Neural Comput & Applic
DOI 10.1007/s00521-011-0540-7
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
GA-based decoupled adaptive FSMC for nonlinear systems
by a singular perturbation scheme
P. C. Chen • C. W. Chen • W. L. Chiang •
D. C. Lo
Received: 25 February 2008 / Accepted: 31 January 2011
 Springer-Verlag London Limited 2011
Abstract Generally, the difficulty with multivariable
system control is how to overcome the coupling effects for
each degree of freedom. The computational burden and
dynamic uncertainty of multivariable systems makes the
model-based decoupling approach hard to implement in a
real-time control system. In this study, an intelligent adaptive
controller is proposed to handle these behaviors. The struc-
ture of these model-free new controllers is based on fuzzy
systems for which the initial parameter vector values are
found based on the genetic algorithm. One modified adaptive
law is derived based on Lyapunov stability theory to control
the system for tracking a user-defined reference model. The
requirement of the Kalman–Yacubovich lemma is fulfilled.
In addition, a non-square multivariable system can be
decoupled into several isolated reduced-order square multi-
variable subsystems by using the singular perturbation
scheme for different time-scale stability analysis. The
adjustable parameters for the intelligent system can be ini-
tialized using a genetic algorithm. Novel online parameter
tuning algorithms are developed based on the Lyapunov
stability theory. A boundary-layer function is introduced into
these updating laws to cover parameter and modeling errors
and to guarantee that the state errors converge into a specified
error bound. Finally, a numerical simulation is carried out to
demonstrate the control methodology that can rapidly and
efficiently control nonlinear multivariable systems.
P. C. Chen  W. L. Chiang
Department of Civil Engineering,
National Central University, Chung-li 320, Taiwan, ROC
C. W. Chen (&)  D. C. Lo
Institute of Maritime Information and Technology,
National Kaohsiung Marine University,
Kaohsiung 80543, Taiwan
e-mail: chengwu@mail.nkmu.edu.tw
Keywords Singular perturbation  Lyapunov direct
method  Genetic algorithm
1 Introduction
Fuzzy control (FC) has already been extensively discussed
in the literature [1–5]. Its main advantages over conven-
tional control methods are that an exact mathematical
model of the system to be controlled is not needed and that
FC can efficiently control complex continuous unmodeled
or partially modeled processes.
Many works have been published on the design of fuzzy
sliding mode controllers (FSMCs) in efforts to improve the
robustness of the FC [6–10]. The FSMC is composed of an
FC and a sliding mode controller (SMC) [11–16]. This is a
powerful and robust control strategy for the treatment of
modeling uncertainties and external disturbances. It has
been shown that the robustness of the FSMC is better than
that of the FC. Furthermore, although the FSMC has good
control performance, one still has to decide on the parame-
ters. This is one of the most important issues in their design.
In the so-called adaptive FSMC (AFSMC) [16–20], an
adaptive algorithm can be adopted to find the best high-
performance parameters for the FSMC [21–25]. The design
procedures are as follows: one initially constructs a fuzzy
model to describe the dynamic characteristics of the con-
trolled system; then, an FSMC is designed based on the
fuzzy model to achieve the control objectives. After this,
adaptive laws are designed (with the Lyapunov synthesis
approach) for tuning the adjustable parameters of the fuzzy
models and analyzing the stability of the overall system.
In recent years, adaptive fuzzy control system designs
have attracted attention as a promising way to approach
nonlinear control problems [22–25]. The fundamental idea
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 Neural Comput & Applic

