Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ethics The new code does not repeal the old code.
- good vs bad/ right or wrong
- We consider something is right or good when it Why come up with the new code?
conforms with what he/she ought to do - old law is still good law. In fact, most of the provisions of
- Presupposes a standard the old code were just carried over and additions were
just placed
Legal Ethics - We are adhering to this Universal Declaration to signify
- science treating of what an attorney ought to do in our assent
relation to the court, to the client and to the public
The 1989 Code of Judicial Conduct
Preamble:
Branch Ethics “An honorable, competent and independent judiciary exists
- Branch of moral science which treats of the right and to administer justice and thus promote unity of the country,
proper conduct to be observed by judges in the stability of the government ad the well-being of the
administering justice; a legal and moral mechanism that people. ”
keeps and maintains the trust and confidence of the
people in the judicial system In the New Code of Judicial Conduct
- Continued existence of the court depends on the trust of - it updates and correlates the Code of Judicial Conduct
the public upon the judicial system and the Canons of Judicial Ethics
- It stresses the Philippines’ solidarity with the universal
Is there a need to maintain the people’s trust in the clamour for a universal code of judicial ethics
justice system?
Yes. otherwise, people will not go to court anymore. They Preamble:
will resort to extra-legal means to settle their disputes. The 1. Competent, independent and impartial judiciary is
continued existence of the justice system depends on the essential if the courts are to fulfill their role in upholding
public’s trust in the court. constitutionalism and the rule of law
2. Public confidence in the judicial system and in the moral
Importance to lawyers authority and integrity of the judiciary is of utmost
The administration of justice is a joint responsibility of the importance in a modern democratic society and;
judge and the lawyer as the judge expects a lawyer to
respect and honor judicial office as a public trust and strive This is individual judicial independence. How should a
to enhance and maintain confidence in the judicial system judge decide a case? Based on facts and law and not on
other extraneous variables. The influence isn’t really limited
7 Cardinal Values incorporated in 6 canons to external factors.
1.Independence 3 (III)- PECD There are 2 possible sources of influence, external (from
2.Integrity politicians, family members, friends) and internal (such as
3.Impartiality pre-conceived notions and biases such as having tattoos).
4.Propriety
5.Equality A judge should be able to protect himself from those
6.Competence influence.
7.Diligence
Ex. Judge dismissed criminal case on vague grounds upon
A Code of Ethics does not necessarily translate to ethical his receipt of death threats, that is improper.
judges
Without a code of ethics, anarchy will result. The job of a Ramirez v Corpuz-Mancadog (AM No. R-351-RTJ, Sept 26,
judge always has its trying times such as when the judge 1986)
will have to consistently ask himself whether it is ethical or A judge acted improperly when she rendered rulings based
legal. With the Code, judges will have a standard of on directives from a government official. The judge in her
behavior. As such, it will preserve the judicial system. defense, said that it being a revolutionary government, she
succumbed to the pressure of the high-ranking official. Is
Canon 1. INDEPENDENCE that a proper reason?
————————————————————————————— - NO. SC denounced the act as a patent betrayal of public
Judicial Independence is a pre-requisite to the rule of law trust and revelation of weak moral character. This is an
and a fundamental guarantee of a fair trial. A judge shall example where the judge was found to NOT be
therefore uphold and exemplify judicial independence in independent from other branches of the government.
both its individual and institutional aspects. Institutional independence
—————————————————————————————
Individual Judicial Independence Sec 2. In performing judicial duties, judges shall be
- focuses on each particular judge and seeks to insure his independent from judicial colleagues in respect of decision
or her ability to decide cases with autonomy. which the judge is obliged to make independently.
————————————————————————————— —————————————————————————————
Sec. 1. Judges shall exercise the judicial function Regardless of good relations, camaraderie, and
independently on the basis of their assessment of facts and compañerismo among judges, they shall not be influenced
conscientious understanding of the law, free from any by their fellow judges insofar as decisions they have to
extraneous influence, inducement, pressure, threat or make independently
interference, direct or indirect, from any quarter of for any
Sec. 2: Decide the case free from external influence from his/her colleagues in the Bench
reason.
