ABSTRACT

This paper discusses about the various methods to keep in the control the variation of voltage produced
by the grid and the frequency of the same caused due to the varying output power of the energy source of
standalone micro grid. The operation of the stand alone micro-grids is more challenging due to it being an
independent entity. The usual voltage and frequency control method is droop control or P-V and P-Q
method. This paper also introduces some new methods of stabilizing the standalone micro grid with
respect to the voltage and frequency variations. Some of the new methods include sliding mode control,
changing the droop lines, changing the algorithm, dump load control, diesel generator, battery energy
storage system (BESS), and using different types of inverters. All these methods are useful in eliminating
the frequency and voltage variations and also help in improving the stability conditions.

KEYWORDS -- Droop control methods; battery energy storage system; sliding mode control ; standalone
micro grid ; Voltage control; frequency control; Diesel generator; inverter .

I. INTRODUCTION

In this paper we talk about the control methods of stabilised frequency and voltage in a Standalone Micro grid
powered by natural resources. Micro grid refers to energy system made up of different types of energy resources
which are distributed . Microgrids work with accordance to the main grid or they can even function
independently away from them. The Micro grids comprise of many elements mainly demand managing system ,
storage system, and a plant used for generation..They have the power to change its mode of operation which are
non-grid connected mode and grid connected one. Thus helping in supplying power in case of emergencies. On
the other hand, it also faces technical, regulatory and economical challenges. It must be able to operate safely
either connected to main grid or in an islanded fashion, while actively managing generation and consumption.
By this way, it we can effectively use the renewable resources which are available to us for the generation
purpose of power in these micro grids.

Micro grids are units which operate single and are easily controllable. They have distributed generation and load
in the power system. There are 2 type of micro grids - grid connected and standalone micro grids, which are
powered by wind turbines , PV cells and other natural sources .In this paper we talk about the proper
synchronism of the system by voltage and frequency control of system .

II. NEED OF VOLTAGE AND FREQUENCY CONTROL

As we all know that the need of electricity or the load requirement of every house changes every now and then
,thus to protect the system from this system from varying load and our appliances from varying voltage and
frequency we need proper control strategies implemented in the system. There are different control methods for
a standalone micro grid as due to its main source being natural resources the output power is also varied due to
natural reasons.
III. VOLTAGE CONTROL METHODS IN STANDALONE MICROGRIDS

III.1 DROOP CONTROL METHODS

In this paper a automatic voltage regulator is introduced in the micro grids in the p-v or p-q mode with a
synchronous generator so the voltage drop can be controlled using it and a stabilised steady state power output
could be provided. This p-v and p-q mode is also known as droop control method.(1) in this research paper, For
voltage control, the method used is (Q/P) droop control ,By using a (Q/P) droop control technique, the perfect
stability condition for the voltage across the micro grid could be achieved. Thus these could be removed which
were generated by the natural resources.(2)

In this research paper the proposed method uses low bandwidth communication network which connects
decentralized V-I droop control to a secondary controller which function together to control individual units.
Both of these distributed controllers work on the principle of leader-subordinate method, in which the leader
initiates and regulates the voltage and the power and the follower is used for managing the sharing of power
throughout the system, so that the SOC's are in a balanced state. (3)

In this paper a new droop scheme has been introduced for Photovoltaic system which is connected to the
resistive LV distribution network. It also helps the Photovoltaic generation system for the generation of
maximum active power. Whereas the system remains unaffected by the power fluctuation caused due to the
power output of natural resources, such immunity to the system from voltage fluctuations is done by changing
the droop lines. (4),this paper showcases a novel Pdc/Vdc droop control. In cases where certain voltage, which
is decided by a constant-power band, in this way the converter operates in a constant power mode. When the
voltage passes a certain level, this control strategy switches to the droop control method to change the micro
source output power and maintain a steady voltage level form operation.(5)

In this paper, the method used is that , when whole MG operates in three different modes and operates
according to the situations like the load, Photo Voltaic generation and the battery conditions at that moment, the
per unit operation in MG are divided into 5 states for all the single phased units and the remaining 7 states for
the 3 phase unit, for which the given trigger is used at the high frequency level, for the movement between all
these states. In every state present, various droop control functions are used to control the output power and the
photo voltaic boost converter is used for regulating the dc-link , regulating output power or battery boost
converter. The three phase units automatically control the Power flow among different phases, so that the power
loads present on every phase can be maximised by the generation which is present in phases and the energy
storage system could be charged from the residual voltage which is generated by the other phases. Thus
providing a better stable state condition to the system (6).