of adaptive fuzzy control is that one first constructs fuzzy e  z_ ¼ gðt; x; z; eÞ; z 2 Rn ; ð2Þ
models to describe the input/output behavior of the con- where the chosen e is a small positive time constant; f, g are
trolled system based on the universal approximation theo- continuously differentiable. Setting e = 0 causes a funda-
rem [7, 22]. These fuzzy models are then used to design a mental and abrupt change in the dynamic properties of the
controller; adaptive laws are devised to adjust the parame- system, as the differential equation e  z_ ¼ g degenerates into
ters of the fuzzy models. A lot of effort has been made to the algebraic or transcendental equation
improve the robustness of the adaptive fuzzy system,
including studies regarding the design of the adaptive fuzzy 0 ¼ gðt; x; z; 0Þ: ð3Þ
sliding mode controller (AFSMC) [16–20], and the inte- The essence of the developed theory is that discontinuity
gration of the sliding mode controller to improve the fuzzy of solutions caused by singular perturbations can be avoided
rule base [11–16]. if analyzed in separate time scales. This multitime-scale
How to decide on the fuzzy rules and the initial approach is a fundamental characteristic of singular
parameter vector values for the AFSMC is very important. perturbation methods.
A genetic algorithm (GA) [26–30] is usually used as an The dimension of the state equation reduces from
optimization technique in the self-learning or training n ? m to n. It can be said that model (1, 2) is in standard
strategy for deciding on the fuzzy control rules and the form if and only if (3) has k C 1 isolated real roots
initial values of the parameter vector. This GA-based
AFSMC should improve the immediate response, the sta- z ¼ hi ðt; xÞ; i ¼ 1; 2; . . .; k: ð4Þ
bility, and the robustness of the control system. This assumption ensures that a well-defined n-dimen-
Another common problem encountered when switching sional reduced model will correspond to each root of (3).
the control input of the FSMC system is the so-called To obtain the ith reduced model, substitute (4) into (1), to
‘‘chattering’’ phenomenon. The tracking performance can obtain
be excellent, but this is obtained at the price of high control
x_ ¼ f ðt; x; hðt; xÞ; 0Þ: ð5Þ
chattering. Chattering can be eliminated by smoothing of
control discontinuity inside a thin boundary layer that For example, an armature-controlled DC motor can be
essentially acts as a low-pass filter structure for the local modeled by the second-order state equations
dynamics [12]. The boundary-layer function is introduced dx
into these updated laws to cover the parameter errors and J ¼ ki; ð6Þ
dt
modeling errors and to guarantee that the state errors
di
converge within a specified error bound. L ¼ kx  Ri þ u; ð7Þ
Chow and Kokotovic [31] discussed a singular pertur- dt
bation scheme. They proved that the control laws for the where i, u, R and L are the armature current, voltage,
subsystems of a multitime-scale complex system can be resistance, and inductance; J is the moment of inertia; x is
inferred singly [32]. This current study focuses on the angular speed; ki is the torque electromotive force; and
designing robust tracking control for a class of SIMO kx is the back electromotive force. The first-state equation
nonlinear systems involving plant uncertainties and exter- is the mechanical torque equation; the second one is the
nal disturbances. First, a singular perturbation scheme is equation for the electric transient in the armature circuit.
used to decouple the multivariable nonlinear system. This Typically L is ‘‘small’’ and can play the role of the
system is described with fuzzy models, the initial param- singular perturbation parameter e such that the second-state
eter vector values of which are obtained using the genetic equation (7) rapidly converges to a stable value.
algorithm. Next, the designed adaptive control law and the Neglecting L, the second-state equation of the motor’s
boundary-layer function for updating the parameters of model can be solved as follows:
the GA-based DAFSMC are introduced. Finally, both the 0 ¼ kx  Ri þ u:
tracking error and the modeling error approach zero.
To obtain
u  kx
2 Singular perturbation model i¼ ; ð8Þ
R
Faced with a difficult perturbation and multitime-scale which is the only root, substitute it into the torque equation.
problem, we can use the ‘‘so-called’’ standard singular The resulting model is
perturbation model: k2 k
n J x_ ¼  x þ u: ð9Þ
x_ ¼ f ðt; x; z; eÞ; x2R ð1Þ R R

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Neural Comput & Applic
Since the state of the electric transient in the armature is
faster than the mechanical torque state and their coupled
effect is very weak, this model system can be reduced to a
first-order equation.
Singular perturbations cause multitime-scale behavior
in dynamic systems characterized by the presence of slow
and fast transients in the system’s response to external
stimuli.
In addition, a singular perturbation scheme can be used
to decouple a non-square multivariable (NIMO) system
into several reduced-order isolate square MIMO system
subsystems for different time-scale stability analysis.
3 Reference modeling for a nonlinear dynamic system
The plant is a single-input/single-output nth-order system
with n C 1.
x_ 1 ¼ x2
..
. an1 ‘n1 þ an2 ‘n2 þ    þ a1 ‘ þ a0 is Hurwitz.
x_ n1 ¼ xn
x_ n ¼ f ð xÞ þ gð xÞ  u þ d
y ¼ x1
where x ¼ ½x1 ; x2 ; . . .; xn1 ; xn T 2 Rn is the state vector of
the system; u [ R is the control signal; f, g are smooth
nonlinear functions; d denotes the external disturbance d(t),
which is unknown but usually bounded.
The states x ¼ ½x1 ; x2 ; . . .; xn1 ; xn T are assumed to be
available. For example, a single robot can be represented in
 
