Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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350000 160000
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2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Year 2013 - 2017 Year 2013 - 2017
Net Profit/Income Before Taxation Net Worth
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2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Year 2013 - 2017 Year 2013 - 2017
SHAREHOLDING PATTERN IN %
RATIO ANALYSIS
Indicates short term solvency of the business. In other words: company’s ability to meet
current obligations.
It includes:
Current Ratio
Quick Ratio
Cash Ratio
Working Capital
CURRENT RATIO
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐿𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
Current assets: cash in hand, bank balance, debtors, bills receivable, stock, prepaid
expenses, accrued income, and short-term investments (marketable securities).
Current liabilities: creditors, bills payable, outstanding expenses, provision for taxation net of
advance tax, bank overdraft, short-term loans, income received in advance, etc.
Ideal value of current ratio is 2:1.
CURRENT RATIOS OF 2015, 2016 AND 2017
Analysis:
In 2015, ITC LTD approximately is having ideal current ratio value. Hence at this stage, it properly
makes use of available resources as well as not in danger of not paying short-term debt on time.
In 2016, there is drop in the value of current ratio. It is lower than the standard value. This indicates
that ITC is in danger of not being able to pay short-term debt on time.
In 2017, there has been rise in the value of current ratio. It is higher than the standard value which
indicates that the usage of resources is not proper and effects the profit.
QUICK RATIO
𝑄𝑢𝑖𝑐𝑘 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝑄𝑢𝑖𝑐𝑘 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐿𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
Quick assets – assets quickly can be converted into cash.
It is obtained by excluding inventories/stock and prepaid expenses.
It is more better indicator to measure liquidity position of business as non-liquid current asset
is excluded.
Ideal value is 1:1.
QUICK RATIOS OF 2015, 2016 AND 2017
Analysis:
Since prepaid expense wasn’t in the balance sheet, only inventories was excluded.
In 2015, it had slightly higher than ideal value. This indicates that little extra resources are used.
In 2016, the ratio is approximately equals ideal value. Hence ITC can pay off its short-term dues
without any flaw.
In 2017, the ratio is very high in contrast to ideal value. This suggests that excess of resources are
used and hence will result in less profit.
CASH RATIO
Ratio of cash and cash equivalents of a company to its current liabilities. It is expressed as:
Analysis:
For all of three years: 2015, 2016 and 2017, the cash ratio is less than 1. This indicates current
liabilities are greater than cash and cash equivalents.
So ITC LTD will require more cash reserves in future to avoid delay of paying of short-term debts.
WORKING CAPITAL
Analysis:
In all three of the years, ITC LTD had positive working capital. So company is in the safe position.
Though in 2016, the company will have slight difficulty in order to pay off short-debts compared to
2015 and 2017 as working capital value is least.
In 2017, the company will have least financial difficulties as working capital value is highest.
PROFITABILITY RATIO
Used to assess a company's financial health and business model by revealing the proportion
of money left over from revenues after accounting for the cost of goods sold. It is expressed
by:
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = × 100
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒
No standard value for comparison.
Indicates margin available to cover operating expenses, non-operating expenses, etc.
High gross profit ratio indicates that the firm has higher profitability.
Also, reflects effective standard of performance of firm’s business.
Low gross profit ratio may indicate unfavourable purchasing and mark-up policies.
GROSS PROFIT RATIOS OF 2015, 2016 AND 2017
Analysis:
From 2015 to 2016, there has been rise in gross profit ratio by 3.76%.
From 2016 to 2017, there has been decline in gross profit ratio by 1.21%.
This decline is not by large value so the company is not in an unfavourable position in 2017.
In 2016, the company is doing better in terms financial health and performance compared to 2015
and 2017 as revenue is higher without increase in cost of goods.
OPERATING MARGIN/OPERATION PROFIT RATIO
Analysis:
For all of three years – 2015, 2016 and 2017, operating margin is comparatively low in contrast to
gross profit ratio.