III.2 SLIDING MODE CONTROL METHOD.

This paper is about sliding mode control method in which if the voltage level is violated then only the work of
battery comes into action by this method of stabilisation of voltage of the standalone micro grid on solar
photovoltaic system is obtained ,it also controls power variation at the point of common coupling, thus making
the system stable for use without harm.(7) In this paper the method used for a single phase standalone micro
grid is the adaptive sliding mode control technique, which is used for eliminating the variation of the voltage of
the system. it is done using 1 phase 2 winding self excited induction generator . The ASMC developed control
technique is the most efficient method for estimating the current which is provided by the source as a reference ,
and is thus used for the control of the 1 phase voltage source converter and regulate the voltage value and thus
making the system stable to operate properly(8) This paper states a current-controlled voltage-mode control
method , for a dispatchable electronically-coupled distributed energy resource (DER) unit based on sliding-
mode control (SMC) method. This control strategy provides a fast , stable and reliable control on the terminal
voltage and ensures that the power-electronic interface is properly protected from any external faults. In
addition the output voltage of the main distributed energy resource unit is maintained regardless of unbalanced
or distorted load currents. Performance of this proposed sliding mode control method is immensely stable and
provides a stable output voltage with negligible fluctuations.(9)
This paper depicts the working of an advanced control strategy for the sliding mode control method used to
island micro grids. The distributed generation units are affected by various complications including variations in
the generated load, non uniform linearity's and some modelling uncertainties which are unavoidable. All these
things results in making the sliding mode control(SMC) the best option for solving the particularly considered
problem. A 3rd order sliding mode (TOSM) control technique, which belongs to category of Suboptimal SOSM
method, is recommended as a means of islanding Micro grid, in accordance to accomplish required chattering
alleviation. The micro grid which is operated via the SMC technique shows some very interesting and true
properties which gives satisfying results of stable voltage, and finally results in a better output for use.(10)

This paper states some advanced sliding mode control strategies for the islanding micro grids. It mainly
specifies on the micro grid model with diverse DGUs, and are in accordance with an unrestricted, difficult and
mesh type topology, and they properly work in islanding working mode. The working of islanding mode
includes all the connection which are in the line parameters and it is negatively influenced by changing load
parameters, non uniform linearity's and modelling unreliability which are unavoidable. This makes the advanced
sliding mode control method appropriate for this type of micro grid thus further solving the problems associated
with varying voltage and providing stable system.(11)

III.3 FUZZY- LOGIC CONTROL METHOD

This paper also discusses about the control techniques for controlling the flow of power, this flow is the chief
problem hampering the micro grids which have parallel connections. Droop method is known as one of the most
renowned method for handling the flow of output power which occurs in the converters, it solves the issue in an
appropriate way of decentralising .The technique used for controlling the fluctuation of the output voltage of
Isolated Micro grid is based on a logic control called as Fuzzy logic, this control technique improvises the
present droop technique for better results. The output voltage of the VSI is made stable by using controllers
which are named as proportional resonant. In a micro grid, there are two batteries used one is for the auxiliary to
the wind turbine system and the other one is used for the photo voltaic system. The droop coefficient values of
VSI are adjusted by the fuzzy logic controller in accordance with its SOC and all the power difference which is
present between the total load and the power generated by the renewable resources. All these methods develop a
new strategy for the control of voltage in an isolated Micro grid.(12).

This paper, shows a new control technique for the co ordination of the flow of power of a photo voltaic unit , it
also controls the voltage and battery to fulfil the requirement of load by making full use of the photovoltaic
power which is available to us. It is very efficient in controlling the Photo Voltaic systems total output power
and it also keeps the SOC and the process of charging and discharging of the energy storage system under the
required values without any influence of the fluctuations that occur in the load. By this method, the low priority
load gets shredded and this is done when the energy storage system fails in balancing the flow of power in the
micro grid system. By this method of FLC we could easily manage a multi input and multi output system and
this is one of the main merit of this type of control technique. (13)