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Judges must not only render just, correct and impartial So if the judge becomes aware of unethical actions of a
decision, but must do so in a manner free of any suspicion lawyer or by a court staff, the judge should not hesitate in
as to their fairness, impartiality and integrity. initiating investigation and disciplinary measures. In the
same way, lawyers can always file cases against the judges
It is important that you have an impartial decision but the who they believe have violated an ethical rule.
process of getting there must also appear to be impartial
and fair, otherwise, public perception will still be tainted.
The vigilance of the judge should go beyond themselves,
but also their staff, subordinates and lawyers who are
Example: Judge is all smiles to plaintiff and his lawyer as officers of the court.
opposed to defendant whom he usually frowns upon. Upon
rendering the decision, it was actually fair but can you stop
the defendant from thinking otherwise? CANON 3. IMPARTIALITY
—————————————————————————————
Not only a good judge but must also appear to be a good Impartiality is essential to the proper discharge of the
person judicial office. It applies not only to the decision itself but
also to the process by which the decision is made.
Upon his assumption to office, a judge ceases to be an —————————————————————————————
ordinary mortal. He becomes the visible representation of - Impartial, fair, cold neutrality of a judge. A judge should
the law and more importantly, of justice. He must be the not only render a just, correct and fair decision but should
embodiment of competence, integrity and independence. also do so in a manner as to be free from any suspicion.
A magistrate of the law must comport himself in such Extrajudicial Source Rule (ESR)
manner that his conduct, official or otherwise, can bear the To sustain a claim of bias or prejudice, the resulting opinion
most searching scrutiny of the public that looks up to him of the court must be used upon an extrajudicial source,
as the epitome of integrity and justice. that is, some influence other than facts and law presented
in the courtroom.
Cases:
1.Judge forcibly kissed court employees if you want to charge a judge with bias or prejudice, you
2.Habitually gambling and frequenting casinos and cockpits should discharge with this rule and prove that the decision
(it creates the appearance that he is a gambler and it was based on an extrajudicial source.
makes people create untoward speculations)
3.Punching a fellow judge in the face after a disagreement —————————————————————————————
over the use of an office table Sec. 1. Judges shall perform their judicial duties without
4.Sexual intercourse with a 15-year old minor favor, bias or prejudice.
—————————————————————————————
In a bar, a judge was seen in a casino who was only
accompanying his wife. He did nothing there. State Prosecutors v Muro
- still liable because there is only the appearance of What is required is objectivity. An independent judiciary
impropriety. does not mean that the judiciary can resolve specific
disputes entirely as they please. There are limits as to a
————————————————————————————— judge’s adjudication. They cannot innovate at pleasure. A
Sec. 3. Judges should take or initiate appropriate judge is not a night-errand roaming at will in pursuit of his
disciplinary measures against lawyers or court personnel own ideal or goodness.
for unprofessional conduct of which the judge may have
become aware.
—————————————————————————————
Dioniso v Escano But lets say in encouraging it, the judge says “Plaintiff,
A judge should abstain from making personal investments settle nalang kay murag ikaw may sad-an. Ako pa nimo,
in enterprises which are apt to be involved in litigation in accept the offer of defendant. Possible baya di ka mu daog
his court; and after accession to the bench, he should not maypa dawaton nimo.”
retain such investments previously made, longer than a - it then becomes improper.
period sufficient to enable him to dispose of them
without serious loss.
RA 6713, Sec 9
material witness in the matter in controversy; Mere suspicion of partiality is not enough. There should be
C. The judge, or a member of his or her family, has an hard evidence to prove it, as well as manifest showing of
economic interest; bias and partiality. except that where it can be gleaned, through the
collective acts of the judge, he has lost the cold neutrality
D. The judge served as executor, administrator, of an impartial magistrate.
guardian, trustee or lawyer in the case or matter in Issuance of erroneous decision that pertain to the judge’s
controversy, or a former associate of the judge judicial functions may not be proper consideration to
served as counsel during their association, or the charge a judge of bias, except where the orders taken, not
judge or lawyer was a material witness therein; singly but collectively, show that the judge has lost the cold
E. The judge’s ruling in a lower court is the subject of neutrality of an impartial magistrate.
review; Judge appointed to CA and reviews he decided while in the RTC
F. The judge is related by consanguinity or affinity to General Rule: Voluntary inhibition cannot be compelled
a party litigant within the sixth civil degree or to by mandamus
counsel within the fourth civil degree; or
G. The judge knows that his or her spouse or child has Exception: while, ordinarily, mandamus will not prosper to
a financial interest, as heir, legatee, creditor, compel a discretionary act, the writ shall issue in instances
fiduciary, or otherwise, in the subject matter in of:
controversy or in a party to the proceeding, or any • grave abuse of discretion,
other interest that could be substantially affected • manifest injustice or palpable excess of authority,
by the outcome of the proceedings. equivalent to denial of a settled right to which
————————————————————————————— petitioner is entitled; and
• when there is no other plain, speedy and adequate
Sec 1, Rule 137, ROC remedy.
