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Author’s Note
The authors of this study are students from Holy Angel University, Angeles City under
the Department of Civil Engineering of the School of Engineering and Architecture. This is in
Further concerns and inquiries about this paper should be addressed to, Alyssa Mae F.
Email: alyssatakeshima14@gmail.com
Hybrid Potable Water System with Flocculation and Coagulation for Aeta Community in Subic
Water is human’s basic needs. One of the most important needs in human life is water
generally on earth because not only people need water to survive but also living things like
animals and plants. Water in a person’s body is used continuously, it needs to be replaced
continuously with water also. According to the article of Thairu (n.d.), while learning geography,
if water on earth has an availability of two out of three and according to science, the water in a
humans’ body is 70 % and therefore, it concludes that no life can survive without water. At an
early age, persons are taught about how important water can be and how human need it to
survive. And because of that humans have a knowledge in two different situation which is the
knowledge on the importance of water and the knowledge about the consequences that the world
can suffer because of the actions of humans but humans still pollute water resources and the
atmosphere that bring commodities that humans need. That concludes the statement in the article
of Thairu (n.d), humans are one of the reasons why world is facing one of the most severe
In today’s generation having a supply of water is insufficient due to the growth of population
and overusing water. According to the article of New Security Beat (2012), one out of three
people in the population of the world in each country has a need of water in a range of moderate
to high and by 2025, due to the continuous increase of population, the people that will be
needing water in the range of moderate to high will become two out of three people. Mostly, the
source of clean and potable water for every day purposes is the one that is consumed fast. The
WATER FILTRATION SYSTEM WITH NATURAL COAGULANT 3
common method that uses aluminum sulphate that can purify water is well-known and it is done
and approved by many researchers, but it is not economical enough and it is unaffordable for low
– income residents. They depend in getting a water source through dams, rivers, and lakes. These
water sources are usually not clean, and it is contaminated. According to United States
Environmental Protection Agency (2002), some of the reasons why these sources are
contaminated is due to the activities that humans do and some of that wastewater flows back to
the water resources that most people get their source of water from and it affects the water
resources that earth have. The water that is unclean and contaminated can cause many diseases
and can harm humans. Contaminated water can cause diarrhea, cholera, some serious illness like
guinea worm diseases, Typhoid, and dysentery and these diseases can lead to death (Vestergaard,
2014). According to Postnote (2002) cited by Amagloh (2009), 1.6 million are forced to use
contaminated water and Vestergaard (2014)’s article also reported that 3.4 million deaths is
The method to purify water with Aluminum Sulphate has been approved many times by
many researchers because of its capability to purify water in a short period of time and the
removal of high turbidity in water but this method is not appropriate especially to the average
people who earn enough for their family’s needs. The method of water purification with
aluminum sulphate is not economical and it is still not safe for the people to use because alum is
chemical, and it is a big risk for the health of the people who would get a drink from it.
According to the article Hunter water, the concern about the purification of water using
aluminum sulphate is under observation/ debate because using alum can cause diseases
specifically, Alzheimer’s disease but in the year 1998, the Commonwealth Scientific and
WATER FILTRATION SYSTEM WITH NATURAL COAGULANT 4
Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) researched about the issue and found an evidence that
the purification of water with aluminum sulphate is safe but even if there are findings that
aluminum is safe to use, some researchers are convinced that it is not safe. Like the research
work of Crapper et al. (1973) and Miller et al. (1984), they showed the evidences that the
chemicals (e.g. Aluminum sulphate, etc.) used for purifying water can cause illness if there are
any mistakes happen during the procedure of the treatment. The research indicates that a high
amount of aluminum intake in the brain is a risk for Alzheimer’s disease but then again in Davis
(2006) research had not found any evidence that aluminum sulphate is a risk for the said disease.
There is a need to investigate and research for water purification without using any
chemicals and it is environmentally friendly and it will benefit and will be available to the areas
who need it especially for the poor ones. The use of natural coagulants in alternative for
research Ndabigengesere et al. (1995) and Madsen et al. (1987) cited by Amagloh (2009).
According to Madsen et al., 1987; Oslen, 1987; Postnote, 2002 cited by Amagloh (2009), among
the experiments they have done for the natural coagulant in alternative for alum, the powder of
Moringa oleifera is the most effective coagulant and it can therefore be compared to alum
(common chemical coagulant). Many researchers have the proof that Moringa Oleifera is
effective for alternative of alum but despite that the study of Wang et al. (2013) proved that
Moringa Oleifera has its weakness that can create difficulty to achieve the treated water or it can
result to a delay or obstruction in a large amount of sample of unclean water. These weaknesses
can result to an increase of total organic carbon in water. According to the blog of Seibel (2014)
organic compound in combination with other elements in producing molecules that may be
WATER FILTRATION SYSTEM WITH NATURAL COAGULANT 5
harmful to the product and the environment after the discharge of the water. High organic
content means an increase in microorganisms’ growth and can lead to several disease.