In this paper ,an efficacious control method for the energy generated by wind and photovoltaic system in an
islanding micro grid is put forward for maintaining the level of output voltage in this islanded micro grid. The
studied Micro grid is 33 bus system which is provided by a small Photovoltaic unit and a wind energy
conversion system that works on the principle of induction generator with squirrel cage. Because of its swift
response, considerably high efficiency, large output power and higher durability as compared to any other
alternative methods, for the storage of energy a superconducting magnetic storage is used. The whole system
and the control techniques is dependent on the fuzzy logic controller for the control of the power which is
exchanged between the energy storage system and the Micro grid , thus this control strategy helps in
maintaining the steady voltage supply to the system.(14)

In the paper, a convenient stabilising strategy is referred on the basis of the fuzzy logic controller (FLC), which
gives faster response and ensures reduced voltage fluctuations as compared to other established control methods.
The voltage of DC bus is sensed and then further passed through the fuzzy rules to generate a reference pulse
current to meet changing power demand. In the proposed control method, converter output current sensing is not
 required. Hence, the need of current sensor is not required . It also does not use HPF/LPF filters in the control
loop, which reduces the complexity and processing time. Other than this ,the fuzzy logic controller design is
simple as it does not involve estimation of the mathematical model of the converter. (15)

III.4 OTHER METHODS

In this paper method to control unbalanced voltage and load sharing is introduced, in this technique, a variable
negative sequence virtual impedance is affixed to the micro source, which works towards betterment of the
negative sequence current sharing ability of Micro Source. Thus the method of adjusting the negative sequence
of impedance worked well for stabilising the standalone micro grid from the unbalanced load sharing and
voltage sharing conditions.(16) this research paper states about the hierarchical control method for stabilised
voltage in the standalone micro grids with limited source of power. By this method the control system is
divided into 3 layers thus providing stability in the steady state. (17)

In this dissertation, the method of dump control is introduced for the standalone micro grids which are operated
on the wind and the wind diesel generation methods ,the proposed control loops ensure the proper stability of
the voltage without any deviation caused due to the load and the wind as it uses a small generator as well(18)In
this paper the VSC with battery energy storage source, in the standalone micro grid is used to provide load
balancing and voltage control of the system subject to varying load conditions and thus maintaining a constant
voltage at the point of common coupling.(19) . In this paper a new method of Uninterruptible Power Supply
(UPS) is used in the standalone micro grid using a converter which converts DC supply to DC. The DC voltage
is transformed into AC by using a 3-phase inverter. To remove voltage fluctuation at the load side a dual
feedback control system is used. it also fulfils load demands in the fault conditions.(20) In this paper it is
discussed that ,islanded micro grid system showcases better performance from the designed VSI even when the
conditions are varying, and there are external disturbances and difficult load sharing conditions. The operational
VAr compensation from the designed VSI for the Photovoltaic system and the utilization of the extra DC power
generated by the photovoltaic system, has immensely contributed in the better oscillation damping and
immediate post disturbance stabilization in the system, thus making the micro grid system more stable.(21)

IV. FREQUENCY CONTROL METHODS

IV.1 DROOP CONTROL METHOD

In this paper it is stated that on the basis of droop control method, the coefficient of the droop equation is so
adjusted by the inverter that it balances the SOC for charging and discharging processes for system backup FC
electrolyser issued , it supplies energy to the system if the requirement is not met and it also absorbs the energy
if it is not in use, for the stability and safety of system. The strategy thus used is for managing the power and it
is applied for 3 conditions. For the process of charging and discharging the SOC balancing technique is also
validated, thus providing a stable frequency levels.(22)

In this research paper ,the main aim is balancing the charging cycle and the discharging cycle for the energy
storage system. To achieve this, the of droop coefficient is further adjusted so the SOC helps in balancing the
charging cycle , and then it gets inversed for the discharging cycle .The value thus obtained of frequency is
used for the purpose of communication parameter as no other communication of any kind takes place. Thus
frequency of the micro grid is expands or increases during the process of charging and it starts decreasing or
declines during the process of discharging , while the voltages at node remains unaltered. The droop coefficient
are adjusted in a way, so that it forms a micro grid with operating frequency within the limits.(23) In this paper a
preserved wireless and frequency-based Photovoltaic/battery/fuel cell proposed hybrid energy management
system , which further helps in improving the reliability on the power supply and also help in enhancing the
practical application value. We use line-frequency as a means to manage the power, which further helps in
avoiding the use of the communication line in the system. The droop controller we are using in the hybrid
system is used to coordinate the active power among the Distributed Generations ,while it provides the ability to
adjust the total output power of the generation system with response to the varying load of the system , thus
making the system frequency stabilised.(24)
In This paper describes the different micro sources characteristics and the band wide change in DC bus voltage,
the micro source converter adapts the V/Vdc droop control method according to the changes that occur in the
DC bus voltage. This control makes full consideration of the photovoltaic output power deviation due to change
in position of sun and allocation so that it helps in avoiding the frequent fluctuation in the primary output. Thus
stabilizing the frequency to the desired level , which is required for the system.(5).