the form of (1), with n = 2 and x x1 ¼ h; x2 ¼ h_ being
measurable. Differentiating the output with respect to time
for n times (till the control input u appears), one obtains the
input/output form of (10)
ðnÞ
y ¼ f ð xÞ þ gð xÞ  u þ dðtÞ:
The system is said to have a relative degree n if g(x) is
bounded away from zero.
Assumption 1 g(x) is bounded away from zero over a
compact set f , Rn,
jgð xÞj  b [ 0; 8x 2 f:
If the control goal for the plant output y is to track a
reference trajectory yr, the reference control input r can be
defined by the following reference model:
ðnÞ ðn1Þ ðn2Þ
r ¼ yr þan1 yr þan2 yr þ    þ a1 y_r þ a0 yr ;
where an1 ; an2 ; . . .; a1 ; a0 are chosen such that the
polynomial ‘n þ an1 ‘n1 þ an2 ‘n2 þ    þ a1 ‘ þ a0 is
Hurwitz; and ‘ here denotes the complex Laplace variable.
If f(x) and g(x) are known and Assumption 1 is satisfied,
the control law can defined by
 
ðn1Þ
f ð xÞdð xÞ an1 y þþa1 yþa
_ 0 y þr
u¼ ; 8x 2 S:
gð x Þ
ð13Þ
Substituting (13) into (10), the linearized system becomes
ðnÞ ðnÞ ðn1Þ ðn1Þ
ðyr  y Þ þ an1 ð yr  y Þ þ    þ a1 ðy_ r  yÞ
_
þ a0 ðyr  yÞ ¼ 0: ð14Þ
If we define e = yr - y as the tracking error, then the
reference control input (2) results in the following error
equation:
ðnÞ ðn1Þ
e þan1 e þ    þ a1 e_ þ a0 e ¼ 0: ð15Þ
It is clear that e will approach zero if an1 ; an2 ;
. . .; a1 ; a0 are chosen such that the polynomial ‘n þ
ð10Þ
4 Development of a GA-based FSMC
Genetic algorithms (GAs) are parallel and global search
techniques taken from the concepts of evolutionary theory
and natural genetics. They emulate biological evolution by
means of genetic operations such as reproduction, cross-
over and mutation. GAs are usually used as optimization
techniques. It has been shown that they also perform well
with multimodal functions (i.e., functions that have mul-
tiple local optima).
Genetic algorithms work with a set of artificial elements
(binary strings, e.g., 0101010101) called a population. An
individual (string) is referred to as a chromosome, and a
ð11Þ
single bit in the string is called a gene. A new population
(called offspring) is generated by the application of genetic
operators to the chromosomes in the old population (called
parents). Each iteration of the genetic operation is referred
to as a generation.
A fitness function, specifically, the function to be
maximized, is used to evaluate the fitness of an indi-
vidual. One of the important purposes of the GA is to
reserve the better schemata, i.e., the patterns of certain
genes, so that the offspring may have better fitness than
their parents. Consequently, the value of the fitness
function increases from generation to generation. In most
ð12Þ
genetic algorithms, mutation is a random-work mecha-
nism to avoid the problem of being trapped in a local
optimum. Theoretically, a global optimal solution can be
found.
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 Neural Comput & Applic