Hence, the data indicates company is healthy financially.
PROFIT MARGIN/NET PROFIT RATIO
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 = × 100
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒
Non-operating incomes(dividend, received, interest on investment, profit on sales of fixed
assets, commission received, discount received etc) and profits are included in net profit.
Net profit indicates margin available after deduction cost of production, other operating
expenses, and income tax from the sales revenue.
Higher profit margin implies standard performance of a company.
NET PROFIT RATIOS OF 2015, 2016 AND 2017
Analysis:
The percentage difference in all of these 3 years are very less. Therefore, the performance of
company is more or less approximately the same.
From 2015 to 2016, there has been increase in net profit ratio as well similar to gross profit and
operating profit ratios.
Hence at 2016, it indicates that the company is performing little better financially compared to 2015
and 2017.
RETURN ON INVESTMENT RATIO
Analysis:
From the table above, we can observe that Return on Investment Ratio has been on decline.
This indicates that there has been decline in the profitability as well.
In the year 2015, ROI is highest compared to 2016 and 2017.
In 2016, though ROI is slightly less compared to 2015.
But in 2017, there has been significant drop in the value of ROI, indicating profitability is least at
present compared to past 2 years.
ACTIVITY OR EFFICIENCY RATIO
Highlights the different aspect of financial statement to satisfy the requirements of different
parties interested in the business.
Indicates the effectiveness with which different assets are vitalized in a business.
Turnover means the number of times assets are converted or turned over into sales. Higher
turnover ratio means better utilisation of assets and signifies improved efficiency and
profitability.
Activity ratio to be discussed such as:
Inventory Turnover Ratio
Debt Turnover Ratio
Creditor’s Turnover Ratio
Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio
INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO
Determines the number of times stock is turned in sales during the accounting period under
consideration.
Expresses the relationship between the cost of goods sold and stock of goods using formula:
Analysis:
From 2015 to 2016, there is decrease in the value of inventory turnover ratio.
This indicates the management of stock was not properly done in 2016 in comparison to 2015.
From 2016 to 2017, there has been rise in the value of inventory turnover ratio.
This indicates the company was able to improve their efficiency management of stock.
DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO/DEBTOR'S VELOCITY
Indicates the number of times the receivables are turned over in business during a particular
period.
This ratios can be used to judge a firm's liquidity position on the basis of efficiency of credit
collection and credit policy.
DEBTOR TURNOVER RATIO OF 2015, 2016 AND 2017
This ratio indicates the efficiency of firm’s credit collection and efficiency of credit policy.
Creditor’s turnover ratio is also called as Payable Turnover Ratio or Creditor’s Velocity.
This ratio establishes the relationship between the net credit purchases and the average trade
creditors.
It indicates the number of times with which the payment is made to supplier in respect of
credit purchase.
CREDITOR TURNOVER RATIO OF 2015, 2016 AND 2017
Analysis:
At 2015, the creditors turnover ratio is highest in comparison to 2016 and 2017.
This indicates that in 2015, the company paid its creditors punctually compared to 2016 and 2017.
Punctuality of payment to the company’s creditors declines as years passed by.
FIXED ASSETS TURNOVER RATIO
This ratio establishes the relationship between cost of goods sold and total fixed assets
Higher the ratio highlights a firms has successfully utilized the fixed assets.
Analysis:
As per the table, it can be observed that all three years, 2015, 2016 and 2017, fixed assets turnover
ratio is approximately constant.
Hence the utilization of fixed assets by ITC is approximately constant in all of these three years.
In 2017, efficiency of asset utilization by the company is slightly, higher compared to 2015 and 2016.
SOLVENCY RATIO
The term ‘Solvency’ generally refers to the capacity of the business to meet its short-term and
long term obligations.
Short term obligations include creditors, bank loans and bills payable etc. Long term
obligations consists of debenture, long-term loans, and long-term creditors etc.
It indicates the sound financial position of a concern to carry on its business smoothly and
meet its all obligations.