IV.2 BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM (BESS) CONTROL METHODS.

In this paper the discussed method is that in ,standalone micro grids with the renewable generation system
produce a large frequency change due to the unpredicted output power fluctuation .A different type of energy
storage system is proposed in this paper which is used for maintaining the frequency level instead of using a
generator , this energy storage system is BESS. By using the BESS we could make the entire system free from
the mechanical inertia which is caused by the usual. The capacity of BESS is limited thus for maintaining the
(SOC) of the BESS is required , for this purpose a synchronous generator is used.(25) In this paper we are given
with , coordinated frequency control strategy for a standalone micro grid using very fast responding TCLs,
Photovoltaic power system and BESS, and a diesel generator. The main purpose of the projected CFC scheme is
to maintain the frequency. The normal operation of the BESS and PV power system are refrained by changing
the load of DZ without implementing inter-device communication. thus maintaining the frequency at steady
state.(26)

In this paper it is described that a micro grid system composed of Photovoltaic system, wind turbine generator
system and fuel-cell powered system is established and a method for controlling the variation of frequency is
introduced for the islanded micro grid. After implementing this control method the result we obtain showcase
that the control method thus used has introduced voltage and current feed forward by the load , thus it helps in
minimising the effects of frequency fluctuations and thus then results in a stable system with stable frequency of
the output and improvising the micro grid. (27 )

IV.3 OTHER CONTROL METHODS.

In this paper a Model predictive controller (MPC) is used . it is an effective and alternative approach to the
stand alone micro grid control system . It helps to forecasts the future outputs from the present information of
the system and further produces the optimized controlled input signal at each and every sampling instantly and
accordingly. This makes the handling capacities of MPC suitable to control the deviation of frequency from the
desired value.(28) In this paper ,to increase the stability of the micro grid and too reduce the variation in the
frequency at point of common coupling a dual optimisation control technique is introduced, this method
reduces the frequency deviation and improves the stability margin .(29)

This research paper gives a clear idea of model based on an emphasised decentralized controller . The proposed
controller for Photovoltaic copies the very dynamic behaviour of a SG which is further useable when
Photovoltaic are equipped with a storage system for energy. By this we obtain Increased total inertia of MG ,
thus obtaining a steady state and decreasing the fluctuations in the frequency.(30)In this paper the a boost
converter and a PV panel is used to track a fraction of the solar panel's max power point. This helps in saving
some reserve power, this reserve power is then used to maintain the frequency level when load increases. During
this condition, the boost converter helps in tracking closer to the PV panel’s maximum power point, so that we
get more power. This marginal increase in power output of PV helps to keep the frequency of the micro grid at
the specified value.(31)In this paper , the consumption of power is controlled using Real Time Pricing (RTP)
and supply power for Photovoltaic and the WG is suppressed accordingly . We attain the DR by introducing the
electricity price, determined by RTP, and it is further possible to make power consumption followed by power
supply. It is thus possible to improve the balance of demand-supply by the use of real-time pricing (RTP) and
the suppression of supply power of PV and WG. Since by doing this the demand-supply balance is improved,
hence the frequency remains in the proper stable range.(32)

IV CONCLUSION
This research paper showcases a unique strategy of minimizing the fluctuations that occur in the voltage and
frequency output in a standalone micro grid. The control strategies proposed in the paper are used for solving
the problem occurred due to the unpredictable output from the power generated by the natural resources. Thus,
for stable frequency control multiple control strategies are stated. Some of the strategies are Q/P variations by
droop control method. This method is for both frequency and voltage, fuzzy logic control mechanism, sliding
mode control method and other methods which further reduce the fluctuations. By these control methods, the
voltage variations caused due to the output active power variations is removed using the voltage damping effect
in the generation process by renewable resources. Methods like these are used so that we get a stable system for
operation. Further this paper also explains the methods for stabilizing a standalone micro grid which operates on
low cost or cost efficient ways of generating power through natural resources

