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1.

Determine 3 advantages and 2 disadvantages presented by


natural phenomena of refraction or reflection for the transmission
of electromagnetic waves.

OPTICS

Mirrors and lenses are simple optical instruments through which practical
applications of reflection and refraction of light are obtained. In the case of
mirrors are polished surfaces that produce a specular reflection: All rays are
reflected in the same direction and provide clear images of objects.
In case the surface is irregular, the rays of light scatter in all directions which
indicates that it does not provide clear images.

Application in Lenses

They consist of a transparent material delimited by a spherical and a flat surface


and differ according to their curvature.

Convergent Lenses: Concentrate the rays of light at the focal point.

Divergent Lenses: Scatter the rays of Light

With all this began to use this breakthrough for the creation of objects such as
microscope, telescope, and lenses to improve vision, among others.

SONIDO
In the propagation of sound, the laws of wave reflection are also fulfilled, that
is, î = ^ r, which have already been seen on the surface of water and which
can be seen when studying geometric optics. Only that we do not see them
here, but we do perceive them, above all, as long as the wavelength of the
reflected vibration is less than the largest of the dimensions of the flat object
on which it is reflected.
ADVANTAGE

Location of submarines, sunken ships and fish banks


High frequency sound waves, called ultrasounds because they are not perceived
by the ear, are produced from an emitter placed under the keel of the ship. The
high frequency ensures a concentration of energy in a narrow cone. If waves
encounter an obstacle in their path, the reflected waves are picked up by a
receiver whose orientation relative to the emitter can be modified. The emission
of a short probe and its return are recorded in an oscilloscope, thus obtaining
the time of the wave travel. The position of the submarine or wreck is obtained
in depth and direction. It is also very useful application in the location of schools
of fish.
Refraction of the Sound
Refraction is the change of direction that a wave experiences when passing
from one medium to another. It only occurs if the wave strikes obliquely on the
separation surface of the two media and if they have different refractive indices.

Refraction originates in the change in velocity experienced by the wave. The


refractive index is precisely the relationship between the speed of the wave in
a reference medium (the vacuum for electromagnetic waves) and its speed in
the medium in question.

An example of this phenomenon is seen when a pencil is immersed in a glass


of water: the pencil seems broken. It also occurs when light passes through
layers of air at different temperatures, on which the refractive index depends.
The mirages are produced an extreme case of refraction, called total reflection.
It is a phenomenon that affects the propagation of sound. It is the deviation
that the waves undergo in the direction of their propagation, when the sound
passes from one medium to another. Unlike what happens in the phenomenon
of reflection, in refraction, the angle of refraction is no longer equal to that of
incidence.
Refraction is due to the fact that when changing media, the velocity of sound
propagation changes. The refraction can also occur within the same medium,
when the characteristics of this are not homogeneous, for example, when the
temperature increases or decreases from one point to another of a medium.

Using the right materials, the sound can be totally absorbed and not disturb the
neighbors.
Information taken from:
http://www.wikillerato.org/Reflexi%C3%B3n_y_refracci%C3%B3n_del_sonid
o.html

2. Explain what Snell's Law is for in the propagation of


electromagnetic waves.
It’s a formula used to calculate the refractive angle of light when crossing the
separation surface between two means of propagation of light (or any
electromagnetic wave) with a different refractive index. The name comes from
its discoverer, the Dutch mathematician Willebrord Snel van Royen (1580-
1626). They named her "Snell" because of her last name but they put two "l"
for her name Willebrord which carries two "l".
It states that the multiplication of the refractive index by the sine of the angle
of incidence with respect to the normal is constant for any ray of light striking
the separating surface of two media. That is, the component of the refractive
index parallel to the surface is constant. Although Snell's law was formulated
to explain the phenomena of refraction of light, it can be applied to all types of
waves crossing a separation surface between two media in which the velocity
of propagation of the wave varies.
Snell's law consists of a formula that is used particularly to achieve the
calculation of the angle of refraction of light when it passes the separation
surface that exists between two media that have a different refractive index.
The law then explains that the product of the refractive index by the sin of the
angle of incidence is constant for any ray of light striking the surface of two
media.
FORMULA
The formula used to apply Snell's law is as follows:

n1. sin i = n2. sin t, where:

i-> incident angle (is the angle formed by the incident ray with the normal N).
t-> transmitted angle (is the angle formed by the transmitted ray with the
normal N).
n1-> indicates the refractive index of the first medium.
n2-> shows the refractive index of the second medium.
From the above equation, it follows that when n2 <n1 there is an angle of
incidence, called the limit angle, from which no refraction-> Total reflection.

3. How is the total reflection of an electromagnetic wave achieved


by colliding with a different medium of propagation?
When an electromagnetic wave hits the boundary between two different
transmission media, a part of the wave is refracted reaching to pass through
the material with which the shock occurred and part of the wave is reflected
or returned without reaching to the following material; this phenomenon of
reflecting an electromagnetic wave is called reflection. Since all the reflected
waves do not reach to pass through the second material, they maintain the
same velocity of propagation that the incident wave presents, as a
consequence, the angle with which the beam impinges with respect to the
normal one will be equal to the angle of reflection with respect to normal.
However, the amplitude of the reflected field is smaller than the amplitude of
the incident field. The relationship between the intensities of the reflected
voltage and the incident voltage is called the reflection coefficient, which is
dimensionless and depends not only on the voltage intensities but also on the
incident and reflected angles.

4. How is the total refraction of an electromagnetic wave achieved


by colliding with a different means of propagation?
Refraction is the change of direction and speed that a wave experiences when
passing from one medium to another with different refractive index. It only
occurs if the wave strikes obliquely on the separation surface of the two media
and if they have different refractive indices. The refraction originates in the
change of velocity of propagation of the indicated wave.

An example of this phenomenon is seen when a pencil is immersed in a glass


of water: the pencil seems broken. Refraction also occurs when light passes
through layers of air at different temperatures, on which the refractive index
depends. The mirages are produced by an extreme case of refraction, called
total reflection. Although the phenomenon of refraction is frequently observed
in electromagnetic waves such as light, the concept is applicable to any type of
wave.

5. What do you mean by polarization of electromagnetic waves?

Electromagnetic polarization is a property of waves that can oscillate with more


than one orientation. This normally refers to the so-called transverse waves, in
particular it is usually spoken of electromagnetic waves, although it can also
occur in transverse mechanical waves. On the other hand, the sound waves in
a gas or liquid are exclusively longitudinal waves in which the oscillation always
goes in the direction of the wave; so there is no talk of polarization in this type
of waves.
In an electromagnetic wave, both the electric field and the magnetic field are
oscillating, but in different directions; both perpendicular to each other and
perpendicular to the propagation direction of the wave; By convention, the
polarization plane of light refers to the polarization of the electric field.
Choose one of the following problems, taken from “Cutnell, J. D., &
Johnson, K. W. (2009), John Wiley & Sons Ltd., New York & Paz, A.
(2013)” solve it and share the solution in the forum. Perform a critical
analysis on the group members’ contributions and reply this in the
forum.
3 A laser that is inside a tank of water, shoots a ray of light upwards. If
the laser is located h1=20cm under water. At what minimum
horizontal distance d1 from the laser pointer should you shoot so that
the beam does not leave the water?

RESPUESTA

It must be taken into account that the refractive index of water is n = 1.5, taking into account this we find
the critical angle for water:
𝑛1 1
𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝜃𝑐 ) = = = 0.666
𝑛2 1.5
𝜃𝑐 = 𝑆𝑒𝑛−1 (0.666) = 41.8°
Taking the angle you get a trigonometric relationship between depth and distance, which is why:
𝑑1
= 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃1
ℎ1
Clear the formula:

𝑑1 = ℎ1 . 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃1 = 20𝑐𝑚 × 𝑇𝑎𝑛(41.8°) = 17.9 𝐶𝑚

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