Some of the important ratios are given below to determine the long-term solvency of the
concern :
Debt-Equity Ratio
Proprietary Ratio
Capital Gearing Ratio
Debt Service Ratio or Interest Coverage Ratio
DEBT- EQUITY RATIO
This ratio is calculated to ascertain the firm’s obligation to creditors to creditors in relation to
funds invested by the owners.
The Long-Term Debt refers to outside debt including debenture and long-term loans raised
from banks.
Analysis:
In all of the three years, it can be observed that the debt-equity ratio is very low.
This indicates that the company very low in debt.
Therefore, in all of the three years, company is in the least state of risk to repay loans to its lenders.
PROPRIETARY RATIO
Proprietary ratio is also known as Capital Ratio or Net worth to Total Asset Ratio.
𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑑
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
This ratio shows the relationship between shareholders fund and total assets.
This ratio is used to determine the financial stability of the concerned firm in general.
Analysis:
Ratio below 0.5 is alarming to the creditors.
In all of the three years, proprietary ratio is higher than 0.5. So it can be stated that the company is
on the safe side in order to pay to its creditors.
Though in 2017, the company has highest proprietary ratio compared to 2015 and 2016. So in this
year, company is at least risk to its creditors.
CAPITAL GEARING RATIO
This ratio describes the relationship between fixed and/or fixed dividend bearing securities
and the equity shareholder’s fund.
A high ratio indicates that company is having large funds bearing fixed interest and/or fixed
dividend as compared to equity share capital.
A low ratio indicates that preference share capital and other fixed interest bearing loans are
less than equity share capital.
CAPITAL GEARING RATIO OF 2015, 2016 AND 2017
Analysis:
In 2017, capital gearing ratio is the highest compared to 2015 and 2016.
Therefore, at present the company is having highest funds bearing fixed interest or fixed dividend as
compared to equity share capital.
In 2016, capital gearing ratio is the least compared to 2015 and 2017. So at this stage, company is
having least funds.
INTEREST COVERAGE RATIO
Analysis:-
In 2015 the ratio is infinite which means the debenture holders and other lender are secured than in
2016 and 2017.
Compared to 2016, 2017 is more secured for debenture holders and lenders.
CONCLUSION
Overall, there has been increase in sales, reserves and surplus, net income and net worth continuously
for 5 years.
As per the analysis of ratios, overall, the company in 2016 is in better position compared to 2017.
Even then at present, the company’s financial state is sound.
In 2016, the overall liquidity and profitability of the company is doing better compared to 2015 and 2017.
In 2015 and 2017, the overall liquidity, profitability, activity and solvency of the company is varying.
Since the company is not in danger of any credential risks, the company will again be able to gain back
its form like it was in 2016 or better if they are able to maintain the optimal ratios.
REFERENCES
ITC >> Shareholding Pattern - March 2017. 2018. ITC >> Shareholding Pattern - March 2017. [ONLINE]
Available at: http://www.moneycontrol.com/company-facts/itc/shareholding-pattern/ITC. [Accessed 04 January
2018].
Investopedia. 2018. UK Home | Investopedia. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.investopedia.com. [Accessed
04 January 2018].
Periasamy, P., 2010. A Textbook of Financial Cost and Management Accounting. revised ed. India: Himalaya
Publishing House.
Balance Sheet for ITC Ltd (ITC) from Morningstar.com. 2018. Balance Sheet for ITC Ltd (ITC) from
Morningstar.com. [ONLINE] Available at: http://financials.morningstar.com/balance-
sheet/bs.html?t=ITC®ion=ind&culture=en-US. [Accessed 04 January 2018].
Income Statement for ITC Ltd (ITC) from Morningstar.com. 2018. Income Statement for ITC Ltd (ITC) from
Morningstar.com. [ONLINE] Available at: http://financials.morningstar.com/income-
statement/is.html?t=ITC®ion=ind&culture=en-US. [Accessed 04 January 2018].