The basic operations of a simple GA, i.e., reproduction, In the case of binary coding, the mutation operator changes
crossover, and mutation, are described below: a bit from 0 to 1 or vice versa. All in all, the mutation
operation introduces new genes into the population, so as to
4.1 Reproduction avoid the problem of being trapped in local optima.
Offspring are generated from the parents until the size of
Let F be the fitness function, and Fi denote the value of the the new population is equal to that of the old population.
fitness function associated with the individual string i in the This evolutionary procedure continues until the fitness
current population. Reproduction is the process by which reaches the desired specifications.
individual strings in the current population are copied Knowledge acquisition is the most important task in the
according to their fitness function values Fi. A higher F value fuzzy sliding mode controller design. As mentioned earlier,
indicates a better fit (or larger benefit). To perform repro- there are at least four methods for the construction of a
duction, first calculate the Fi’s. Next, the current individual fuzzy rule base:
strings are selected probabilistically and copied into a mating
1. Extracted from expert knowledge or operator
pool according to their fitness value. The arrangement means
experience.
that the strings with a higher degree of fitness have a greater
2. Modeling an operator’s control action.
probability of contributing a larger amount of offspring to the
3. Modeling a process.
new population. The Darwinian notion of ‘‘survival of the
4. Learning, training, self-organizing and self-tuning the
fittest’’ underlies this type of ‘‘reproduction’’. Actually, this
fuzzy rules.
operation is an artificial version of natural selection.
The easiest way to implement the reproduction opera- The initial values of the entries in the consequent
tion is to create a biased roulette wheel whose slot size is parameter vector are decided by the self-organizing FSMC
proportional to the fitness value of each string in the current system developed based on genetic algorithms. The con-
population. Let psi denote the probability of the selection figuration of this system is shown in Fig. 1.
of the individual string i, and let M be the population size. It can be seen in Fig. 1 that the GA is used as the
The probability of a string getting selected is learning and training mechanism. This usage means that
. the second, third and fourth approaches also provide an
psi ¼ Fi PM Fi :
i¼1 efficient way to obtain a fuzzy rule base. We are convinced
that GAs are the best way to extract an optimal or at least a
4.2 Crossover
sub-optimal fuzzy rule base for the initial values of the
consequent parameter vector of the FSMC or AFSMC.
Crossover provides a mechanism for individual strings to
exchange information via a probabilistic process. Once the
reproduction operator is applied, the members in the mat-
5 GA-based RAFSMC for SISO nonlinear systems
ing pool are allowed to mate with one another. First, the
genetic codes of the two parents are mixed by exchanging
If f(x) and g(x) are known, we can design the FLC (16) to
the bits of codes following the crossover point. For
approximate u
example, consider two parent strings where the crossover
 2 !
point is 5 (i.e., the fifth bit in the string)   X m
k S i  Cki k
u h ¼ Rk   hk ; ð16Þ
P1 ¼ 10101j010; k¼1
b
P2 ¼ 01111j100:  
where m is the sum of the fuzzy rules; hk , i.e., hk   hmax
The separator symbol ‘‘|’’ indicates the crossover site. indicate the adjustable consequent parameters of the FLC;
The resulting offspring have the following:
P01 ¼ 10101j100;
Genetic
P02 ¼ 10101j010: Algorithms
eim Sliding Mode Si
This random process provides a highly efficient method Function
u
to search the string space to find a better solution. Plant
FSMC
Decide the initial value of the
4.3 Mutation
consequent parameter
State
In each iteration, every gene is subject to random change,
based on the probability of the pre-assigned mutation rate. Fig. 1 GA-based FSMC

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Neural Comput & Applic

and RðSÞ ¼ ½R1 ðSÞ; R2 ðSÞ; . . .; Rm ðSÞT is the vector of Then, substituting (23) into (13), we obtain the error
fuzzy basis function [7], which is defined as dynamic equation
Qn ðnÞ ðn1Þ
 
l ðkSi  Cki kÞ e þan1 e þ    þ a1 e_ þ a0 e ¼ gð xÞ  ~hT RðSÞ þ e :
Rk ðSÞ ¼ Rk ðkSi  Cki kÞ ¼ Pm i¼1 Qn k
;
k¼1 i¼1 lk ðkSi  Cki kÞ
ð24Þ
ð17Þ
We now define the augmented error as
where k = 1, …, m and i = 1, …, n with lk represent the
ðn1Þ
degree of membership. The Si in lk can be chosen by S ¼ bn1 e þ    þ b1 e_ þ b0 e; ð25Þ
  !
kSi  Cki k 2 where bn1 ;    ; b1 ; b0 in (25) and an1 ; . . .; a1 ; a0 in (14)
lk ðkSi  Cki kÞ ¼ exp  : ð18Þ
b are chosen such that