xxx
A judge may, in the exercise of his sound discretion, This court has recognized that a judge’s decision to
disqualify himself from sitting in a case, for just or valid refuse to act on account of some disqualification is not
reasons other than those mentioned above. conclusive, and his competency may be determined on
an application for mandamus to compel him to act.
Voluntary inhibition
- strictly a matter of conscience if he can be fair in the Pagoda Phils Inc v Universal Canning
case or if it is possible that a party will have a The judge’s right, however, must be weighed against their
reasonable basis to doubt his fairness duty to decide cases without fear of repression. Verily, the
- Whether a losing party could entertain a reasonable second par of sec 1 of rule 137 does not give judges the
belief that the judge was partial to the prevailing unfettered discretion to decide whether to desist from
party. It is not whether the judge was actually partial hearing a case. The inhibition must be for just and valid
or not causes. The mere imputation of bias or partiality is not
2nd Par of Sec. 1, Rule 137 does not give the judges the
unfettered discretion to deicde wthere to desist from hearing a
HannahBlancs- EH501 Page 7 of 20 case;
tried before said respondent, it was held that respondent’s The judge heard a motion while on vacation, he conducted
previous statement rendered it impossible for him to be the hearing in his room and he is just wearing a jacket;
free from suspicion, that, in deciding petitioner’s case, he the judge privately met a litigant in a resort; the judge
will be biased and prejudiced. Under such circumstances, conducted office and hearings in his residence; the judge
prohibition is available. held the hand of his interpreter and kiss by her lips; judge
————————————————————————————— had a picture posted in Friendster wearing an off shoulder
Sec. 6. A judge disqualified as stated above may, instead of suggestive dress – IMPROPER
withdrawing from the proceeding, disclose on the records —————————————————————————————
the basis of disqualification. If, based on such disclosure, SEC. 2. As a subject of constant public scrutiny, judges
the parties and lawyers independently of the judge’s must accept personal restrictions that might be viewed as
participation, all agree in writing that the reason for the burdensome by the ordinary citizen and should do so freely
inhibition is immaterial or unsubstantial, the judge may and willingly. In particular, judges shall conduct themselves
then participate in the proceeding. The agreement, signed in a way that is consistent with the dignity of the judicial
by all parties and lawyers, shall be incorporated in the office.
record of the proceedings. —————————————————————————————
—————————————————————————————
A judge being an acrobat performer or a model in a nude Engage in notarization of documents connected with the
painting exercise of their official functions
- Must not conflict or degrade judicial functions. Not allowed except in far flung municipalities where there
are no notaries public or no lawyers, an MTC Judge can
The judge can engage in art and other recreational perform any act within the competent of a regular notary
activities. They can be an officer, director, trustee or non- public as long as notarial fees shall be for the government
legal adviser of non-profit, non-political, education, and turned over to the municipal treasurer and there is a
religious, charitable, fraternal, civic organizations. certification made to the notarized document attesting to
the lack of lawyer or notary public.
Financial Activities
– allowed to enter into a business but he must refrain from Non-judicial appointment
business dealings that will affect partiality or interfere with Judges cannot accept any appointment or designation to
the performance of judicial functions or increase any agency performing quasi-judicial or administrative
involvement with persons that will likely come to court function. But other appointments are allowed such as a
President of the Home Owners Association, Chairman of
Ex. Surety Bonding Company is not allowed as it increases the Sinulog Committee or judge in a beauty pageant.
involvement with lawyers or persons that will likely come to
court. Judges should not make political speeches, contribute to
partisans, publicly endorse candidates or political office, or
A judge should not serve as officer, director, manager, participate in other partisan political activities. Judges can
adviser, or employee of any business. only vote or opt not to vote. That is their only political
- So if the organization is for profit then it cannot be, right. Of course, they can entertain their own opinion but
except as a director of family business. He cannot be a cannot make political speeches.
manager in the family business because he has to be in the
————————————————————————————— —————————————————————————————
SEC. 5. Judges shall not allow the use of their residence by SEC. 8. Judges shall not use or lend the prestige of the
a member of the legal profession to receive clients of the judicial office to advance their private interests, or those of
latter or of other members of the legal profession. a member of their family or of anyone else, nor shall they
————————————————————————————— convey or permit others to convey the impression that
What if the lawyer is the son of the judge and the client anyone is in a special position improperly to influence them
goes to the house? in the performance of judicial duties.