V REFERENCES

[1] Mehmet H. Cintuglu; Tarek A. Youssef; Ahmed T. Elsayed; Osama A. Mohammed," Frequency and
Voltage Control of Microgrids upon Unintentional Cascading Islanding" Proceedings of the IEEE
SoutheastCon 2015, April 9 - 12, 2015 - Fort Lauderdale, Florida .
[2] Yun-Su Kim; Eung-Sang Kim; and Seung-Il Moon," Frequency and Voltage Control Strategy of
Standalone Microgrids With High Penetration of Intermittent Renewable Generation Systems" IEEE
Transactions on power systems 2016.
[3] Mohammad S. Golsorkhi; Qobad Shafiee; Josep M. Guerrero, "A Distributed Control Framework for
Integrated Photovoltaic-Battery Based Islanded Microgrids " 10.1109/TSG.2016.2593030, IEEE
Transactions on Smart Grid.
[4] Hongpeng Liu; Poh Chiang Loh; Xiongfei Wang; Yongheng Yang; Wei Wang; Dianguo Xu, "Droop
Control with Improved Disturbance Adaption for PV System with Two Power Conversion
Stages"10.1109/TIE.2016.2580525, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.
[5] Hua Han; Liangrong Shen; Jian Yang, "The Coordinated Control Strategy of Hybrid Microgrid Based on
the Maximum Utilization of PV Generation" IEEE transactions 978-1-4673-7189-6/15/$31.00©2015
[6] Yaser Karimi; Hashem Oraee; Josep M. Guerrero, "Decentralized Method for Load Sharing and Power
Management in a Hybrid Single/ThreePhase Islanded Microgrid Consisting of Hybrid Source PV/Battery
Units " 10.1109/TPEL.2016.2620258, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.
[7] Vivek Kumar; Rajesh Gupta, " Voltage Control and Power Balance in a Standalone Microgrid Supported
from Solar PV System " 2016 IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON) — Proceedings of the International
Conference.
[8] Ujjwal Kumar Kalla; Bhim Singh; S. S. Murthy; Chinmay Jain; Krishan Kant, " Adaptive Sliding Mode
Control of Standalone Single-Phase Microgrid Using Hydro, Wind and Solar PV Array Based Generation"
10.1109/TSG.2017.2723845, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.
[9] Mohammad B. Delghavi; Amirnaser Yazdani, "Sliding-Mode Control of AC Voltages and Currents of
Dispatchable Distributed Energy Resources in Master-Slave-Organized Inverter-Based Microgrids"
10.1109/TSG.2017.2756935, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.
[10] Michele Cucuzzella; Gian Paolo Incremona; Antonella Ferrara, " Design of Robust Higher Order Sliding
Mode Control for Microgrids " IEEE journal on EMERGING AND SELECTED TOPICS in circuits and
systems.
[11] M. Cucuzzella; G. P. Incremona; A. Ferrera , " Decentralized Sliding Mode Control of Islanded AC
Microgrids with Arbitrary Topology" 10.1109/TIE.2017.2694346, IEEE Transactions on Industrial
Electronics.
[12] Lekhnath Kafle ; Zhen Ni, " Fuzzy logic adjustment for power sharing in wind and PV-based isolated
microgrid" Computational Intelligence (SSCI), 2016 IEEE Symposium.
[13] Rashid Al Badwawi ; Walid Issa ; Tapas Mallick ; Mohammad Abusara, " DC microgrid power
coordination based on fuzzy logic control" Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'16 ECCE Europe),
2016.
[14] Mohamed M. Aly ; Hossam S. Salama ; Mamdouh Abdel-Akher ," Power control of fluctuating wind/PV
generations in an isolated Microgrid based on superconducting magnetic energy storage" Power Systems
Conference (MEPCON), 2016.
[15] Ramchandra Bhosale ; Vivek Agarwal, " Enhanced transient response and voltage stability by controlling
ultra-capacitor power in DC micro-grid using fuzzy logic controller" Power Electronics, Drives and Energy
Systems (PEDES), 2016.
[16] Tianyi Ma Guangyao Cheng; " A Novel Control Method for Islanding Mode Microgrid with Unbalanced