Since here n, the sum of input variables, is only one, we ^ ð‘Þ ¼ bn1 ‘n1 þ    þ b1 ‘ þ b0 N ð‘Þ
M ¼ ð26Þ
know that ‘n þ an1 ‘n1 þ    þ a1 ‘ þ a0 Dð‘Þ
 2 ! is a SPR (strictly positive real) transfer function, and N ð‘Þ
kS  C k k  
lk ðkS  Ck kÞ ¼ exp  ;
b and Dð‘Þ are coprime.Now, S and gð xÞ  ~hT RðSÞ þ e can
ð19Þ
lk ðS  Ck Þ be related by
Rk ¼ P m : n  o
k¼1 lk ðS  Ck Þ ^ ð‘Þ  L gð xÞ  ~hT RðSÞ þ e ;
LfSðtÞg ¼ M ð27Þ
From the approximation property of the fuzzy system,
an uncertain and nonlinear plant can be well approximated where Lf g is the Laplace transform of the function, and ‘
and described with the fuzzy model involving FLC rules to denotes the complex Laplace transform variable.
ðn1Þ
achieve the control object. If em ¼ ½e; . . .; e T defines the states of (24), then
Assumption 2 For x [ f , Rn, there exists an adjustable (24) can be realized by

T h  i
parameter vector  h¼  h1 ; 
h2 ; . . .; 
hn such that the fuzzy
  e_ m ðtÞ ¼ K  em ðtÞ þ b  gð xÞ  ~hT RðSÞ þ e ; ð28Þ
system u S; 
h ¼ hT RðSÞ can approximate a continuous fun-
ction u with accuracy emax over the set f, that is, 9
h, such that SðtÞ ¼ cT em ðtÞ; ð29Þ
   
supu S; 
h  uðSÞ  emax ; 8S 2 f: where
2 3 2 3
Let ^
h denote the estimate of h at time t. Now, we can 0 1 0  0 0 0
  6 7 607
6 0 0 1  0 0 7 6 7
define the estimated control output u^ S; ^
h by 6 7 6.7
6 .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 6.7
6 . . . . . . 7 6.7
  X K¼6 7 ; b¼6 7
m 6 0 0 0  1 0 7 607
u^ S; ^
h ¼ ^
h k  Rk ð SÞ ¼ ^
hT RðSÞ; ð20Þ 6 7 6 7
6 7 6 7
k¼1 4 0 0 0  0 1 5 405
and decide on the initial values of the consequent param- a0 a1 a2  an2 an1 nn 1 n1
T
eter vector ^
h based on the GA. c ¼ ½b0 ;b1 ;...;bn1  ; letbn1 ¼ 1:
First define the parameter error vector at time t by
~
h¼ h^ h, and then According to the Kalman-Yakubovich lemma, when
    ^
M ð‘Þ is SPR, there will exist symmetric and positive
~
hT RðSÞ ¼ u S; 
h  u^ S; ^
h : ð21Þ definite matrices P and Q such that

According to Assumption 2, we can define the modeling PK þ KT P ¼ Q; ð30Þ

error Pb ¼ c; for i ¼ 1; . . .; p: ð31Þ
 
e ¼ u  u S; 
h ; ð22Þ
Next, we investigate the asymptotic stability of the
where jej  emax . origin using the Lyapunov function candidates. First, define
We can say that a Lyapunov candidate function as
   
u ¼ u^ S; ^
h þ~ hT RðSÞ þ e: ð23Þ V em ; ~h ¼ g  eTm Pem þ ~hT H11 ~h; ð32Þ

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 Neural Comput & Applic

where g is a positive constant representing the learning V_ ¼ gTm Qem þ 2gTm c  ðgð xÞ  eÞ
rate,
  g  kem k2 þ2g  kem k  kck  kgð xÞ  ek
h iT
~
h¼ ~
h1 ; ~
h2 ; . . .~
hm ; H11 ¼ gð xÞ  Imm ;   g  kem k  ½kem k  2kck  kgð xÞ  ek:

If l is positive and small enough, then u [ 0 and r [ 0,

and
such that
2 3 
gð x Þ  ~
h1 0  0 uQ
6 0 gð x Þ  ~
h2  0 7 pffiffiffi  2kck  kgð xÞ  ek [ r; ð36Þ
~ 6 7 P
hT H11 ¼6 .. .. .. 7 ;
4 . . . 0 5
where eTm Pem [ u2 .
0 0  gð x Þ  ~
hm mm It is real that V_   g  kem k  r if eTm Pem [ u2 and
m : the sum of the fuzzy rules: _
jSj [ U, and hence V\0. Thus, V will gradually converge
 
to zero as all the 1.
If eTm Pem [ u2 , the derivate of V em ; ~
h along the
Based on the above inference and the Lyapunov stability
trajectories of the system should be negative definite for all theory, em will gradually converge inside the bounded zone
nonlinearities that satisfy a given sector condition  
jem j  puffiffiPffi; bU . The tracking error and the modeling error
(Lyapunov stability). 0

  will then both approach zero.

