ELD Theories, Theorists and Applications

Theorist Description Application

Krashen Krashen's theory of second language acquisition
consists of five main hypotheses:

● The Acquisition-Learning hypothesis

● The Monitor hypothesis

 ● The Natural Order hypothesis: the acquisition
of grammatical structures occur in a predictable
way. Some grammatical structures tend to be
acquire early while others late. The order for
L1 and L2 is similar but no identical.
● The Input hypothesis: ​explain how the learner
acquires a second language – how second
language acquisition takes place. The Input
hypothesis is only concerned with 'acquisition',
not 'learning'. According to this hypothesis, the
learner improves and progresses along the
'natural order' when he/she receives second
language 'input' that is one step beyond his/her
current stage of linguistic competence.
● Affective Filter hypothesis

Cummins
Chomsky
Leo Van Lier Principles: ​Awareness,
(50 strategies) autonomy, authenticity,
achievement, assessment,
accountability.
Strategies:​ contingent
interaction, scaffolding, critical
thinking, learner training.
Actions:​ field work, tasks,
portfolios, conversations,
negotiation, stories, genre
variation, team work

Hart & RIsley Some students that are placed

(50 strategies) in ELD classes are not expose
to a second language or do not
have the knowledge in another
language that their parents
may claimed to know.
Brown (shifts)
(50 strategies)

ELD Standards ELD standard provide a

CA classification of learning skills
Specifics/Shifts based on students’ English
ability in reading, writing,
speaking, and listening. These
standards are implemented in
the classroom based on the
type of learning support
provided to the students and
the difficulty of the tasks that
they need to complete.
Listening

Speaking-Oracy Oral communication used in a variety of situations for The 10/2 rule is a good
a variety of purposes and audiences. example to follow. This rule
states that for every 10 or so
minutes of input, students
should have two minutes of
processing time. The numbers
are not absolute; instruction
and input should range from
five minutes to 20 minutes
depending on the complexity
 of the material, the grade level
of your students, and their
language proficiency levels.

Learning Dyslexia is often unexpected in relation to the child's

Disability other cognitive abilities. It is a receptive
Dyslexia/other language-based learning disability that is characterized
by difficulties with decoding, fluent word recognition,
and/or reading-comprehension skills.

Reading
Writing

Assessment TOEFL
 ELPAC
The ELPAC is used to assess and monitor EL
students’ progress toward English language
proficiency. EL students continue to take the ELPAC
SA annually until they meet their LEA’s
reclassification criteria.

ELL Literacy
Development
Academic English for academic purposes (EAP), commonly
English known as Academic English, entails training students,
development usually in a higher education setting, to use language
appropriately for study. It is one of the most common
forms of English for specific purposes (ESP).

Language
Registers