Simulation of Lumped Parameter Building Model for
Observing Dynamics of Energy Efficient Buildings
Mohammed Ali Khana, Sachin Mishrab*, K.V. Satya Bharatha
a
Research Scholar, Department of Electrical Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia Central University, New Delhi
b*
Associate Professor, School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, LPU, Pagwara (Punjab)
Abstract:Buildings are the primary consumers of energy and
electricity in most parts of the world. Toovercome the dissipation
design of optimal and energy efficient buildings provide excellent
opportunities to reduce building energy consumption. The aim of
the studyforunderstanding the issues regarding the power supply
and demandfor energy efficient buildings. In this paper,the heat
load of the building is identifiedwith the help of thermal
modeling and lighting load which are carried out
bymathematical modeling. A portion of theload is satisfied with
the help of PV solar panels connected to each building,and the
remaining load is satisfied with the distribution systems
connected to thegrid. The research provides a simplified model
which can predict the behavior of various loads in a building.
This simplified mathematical modeling has adequate precision
and can be used for further analysis with various control
techniques to achieve optimal performance. Care can be taken
for excess or deficient energy and balance them between different
buildings.
Keywords - solar energy; thermal modeling; lumped network; PV
array; MATLAB - Simulink
I. INTRODUCTION
In recent years dealing with problems like constant load
fluctuation and power shortage has been one of the primary
concern for the power industries. Meeting the requirement
during the peak load tends to be the focus. Due to the load
shedding, especially during peak hours causes massive loss of
economy and equipment damage by exploiting them to the
severe transients. Hence, implementation of themicrogrid can
be one good solution to the problem during the peak load or
grid error condition. The available micro source can take these
requirements of load care. Renewable energy is one of the best
reliable and efficient energy sources. Utilization of renewable
sources (mostly solar) can be made as micro generation unit.
For more efficient management of power, the study of
loads is required to be carried out strictly to provide greater
coordination between the grid and the micro source. To
analyze the load, it is needed to identify the primary consumer
of power in the building. Various controlling techniques have
also been implemented on building model like MPC [5].
According to Harish et al. [9], sixty percent of the load is due
to Heating, Ventilation, and Air-conditioning (HVAC) and the
remaining percentage of the load is due to lighting. Hence, for
understanding the HVAC load, an understanding of thermal
modeling of buildings is needed to find out the load profile
requirement accurately. Further, mathematical modeling can
do lighting load analysis so that power dissipation reduction
can be studied efficiently.
This paper aims to simulate a model to depict the overall
load requirement of the building by analyzing thermal as well
as lighting load and then the required demand is met with the
help of PV system installed at building level and distributed
companies.
In this paper, Section 2 represents a brief literature
survey of work related to theproposed research area. In section
3, building modeling is discussed considering various loads.
Section 4 discusses the solar modeling which can satisfya
portion of building’s load. Section 5 discusses the simulation
aspect of the building and section 6 present overall conclusion
of the work.
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
For understanding the microgrid distribution
management, work carried out by Zhang et al. [1] was
reviewed.Research presented cost distribution for smart home
in themicrogrid. A mathematical formula was presented for
fair cost distribution among smart house. Whereas, Xueet al.
[2] analysis regarding the strategy for managing power
demand of a building to optimize smart grid focuses on grid
optimization for the commercial building present in smart grid
network by application of energy demand management
strategy.
Research presented by Hwanget al. [3] discussed area of
installation and angle of inclination taken in consideration for
the photovoltaic system while it is integrated with a building.
It gave an understanding of the factors like maximum power
supply, theproportion of energy required to that of energy
consumed for the optimum combination of applied BIPV
system. On the other hand, Keshavaniet al. [4] studied
regarding PV array modeling on MATLAB. This modeling
explains a PV battery behavior under various changing
parameter which may include ambient temperature, series and
shunt resistance, solar radiation.Reseach by Karmacharyaet al.
[6] did analysis of building thermal modeling using
MATLAB/ Simulink focus on HVAC system for predicting
the variable temperature of building and amount of energy
required to overcome that and reach a comfort level.
In astudy carried out by C.J. Boo et al. [7] focus was
kept on thereduction of power consumption by cooling load
during peak hour hence, energy efficient algorithm was
acquired, and large glass cover building is used for
implementation. Hazyuket al. [8] worked on the building
modeling to obtain optimum temperature control which
helped to identify non-linearity present in building thermal
behavior.Mohammad [10] performed thermal modeling of
residential building for acquiring the desired room
temperature.
Research by Lapusanet al. [11] was to develop a tool for
simulating and analyzing the multi-room of theresidential
buildding. Research presented by Bagheri
B et al. [12]
[ proposes a
4R-3C thermal network
n of a building for study. Thee
thermmalnetwork is addressed fo or analyzing the effect off
adjaccent walls on thhethermal outco
ome of the buiilding.