  _
V_ em ; ~ hT H11 ~
h ¼ g  e_ Tm Pem þ eTm Pe_ m þ 2~ h: ð33Þ Theorem 1 Consider the nonlinear uncertain system
ðnÞ
As mentioned earlier, h ~¼ h^
h, and we can infer that y ¼ f ð xÞ þ gð xÞ  u þ d that satisfies the assumptions
_~ _^
h ¼ h, and ðh; ^hÞ. Suppose that the unknown control input u can be
 
  approximated by u^ S; ^h as in (20); S is given by (29); and
V_ ¼g  eTm KT Pem þ eTm PKem þ 2g  eTm Pb
h  i   Q is a symmetric positive definite weighting matrix.
_
 gð x Þ  ~hT Rð S Þ þ e þ 2  ~
hT H11 ^ h
h  i ð34Þ
¼g  eTm ðQÞem þ 2g  S  gð xÞ  ~h T Rð S Þ þ e 6 GA-based DAFSMC for SIMO nonlinear systems
 
_
þ2~ hT H11 ^ h :
The RAFSMC inferred in the former section is only used in
To amend the modeling error e and the chattering SISO systems. If we want to obtain linearizing feedback
phenomenon, we propose a modified adaptive law (24) control for SIMO systems (e.g., to find the displacement
with which to tune the adjustable consequent parameters of and angle of an inverted pendulum on a cart), we can
the RAFSMC recommend the singular perturbation concept to link up
each sliding surface Si of multitime-scale subsystems by
 
_ the perturbation parameters d, di. The SISO RAFSMC can
h ¼ g  jSj  R  sat S=U :
^ ð35Þ
be used to control SIMO systems.
 
The application of a singular perturbation scheme for
The thin boundary layer function sat S=U is defined as
decoupling a non-square NIMO system is illustrated below:
8   A 1 9 n SIMO second-order dynamic system can be
>
> 1; if S= [ 1
  > <  U   described by
S
satðS=UÞ =U ¼ S =U if  1  S=U  1 x_ 1 ¼ x2
>
>  
>
: 1; x_ 2 ¼ f1 þ b1 u þ d1
if S=U \  1
x_ 3 ¼ x4
x_ 4 ¼ f2 þ b2 u þ d2 ð37Þ
where U [ 0 is the thickness of the boundary layer. ..
If we substitute (35) into (34), then (34) becomes .
h  i x_ 2n1 ¼ x2n
V_ ¼ g  eTm Qem þ 2g  S  gð xÞ  ~ h T Rð S Þ þ e x_ 2n ¼ fn þ bn u þ dn ;
h i  
hT RðSÞ  sat S=U :
 2g  jSj  gð xÞ  ~ where v ¼ ½x1 ; x2 ;    ; x2n1 ; x2n T is a state vector, u(t) is
single control signal and di denotes the external disturbance
when jSj [ U, then di(t).

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Neural Comput & Applic

Assuming xrð1Þ ; xrð3Þ ; . . .; xrð2n1Þ is the reference input This usage of this asymptotic strategy in SIMO systems
such as in (12), the error signal of the output is defined as allows a single control value to control complex multitime-
follows: scale subsystems at the same time. Depending on the time