Load " DRPT 2015 November 26-29, 2015. Changsha, China.
[17] Arash Momeneh; Miguel Castilla; Mohammad Moradi Ghahderijani; Antonio Camacho; Luis García de
Vicuña ," Design and Control of a Small-Scale Industrial Microgrid in Islanding Mode" Industrial
Electronics Society , IECON 2016 - 42nd Annual Conference of the IEEE 2016
[18] Tiago Lukasievicz ;Ricardo Vasques de Oliveira ; Géremi Gilson Dranka, " Control of an Islanded Wind-
Diesel Microgrid with High Penetration Level of Wind Generation", Power & Energy Society General
Meeting, 2015 IEEE
[19] Jincy Philip; Krishan Kant; Chinmay Jain; Bhim Singh; Sukumar Mishra ," A Simplified Configuration and
Implementation of a Standalone Microgrid ", Power & Energy Society General Meeting, 2015 IEEE
[20] Teymoor Ghanbari ; Mohammad Azma ; Ehsan Bagheri ; Nima Tashakor ; Ebrahim Farjah," Stand alone
photovoltaic system with integrated online UPS to smooth output fluctuations" Environment and Electrical
Engineering and 2017 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe),
2017 IEEE.
[21] Fida Hasan Md Rafi ; Jahangir Hossain ; Junwei Lu, "PV microgrid islanded operation analysis with the
designed smart VSI" Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), 2015 IEEE 10th.
[22] Xiaofeng Sun ; Bingjie Liu ; Yao Cai ; Haoxiang Zhang ; Yanping Zhu ; Baocheng Wang," Frequency-
based power management for photovoltaic/battery/fuel cell-electrolyser stand-alone microgrid" IET Power
Electronics ( Volume: 9, Issue: 13, 10 26 2016 ).
[23] Spyros I. Gkavanoudis ; Konstantinos O. Oureilidis ; Charis S. Demoulias, "An adaptive droop control
method for balancing the SoC of distributed batteries in AC microgrids" Control and Modeling for Power
Electronics (COMPEL), 2016.
[24] Yanping Zhu ; Bingjie Liu ; Xiaofeng Sun," Frequency-based power management for PV/battery/ fuel cell
stand-alone microgrid" , Future Energy Electronics Conference (IFEEC), 2015.
[25] Yun-Su Kim ; Eung-Sang Kim ; Seung-Il Moon, " Frequency and Voltage Control Strategy of Standalone
Microgrids With High Penetration of Intermittent Renewable Generation Systems" IEEE Transactions on
Power Systems ( Volume: 31, Issue: 1, Jan. 2016 ).
[26] Samrat Acharya ; Mohamed Shawky El Moursi ; Amer Al Hinai," Coordinated Frequency Control
Strategy for an Islanded Microgrid with Demand Side Management Capability" IEEE Transactions on
Energy Conversion ( Volume: PP, Issue: 99 ).
[27] Mingyan Shao ; Ruiye Liu ; Dianjun Lv," Control strategy of voltage and frequency for islanded
microgrid" Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (IPEMC), 2012.
[28] Mahesh kumar; Kalyan kumar; krishna vasudevan; Shankar krishnapillai, "Frequency and Voltage Control
in Stand-Alone Micro-Grid" IITM Puvvula SRVRSS Vidyasagar 2017.
[29] Wei Zhao ; Lei Qi ; Xiaofeng Sun ; Baocheng Wang ; Hong Shen," Research on dual optimization
control scheme considering voltage and frequency in islanding microgrid" Power Electronics and Motion
Control Conference (IPEMC-ECCE Asia), 2016.
[30] Kuangye Gong ; Eric Lenz ; Ulrich Konigorski," Decentralized frequency control of a DDG-PV Microgrid
in islanded mode" Control and Automation (MED), 2015.
[31] Luke D. Watson ; Jonathan W. Kimball, "Frequency regulation of a microgrid using solar power" Applied
Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), 2011.
[32] Takahiro Uehara ; Noorzad Ahmad Samim ; Tomonobu Senjyu ; Manoj Datta, "Real-time pricing based
frequency control and smoothing of PV and WTG output power variations in islanded micro-grid" Future
Energy Electronics Conference (IFEEC), 2015.