III. MOD R BUILDING LOADS

DELLING FOR
The building modeling
m conssists of the annalysis of twoo
majorr components,, which are to be taken intoo considerationn
regarrding significannt load consum
mers. One loadd is the HVAC C
load which
w can be determined
d by
y the thermal modeling
m of thee
buildding and secoond is the lig ghting load which
w can bee
determmined by mathhematical modeeling.
Fig.1: Various laayers of wall
A. Thermal
T load modeling:
m
Inside Outside
Thermal moddeling is carrried out to understand
u thee
thermmal behavior off the enclosed region
r correctlly. The thermall Ri Ro
modeeling of a buillding envelopee needs to connsider radiationn
level,, heat flux through
t the model by coonduction andd
conveention. The thermal
t mass of the mateerials used inn
buildding constructiion plays a critical
c role inn determiningg C
thermmal dynamics of o the building g. For predicting the indoorr
envirronment of the t room to o maintain a comfortablee
envirronment, varioous constraintts need to be b representedd
accurrately in the model.
m Externall wall, roof, annd floor are thee
part of
o building ennvelope and accts as a barrieer between thee
outdooor and indoor environmentt. For thermall modeling, ann
underrstanding of thhe interaction between buillding envelopee Fig.2: Equivalent first ordder RC lumped model
and indoor
i environnment is need ded. As they may result inn
evaluuating the indooor temperaturre and later heelp in figuringg Figure 1 depiccts the differennt layers of thee wall whereass,
out thhe value of the thermal load. figurre 2 is first ordeer modeling im
mage of a wall. Where, R1 andd
R0 reepresent the theermal resistancce of the wall from
f outside too
The Conducttion and conv vection occur between thee the innside of the room, respectiveely and C deterrmines the heaat
externnal and internnal environmen nt of the roomm by the walll capaccitor of the waall. The equatioon regarding thhe evaluation of
innerr and outer surrfaces. Radiatio
on comes in thhe form of thee thesee parameters arre as follow: -
long and short waave through the t walls and windows viaa
glasses. The thermaal model leads to deduction ofo the physicall ∑ (2)
laws and heat balannce equation. For
F carrying out
o the thermall
modeeling at multi-llevel, RC mod deling may be used, or call itt ∑ (3)
as luumped modelinng in which resistance
r andd capacitor aree ∑ (4)
used to make the suustainable channges between thhe external andd
internnal environmennt. The symbols
s abovee notify:
Rsi: Resistance
R insidde
Rso: Resistance
R outside
Rj annd Rk: Thermall resistance (jth and kth layer of
o wall)
th
Cj: thhermal capacitaance (j layer)

By increasingg the order of the model, onne may end upp

gettinng more accurrate result. Howwever, simplifiied or reducedd-
orderr RC network models
m are alsoo widely used since relativelyy
low-oorder linear systems can captture the essentiial dynamics of
obserrved behavior.