e_ 1 ¼ e2 constant of the sliding surface, i.e., 1=k; 1=dk; . . .; 1 dn1 k,
e_ 2 ¼ x€rð1Þ  f1  b1 u  d1 a closed-loop control system will possess the aforemen-
e_ 3 ¼ e4 tioned characteristic. Therefore, we can analyze and
e_ 4 ¼ x€rð3Þ  f2  b2 u  d2 ð38Þ approximate the whole complex dynamic system by the
.. reduced-order model and the coupling effect between these
.
multitime-scale subsystems.
e_ 2n1 ¼ e2n
For example, assume now that the dynamics of a sin-
e_ 2n ¼ x€rð2n1Þ  fn  bn u  dn :
gle-input/both-output second order system can be described
We can use the structure of SISO RAFSMC with the as
singular perturbation concept to control the SIMO system. e_ 1 ¼e2
Each sliding surface Si of a multitime-scale subsystem is
e_ 2 ¼  f1  b1 u  d1
composed of a combined sliding hyper-plane S with the ð43Þ
singular perturbation parameters d and di. e_ 3 ¼e4
Define the combined sliding hyper-plane: e_ 4 ¼  f2  b2 u  d2 :
S ¼ signðb1 ÞS1 þ signðb2 Þd1 S2 As shown in Fig. 2 and above equation (43), a single
Y
n1 control input u can be used to control two outputs
þ signðb3 Þd1 d2 S3 þ    þ signðbn Þ di Sn ; ð39Þ y 1, y 2.
i¼1 One combined sliding surface S is defined as
where S1 ¼ e_ 1 þ ke1 ; S2 ¼ e_ 3 þ dke3 ; . . .; Sn ¼ e_ 2n1 þ S ¼ signðb1 ÞS1 þ signðb2 Þd1 S2 ;
dn1 ke2n1 .
where S1 ¼ e_ 1 þ b1  e1 , S1 ¼ e_3 þ d  k  e3 ¼ e_ 3 þ b2  e3 ;
The perturbation parameters d and di are small positive
and d, d1 are small singular perturbation parameters.
constants and decide the multitime-scale behaviors of
The design of this controller is S = 0, then
subsystems in the whole dynamic system.
The design of the controller is S = 0. Now signðb1 ÞS1 þ signðb2 Þd1 S2 ¼ 0: ð44Þ
signðb1 ÞS1 þ signðb2 Þd1 S2 Setting the perturbation parameter to be d1 = 0 in (44),
Y
n1 let S1 approach to zero and (44) converge to S2 = 0. It is
þ signðb3 Þd1 d2 S3 þ    þ signðbn Þ di Sn ¼ 0: ð40Þ clear that e1 and e3 will gradually converge inside sections
i¼1 close to zero in the time b1 and b1 .
1 2
Setting perturbation parameter in (40) to be d1 = 0, let
S1 approach to zero and (40) converge to (41) in the time
constant 1=k, 7 Numerical simulation
Y
n1
signðb2 Þd1 S2 þ signðb3 Þd1 d2 S3 þ    þ signðbn Þ di Sn In this section, the proposed GA-based DAFSMC is dem-
i¼1 onstrated with an example of the control methodology.
¼ 0: Consider the problem of balancing an inverted pendu-
ð41Þ lum on a cart, as shown in Fig. 3. The dynamic equations
of motion of the pendulum are as follows [30]:
Similarly, setting perturbation parameter in (B) to 8
>
> x_ 1 ¼x2
d2 = 0, let S2 approach to zero and (41) converge to (42) >
>
>
> g  sinðx1 Þ  amlx22 sinð2x1 Þ=2  acosðx1 Þ  u
in the time constant 1=k, >
> x_ 2 ¼
<
4l=3  amlcos2 ðx1 Þ
Y
n1 ; ð45Þ
signðb3 Þd1 d2 S3 þ    þ signðbn Þ di Sn ¼ 0: ð42Þ >
> x_ 3 ¼x4
>
>
>
>
i¼1 >
> mlx22 sinðx1 Þ  mlx_ 2 cosðx1 Þ þ u
: x_ 4 ¼
With the above interpretation, we find that every Si M þm
will approach to zero, and the state-tracking error where x1 denotes the angle (in radian) of the pendulum
e1 ; e3 ; . . .; e2n1 will converge gradually in the time from the vertical, x2 is the angular vector, x3 denotes the

1= ; 1= ; . . .; 1 n1 . displacement of the cart and x4 is the vector of the cart.
k dk d k

