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Basic concepts
• Group delay
© R.W.
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Frequency translation/modulation of filter coefficients at frequency k =
j2⇡!k/N
e j2⇡k/M
Basic
H (e )concepts
Hk (z) = H0 (ze ), 0 k M 1
j! j(! 2⇡k/M )
k (e= H (ze ), 0 ), k0
=HH(z) 0 MkM1 j2⇡k/M
1
k 0
j2⇡nk/M
hk [n] H
=k (e
h0j![n]e 0 k) ),0 M
) = H0 (ej(!, 2⇡k/M k 1M 1
hk [n] = h0 [n]ej2⇡nk/M , 0 k M 1
• delay
Group Zero-phase/amplitude response
• Group delay
Impossible to implement in practice, but easy to implement when
d✓(!)
causality
⌧H (!) = is relaxed , ✓(!) = arg{H(ej! )}
d! d✓(!)
⌧H (!) = , ✓(!) = arg{H(ej! )}
• Unlike magnituded! response, can be negative
Zero-phase/amplitude response of Type I
• Zero-phase response
Zero-phase/amplitude ofType
response of symmetric
I even-order N (Type I) FIR
filter
H(ej! ) = e j!N/2 H̆(!)
H(ej! ) = e j!N/2
H̆(!)
N/2
N NX
N/2
H̆(!) = h[ h[ X n]
] + 2N N cos(n!)
H̆(!)
2 = h[ n=1
] + 2 2 h[ n] cos(n!)
2 n=1
2
H(ej! ) H(e
= ej!j!N/2 j
) = eej!N/2 ej H̆(!)
H̆(!)
Polyphase
olyphase decomposition
decomposition © R.W.
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X
1
Polyphase
decomposition
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Polyphase decomposition
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Type 1 polyphase decomposition
• Polyphase decomposition of
FIR filter H(z)
• The structure is used to
change filtering and down-
sampling to down-sampling
and filtering
• The number of operations
remains the same but the
filter operates at lower
frequency
Type 1 polyphase decomposition
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Computationally efficient interpolator
Type I Type II
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Commutator representation of
interpolation and decimation with
polyphase structure
interpolation decimation
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Polyphase fractional sampling/
fractional delay filter
• Polyphase structure for P/Q fractional sampling
• Stage r provides a delay equal to r/P of the input
sampling interval.
• Number of stages sets the resolution.
1:Q
h0(n)
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CIC
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CIC decimator
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CIC Applications
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1-4 stage CIC filters (without
decimation)
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CIC decimator
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CIC decimator
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CIC decimator
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CIC Interpolator
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CIC interpolator
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