- Sec.5 is very clear, judges shall not allow the use of —————————————————————————————
Shall not use or lend the prestige of the judicial
their residence by ANY member… office for the advancement of their personal interest
The judge filed a case for estafa in his own sala, so in his
————————————————————————————— own case he is the private offended party and he issued a
SEC. 6. Judges, like any other citizen, are entitled to warrant of arrest
freedom of expression, belief, association and assembly, - taking advantage of the judicial office to advance his
but in exercising such rights, they shall always conduct own private interest.
themselves in such a manner as to preserve the dignity of
the judicial office and the impartiality and independence of The judge posted advertisement for restaurant personnel in
the judiciary. his court room and does his interview in his office
————————————————————————————— - SC said that it is impropriety for promotion of business
activities moreover, the ones who will be able to read the
advertisements are the lawyers and litigants, and so he
————————————————————————————— If for some valid reason, judge cannot decide within such
SEC. 4. Judges shall keep themselves informed about period, he can ask for an extension to resolve it.
relevant developments of international law, including
international conventions and other instruments In relation to a judge’s certificate
establishing human rights norms. Judges do not have DTRs, rather, they have the certificate
————————————————————————————— of justice. There, the judge will certify that he worked for
the entire month except the weekends or holidays or
When we say judges should be updated with law and approved leaves, that certificate is a pre-prerequisite to
jurisprudence, it includes updates in international law receiving salary. There is also a provision there that he has
including international conventions and other instruments no pending cases that are beyond the constitutional time-
establishing human rights norms. frame.
Why should the judge be updated with international If found that judge did not tell the truth, the SC has, in
conventions? several cases, ruled that such judge has transgressed the
- Under the constitution, we have declared that GAPIL are right of the people to a speedy disposition of cases. Judges
part of the law of the land. have been disciplined for this.
- What is the effect of a judge’s resignation on a pending Gross ignorance on excessive bail
administrative case? The crime charged is reckless imprudence resulting in
NO effect. In a case where a retired judge leaked homicide. The judge ordered that the bus be impounded
the decision of the SC, SC said that the case is not with the directive that it be release only upon posting of
moot and academic and that even if the most 50,000 cash bond. Also increased cash bond from 60,000
severe administrative sanctions may no longer be to 350,000 to be posted in cash. Is this correct?
imposed, there are other penalties that may be 4.no. excessive bail bond is incorrect.
imposed if found guilty. Such as forfeiture of
retirement benefits. Plus fine of 500,000. Gross ignorance on arrest of counsel
Judge issues arrest warrant against lawyer of accused for
- Why was there an administrative case against an SC failure to attend promulgation of judgment and directed
justice? that such lawyer remain in jail until judgment is
Because he was already retired. So, he can no promulgated
longer be impeached. Hence, administrative case.
- What is the effect on a pending administrative case of a Judge failed to require presence of accused during
judge who died? promulgation of judgment
No effect, maybe we can still forfeit benefits such
as death benefits. However, there are exceptions. Instances where presence accused is not required?
• Judgment is for a light offense in such case, the
General rule: counsel of accused or representative may stand for him
- Case is not rendered moot by death • In cases where despite due notice to accuse and
bondsman or counse, accused failed to appear
Exceptions:
1.when the respondent has not been heard and In this case, none of the exceptions exist. Hence, judge
continuation of proceedings would deny him his right of erred in not requiring the presence of accused.
due process.
2.Humanitarian considerations Judge gave improper penalties
3.When kind of penalty imposable would render the Judge cited complainant for direct contempt and issued
proceedings useless (such as reprimand) warrant of arrest recommending no bail. Private
complainant stayed in detention for 14 days. further,
Mitigating circumstances counsel was cited in direct contempt and assessed fine of
3000.