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 Neural Comput & Applic

Fig. 2 SIMO GA_DAFSMC

system

Genetic Algorithms
decide the initial
value of consequent
parameters
_
GA_DRAFSMC
y1 e1
+ β1
+
y r1 Rule
S1 y1
+ Base u SIMO
Reference S
PLANT
Model + Fuzzifi- Fuzzy Defuzzifi-

cation Inference cation y2

Reference δ
Model

S2
yr 2
+
+ β2
y2 e3 Adaptive Law

Thus, the gravity constant g = 9.8 m/s2, where m is the Inverted-Pendulum

mass of the pendulum, M is the mass of the cart, l is the
length of the pendulum, u is the force applied to the cart
(in Newtons), and a = 1/(m ? M). The parameters chosen θ (Angle) Pole
for the pendulum in this simulation are as follows:
m = 0.05 kg, M = 1 kg, and l = 0.5 m.
The control objective in this example is to balance
the inverted pendulum within the approximate range
x1 [ (-p/2, p/2). Using the procedure discussed earlier,
we designed the GA-based DAFSMC as in the following θ (Angle Velocity)
steps:
(Step 1) Specify the response of the control system by Hinge
defining a suitable sliding surface. Let, d = 0.1 and
d1 = 0.33, then F (input force)
Cart
S1 ¼ cT1 e1m ¼ e_1 þ ke1 ¼ e_ 1 þ 5e1 ; where e1 ¼ xr1  x1 ;
e_ 1 ¼ xr2  x2 ;
S2 ¼ cT2 e2m ¼ e_ 3 þ d  ke3 ¼ e_ 3 þ 0:5e3 ; where e3
¼ xr3  x3 ; e_ 3 ¼ xr4  x4 ; Fig. 3 System of the inverted pendulum on a cart
and the combined sliding hyper-plane is S = S1 ? d1  S2.
(Step 2) Construct the fuzzy models (21) based on the
genetic algorithm. The initial values of the consequent ½1; 0:6264; 0:4115; 0:2217; 0:1191; 0; 0:1191; 0:2217;
parameter vector ^
h can be chosen as follows:  0:4115; 0:6264; 1T :

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Neural Comput & Applic
(Step 3) Apply the controller as given by (20) to control
the nonlinear system (10). Let g = 10, U = 0.33, and
adjust ^
h by the adaptive law as given by (35).
Therefore, utilizing the above theorems, the proposed
GA-based DAFSMC can asymptotically stabilize the
inverted pendulum on a cart. The simulation results are
Fig. 4 Angle response of the pendulum with the initial condition
x1(0) = 60
Fig. 5 Displacement of the cart with the initial condition x1(0) = 60
Fig. 6 Control force in the pendulum system with the initial
condition x1(0) = 60
illustrated in Figs. 4, 5, and 6. The initial conditions are
x1(0) = 60 and x2(0) = 0.
Figures 4 and 5 show that GA-based DAFSMC stabi-
lizes multitime-scale dynamics of the inverted pendulum
system, which is characterized by the presence of slow and
fast transients in the system’s response to external stimuli.
We have found that the inverted pendulum is asymptoti-
cally stable, and the position of the cart is adjusted to the
origin later, because the multitime-scale trajectories rapidly
and asymptotically approach the origin when starting from
any non-zero initial states.
8 Conclusion
The stability analysis of a GA-based decoupled adaptive
fuzzy sliding model controller for a nonlinear system is
discussed. First, we track the reference trajectory for an
uncertain and nonlinear plant. Each sliding surface Si in the
multitime-scale subsystem in a dynamic system can be
composed of a combined sliding hyper-plane S with the
singular perturbation parameters d and di. The combined
sliding hyper-plane can be well approximated and descri-
bed by a fuzzy model involving FLC rules. The GA is used
to decide on the initial values of the consequent parameter
vector ^h. Next, an adaptive fuzzy sliding model control law
is proposed to stabilize and control the system so that the
state-tracking error ei will gradually converge for different
times. A stability criterion is derived from Lyapunov’s
direct method to ensure stability of the nonlinear system.
Finally, an example is discussed and a numerical simula-
tion provided. The results demonstrate that the control
methodology can rapidly and efficiently control nonlinear
multivariable systems.
Acknowledgments The author acknowledges the financial support
from the National Science Council of Taiwan, ROC, under project
number NSC 98-2221-E-366-006-MY2. The authors are also most
grateful for the kind assistance of Prof. John MacIntyre, Chief-editor
of Neural Computing and Applications, and the constructive sug-
gestions of the anonymous reviewers all of which have led to the
making of several corrections and suggestions that have greatly aided
us in the presentation of this paper.
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