
Where for a slot of finite width w

𝑊 1 ℎ 1
𝐺1 = [1 − (𝑘0 ℎ)2 ] < (3-8a)
120𝜆0 24 𝜆0 10

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𝑊 ℎ 1
𝐵1 = [1 − 0.636 In(𝑘𝑜 ℎ)] < (3-8b)
120𝜆0 𝜆0 10

its equivalent admittance is

Y2=Y1, G2=G1, B2=B1. (3-9)

The conductance of a single slot can also be obtained by using the field expression derived by
the cavity model. In general, the conductance is defined as

2𝑝𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝐺1 = (3-10)
|𝑉𝑜|2

Using the electric field ,the radiated power is written as

koW 2
|Vo|2 π sin( 2 COSθ)
Prad = ∫ [ ] sin3 θdθ (3-11)
2πno 0 COSθ

Therefore the conductance of (3-10) can be expressed as

1 𝐼
𝐺1 = 120𝜋 2 (3-12)

Where

2
𝑘0 𝑊
𝜋 sin( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
2
𝐼1 = ∫ [ ] 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

sin(𝑋)
= −2 + cos(𝑋) + 𝑋𝑆𝑖 (𝑋) + (3-12a)
𝑋

X=𝐾0 𝑊 (3-12b)
Asymptotic values of (3-12) and (3-12a) are

1 𝑊 2
( ) 𝑊 ≪ 𝜆0
90 𝜆 0
𝐺1 = { (3-13)
1 𝑊
( ) 𝑊 ≫ 𝜆0
120 𝜆0

The values of (3-13) for W ≫ 𝜆0 are identical to those given by (3-8a) for h≪ 𝜆0 . A plot of G
as a function of W/𝜆0 is shown in Figure

Dept., of ECE,BITS, Adoni-518301. Page 20

 Design Of Microstrip Patch Antenna For 5G Applications

Resonant Input Resistance:

The total admittance at slot #1 (input admittance) is obtained by transferring the
admittance of slot #2 from the output terminals to input terminals using the admittance
transformation equation of transmission lines. Ideally the two slots should be separated by λ/2
where λ is the wavelength in the dielectric (substrate). However, because of fringing the
length of the patch is electrically longer than the actual length. Therefore the actual
separation of the two slots is slightly less than λ/2. If the reduction of the length is properly
chosen using (3-2) (typically 0.48λ < L < 0.49λ), the transformed admittance of slot #2
becomes
̃
Y2 = 𝐺 ̃2 + 𝑗 B ̃2 = 𝐺1 − 𝑗𝐵1 (3-14)
or
̃2 = 𝐺1
𝐺 (3-14a)
̃2 = −𝐵1
𝐵 (3-14b)

Therefore the total resonant input admittance is real and is given by

𝑌𝑖𝑛 = 𝑌1 + 𝑌̃2 =2𝐺1 (3-15)

Since the total input admittance is real, the resonant input impedance is also real, or

1 1
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = =𝑅𝑖𝑛 = (3-16)
𝑌𝑖𝑛 2𝐺1

The resonant input resistance, as given by (3-16), does not take into account mutual effects
between the slots. This can be accomplished by modifying

1
R in = (3-17)
2(G1 ±G12 )

where the plus (+) sign is used for modes with odd (antisymmetric) resonant voltage
distribution beneath the patch and between the slots while the minus (−) sign is used for
modes with even (symmetric) resonant voltage distribution. The mutual conductance is
defined, in terms of the far-zone fields
1
𝐺12 = 𝑅𝑒 ∫ ∫ 𝐸1 × 𝐻2∗ . 𝑑𝑠 (3-18)
|𝑉0 |2

where E1 is the electric field radiated by slot #1, H2 is the magnetic field radiated by slot #2,
V0 is the voltage across the slot, and the integration is performed over a sphere of large
radius. It canbe shown that G12 canbe calculated

Dept., of ECE,BITS, Adoni-518301. Page 21

 Design Of Microstrip Patch Antenna For 5G Applications

𝑘0 𝑊 2
1 𝜋 sin( 2 cos𝜃)
𝐺12 = ∫ [ ] J0 (𝑘0 𝐿 sin𝜃)sin3 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 (3-18a)
120𝜋 2 0 cos𝜃

where J0 is the Bessel function of the first kind of order zero. For typical microstrip antennas,
the mutual conductance obtained using (3-18a) is small compared to the self conductance G1
of (3-8a) or (3-12).