Fig.3: Equivalent third order RC lumped model
The room's temperature response regarding the change in
the rate of mass flow and supply air temperature is, in general,
faster than that of the reaction regarding the change taking
place in surrounding temperature. For the third order system
analysis, the prime focus is on the three capacitors which are
utilized for obtaining scaling. Room and thermal air mass are
determined by two of the capacitors whereas, the third
capacitor is utilized for external walls heat capacity analysis.
Once inside room temperature is obtained, then a set
point temperature can be considered. It helps to get the heat
gain of the chamber using which can figure out the power
required to maintain the chamber temperature near the set
point value.
B. Lighting load modeling:
In the case of commercial buildings, a significant amount
of the energy is consumed by the lighting system. For
instance, 30% of energy consumed by the commercial
building is accounted to the lighting system in case of fully air
condition building whereas, for non-air condition building the
share can even go higher than 30%. Lighting load is not only
as a shareholder in power consumption but also acts as space
load because of its nature to decapitate heat during operating
condition. This dissipation of heat may lead to serve as a heat
source and may even impact the room temperature
conditioning for cold climates. The lighting loads
consumption of energy is affected by the switching of
luminaries and the power consumption by the luminaries. The
energy efficiency is hit by both above factors.
The energy consumption in luminaries can be formulatedas: -
(5)
(6)
The aforesaid symbols notify:
ET = overall lighting system energy consumption.
TU= Time of Usage.
PL= Power of lighting load installed.
n= number of luminaries.
Plum= Luminaries power capacity.
IV. SOLAR MODELING
Adverse Climaticconditions, smog, and security of energy are
lashing a globalchangeover away from conventional
generation techniques. Advancements in Solar PV systems
and panel technology over the time confronted the world to
shiftfrom current generations.Arguably electricity generated
from PV solar panels is one of the most promising and
accomplished technologies in the present day,andthe most
appropriateplace to generate this electricity is at the source of
consumption. Installing solar panels on building rooftop space
can support the electricity demand that building requires.
The PV system implemented in the simulation consists
of a PV array arrangement developed byseries-
parallel PV modules. The system block deals with two inputs
Irradiance and Temperature that is dependent on solar data.
The simulated model deals with Trina Solar TSM-250 module
which works at an input temperature of 25oC and a varying
solar irradiance of about 250 to 1000 W/m2.Modelling of the
inverter is carried with the help of a Single Phase Full Bridge
IGBT module which is controlled by Pulse Width Modulation
technique.
V. SIMULATION
To examine the dynamics of theproposed model, the
simulation was carried out using MATLAB R2015a. Simulink
models of Photovoltaic system and Thermal
modelingofbuildingwere carried out using various blocks
available in simscape.
In the case of the simulation regarding building
modeling, the thermal library in simscape to model the
building was used. Heat mass is used for characterizing of
effects such as physical, thermal dynamics, a combination of
thermal dynamics and heat transfer properties. To measure the
temperature of the source and heat flow, temperature sensor
block is used. Convective heat transfer block is used for
implementation of convection and radiative taking place in
wall inner and outer layer.
For the modeling of wall 4R-3C network was used,
which comprises of four conductive heat transfer blocks in
place of resistance and capacitor is represented by thethermal
mass of the simscape.
 Fig.4: Simulink modeling
m ofone wall (4R-3C)

Fig.6: Environments tem

mperature variationn

Fig.5: Simulink
S modeling
g of one door data

The Simulinnk representattion of wall, ceiling,andd

thefloooris depicted in figure 4. Modeling
M of dooor and window w
carrieed out with annonly thermal resistivity
r of wood
w and glasss
as neeeded for respeective models. Model for dooor and window w Fig.77: Heater output poower requirement
is illuustrated in figgure 5.All models are beingg integrated too
makee an overall room model. Other roomss too can bee
desiggned and then connect to gett the overall buuilding model.
The acquired
a tempeerature is fed to a heater moodel consistingg
s point temperature and deepending on the difference off
of a set
data

tempeerature the heaat gain of the model is obtaained. The heatt

c be used to figure out the power required by the heaterr
gain can
to maintain
m the tem mperature to the optimum value. By thee
appliccation of equaation 6, mathem matical modeling of lightingg
load can be done too calculate the overall load reequirement forr
the buuilding.
 
Fig.88: Lighting load poower requirement
data
 Fig.9: Building overall power requirement
Fig.10: output of solar panel installed on the building
In figure 6, the overall variation of temperature in the
environment is depicted. Whereas, the demand for the heater
load and lighting load for four rooms are illustrated in figure 7
and 8, respectively. In figure 9, after considering the heating
and lighting load of the four rooms simulation of a building,
the power requirement of the building for 24 hours can be
calculated. This power requirement is overcome partially by
the solar panel output. Solar panel irritation level, voltage
output and power are illustrated in figure 10. The remaining
load which is majorly the heating load is satisfied by the grid
so that in the case of an emergency such as sudden load
change and fault the power requirement of the building is
satisfied.
VI. CONCLUSION
This paper simulates a model to get the energy efficient
condition of the building and find out the amount of total
energy consumed during the process. Finding out the variation
in temperature taking place in the room concerning time and
how much energy needed to be supplied to the heater to
maintain the temperature of the room close to a reference
setpoint temperature. By the study of energy efficient
building, able to understand the heating load behavior in
building more efficiently as HVAC load compromise of
almost 60 percent of total power demand share of the
building. Lighting load consumed by the building with the
help of mathematical modeling can be observed.
Solar panels were set up as per the requirement of the
building, and further grid integration was provided to the
panels, keeping in mind about any sudden change in load or
any fault the power demand could exceed the panel capacity
then grid may help to fulfill the requirement of the building
energy consumption.
The overall conclusion of this paper is to find efficient
power production method on generation end and to see the
most certain amount of power demand on the demand side so
that less amount of energy is wasted and system gets to
distribute power amongst user as per their demand equally.
Further, simulation can be carried out on a large scale
and even optimize the solar grid integration so that when the
generation of the solar panel is more than the power
requirement of the building than the flow of power may take
place from panel to grid.
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