As shown by (3-8a) and (3-17), the input resistance is not strongly dependent upon the
substrate height h. In fact for very small values of h, such that k0h _ 1, the input resistance is
not dependent on h. Modal-expansion analysis also reveals that the input resistance is not
strongly influenced by the substrate height h. It is apparent from (3-8a) and (3-17) that the
resonant input resistance can be decreased by increasing the width W of the patch. This is
acceptable as long as the ratio of W/L does not exceed 2 because the aperture efficiency of a
single patch begins to drop, as W/L increases beyond 2.

The resonant input resistance, as calculated by, is referenced at slot #1. However, it has been
shown that the resonant input resistance can be changed by using an inset feed, recessed a
distance y0 from slot #1, as shown in Figure This technique can be used effectively to match
the patch antenna using a microstrip-line feed whose characteristic impedance is given by

60 8ℎ 𝑊0
𝑙𝑛[ + ],
𝑊0 4ℎ
√𝜖𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓
120𝜋 𝑊0 𝑊0
𝑍𝑐 = ≤ 1; >1 (3-19a,b)
𝑊 𝑊 ℎ ℎ
√𝜖𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 [ 0 +1.393+0.667𝑙𝑛( 0 +1.444)],
ℎ ℎ
{

where W0 is the width of the microstrip line, as shown in Figure. Using modal expansion
analysis, the input resistance for the inset feed is given approximately by

1 𝜋 𝐺12 +𝐵12 𝜋 𝐵 2𝜋
𝑅𝑖𝑛 (𝑦 = 𝑦0 ) = 2(𝐺 [ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ( 𝐿 𝑦0 ) + 𝑌𝑐2
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ( 𝐿 𝑦0 ) − 𝑌1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝐿 𝑦0 )] (3-20)
1 ±𝐺12 ) 𝑐

where Yc = 1/Zc. Since for most typical microstrips G1/Yc _ 1 an dB1/Yc _ 1, (3-20) reduces
to

Dept., of ECE,BITS, Adoni-518301. Page 22

 Design Of Microstrip Patch Antenna For 5G Applications

1 𝜋
𝑅𝑖𝑛 (𝑦 = 𝑦0 ) = 2(𝐺 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝐿 𝑦0 )
1 ±𝐺12 )

𝜋
= 𝑅𝑖𝑛 (𝑦 = 0) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ( 𝐿 𝑦0 ) (3-20a)

The values obtained using (14-20) agree fairly well with experimental data. However, the
inset feed introduces a physical notch, which in turn introduces a junction capacitance. The
physical notch and its corresponding junction capacitance influence slightly the resonance
frequency, which typically may vary by about 1%. It is apparent from (14-20a) and Figure
that the maximum value occurs at the edge of the slot (𝑦0 = 0) where the voltage is maximum
and the current is minimum; typical values are in the 150–300 ohms. The minimum value
(zero) occurs at the center of the patch (𝑦0 = L/2) where the voltage is zero and the current is
maximum. As the inset feed point moves from the edge toward the center of the patch the
resonant input impedance decreases monotonically and reaches zero at the center. When the
value of the inset feed point approaches the center of the patch (𝑦0 = L/2), the cos2(π𝑦0 /L)
function varies very rapidly; therefore the input resistance also changes rapidly with the
position of the feed point. To maintain very accurate values, a close tolerance must be
preserved.

Dept., of ECE,BITS, Adoni-518301. Page 23

 Design Of Microstrip Patch Antenna For 5G Applications

𝑊 1 ℎ 1
𝐺1 = [1 − (𝑘 0 ℎ )2 ] <
120𝜆0 24 𝜆0 10

𝑊 ℎ 1
𝐵1 = [1 − 0.636 In(𝑘𝑜 ℎ)] <
120𝜆0 𝜆0 10

𝑘0 𝑊 2
1 𝜋 sin ( cos𝜃)
2
𝐺12 = ∫ [ ] J0 (𝑘0 𝐿 sin𝜃)sin3 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
120𝜋 2 0 cos𝜃

Dept., of ECE,BITS, Adoni-518301. Page 24