Moringa Oleifera is one of the natural alternatives that the researcher tried to compare to
aluminum sulphate as a coagulant that showed a result close to the aluminum sulphate (chemical
coagulation. It helps to remove particles such as turbidity in water and the microorganisms that
causes illness to humans. This process is common for water purification. Even if this process is
approved and used in an experiment or used for the improvement of many researchers, there are
still disadvantages that the other researchers can use to form their improvements through the
that has been used to many times before is chemical, the chemical product is a great coagulant
for the treatment of water, and it is not advisable in today’s researchers due to the disadvantage
of the chemical to the body of humans. Another disadvantage is the process consuming a lot of
time because the experimenter will have to wait until the particle settled and it might take a few
hours for a container and what more for larger containers. The disadvantages of flocculation –
coagulation came from the article of Mazille et al., 2018. Not only disadvantages that
flocculation - coagulation method have, there are also advantages and that include the simplicity
of the whole process, economically friendly especially today that there are natural alternatives
for chemical coagulant that is safer and more economical. Another advantage is many kinds of
particles from raw/contaminated water can be removed using this process. The advantages of
flocculation – coagulation method came once again to Mazille F. et. al., 2018. Even if this
WATER FILTRATION SYSTEM WITH NATURAL COAGULANT 6
method has disadvantages, researchers still pursues this method because of its efficiency and
Moringa Oleifera is one of the effective natural coagulant for the treatment of unclean
and contaminated water. There are still a lot of ways on the treatment of unclean and
contaminated water aside from flocculation – coagulation and that includes the conventional
process of slow sand filtration. Slow Sand Filtration is effective in removing turbidity and
microorganisms for the treatment of water (Schijven, 2011). WHO and UN ranked slow sand
filtration as the superior method for the treatment of surface water (WHO, 2009, cited by Juni
2015). World Health Organization (WHO) considered slow sand filtration as the simplest
method for the treatment of water. It is adapted by many rural areas because of its simplicity in
its process (Huisman & Wood, 1974. Cited by Juni 2015). Many researchers have been using
slow sand filtration for many reasons, firstly because slow sand filtration is very effective in
removal of different kind of bacteria and turbidity from untreated water. Second, the simplicity
of constructing the slow sand filtration system which results to a minimal maintenance. Third,
the materials are very easy to find, and it is not difficult to construct the whole filtration system.
Fourth, unlike flocculation – coagulation, there is a chemical that is required for the treatment
but in slow sand filtration there is no need for the existence of chemical. Lastly, the filtration
system has a long-life span and the residents in the community can use it without any worry that
it might broke for a short time. These disadvantages of slow sand filtration came from the
journal of Juni, 2015. After seeing the good side or the advantages of the slow sand filtration,
there’s also disadvantages that this filtration system has. First, the slow filtration rate and the
slow discharge of treated water from the container. Second, the existence of algae in the inlet
WATER FILTRATION SYSTEM WITH NATURAL COAGULANT 7
water is easily be formed. Even if slow sand filtration has an advantage of its simplicity in
constructing the filtration system and the maintenance is minimal due to that, monitoring of the
filtration system is a must because the filter system must always be clean and if not, the filtration
system may not able to do its purpose and can cause the filtration system to be clogged. The
filtration system is efficient enough that the disadvantages did not matter at all, but still other
researcher can develop their improvements to resolve the remaining disadvantages. Again, these
The researcher conducted an idea to combine the two methods to evaluate the
effectiveness of the treatment for a large amount of raw water. One of disadvantages of the
coagulation – flocculation process when the most effective natural coagulant (Moringa Oleifera)
are used too much, the bacteria will increase rather than the bacteria becomes less due to the
treatment. One of the objectives is the research will be experimental so that the researcher can
prove and can see if the researcher’s findings and research is effective and can be applied to
large volume of water and if the research design proposal of the researcher can able to achieve
Government has been monitoring the number of population and the rapid increase each
year and According to the blog of Roser et al., (2017), there were less than a billion humans
living in the world last 200 years and according to the United Nation’s estimate the population
gained to over 7 billion humans in the world. They added that in how many years that the
population grows slowly but in these past recent years, to be specific in today’s generation the
growth of population has become alarming. Due to the issue that the world is continually
experiencing, more serious problems are coming through such as insufficient supply of drinking
water and sanitation, experiencing the rotational cut of water supply due to the shortage of the
This study focused only to the province of Zambales, municipality of Subic. The
residents in the municipality of Subic experienced different problems but most especially
problem in the source of running water due to the numerous people they have in a community
and the pipes that flows water to them divides the water in each house and the result to that is the
residents don’t get enough water in a period in a day. Due to the privilege attached on safe water
that can only be attained by people who can only pay/ low income families are having
difficulties, tap water would be the best solution for the residents in the community for their
source of drinking water and sanitation but the residents wait until midnight just to have access
to water and store enough water for the whole day. Some residents tried to put pumps to make
the flow of water to theirs faster, but the government did not allow it because the pump can get
all the water that it can get to its destination and some residents that does not have pumps will be
having difficulty in getting access to water. Some residents that do not have enough water
WATER FILTRATION SYSTEM WITH NATURAL COAGULANT 9
usually get their water through the water streams but in today’s generation some of the places
that used to have a clean water streams are now unclean or there’s no water at all (Researchers’
experience).
The main problem that causes it to be more difficult for the residents to live a healthy life
includes:
• What would be the appropriate research design that can help residents to have access in
• What would be the appropriate design to help the residents to have an access of clean
• Does two combined method of filtrating unclean and contaminated water can help to
• How much natural coagulant will you mix to the raw water to achieve and pass the
General Objective
The study aims to provide an access of enough water for everyday purposes and an
access of safe and clean drinking water especially for those people that is unable to provide a
• This research paper is proposing a filtration system through the slow sand filtration
• It shall propose a research design to make the flow faster than the usual.
• The proposal for filtration system should be economical enough that government can
provide for the communities who need the attention in this issue.
water.
• The research paper can identify the amount of powder of Moringa Oleifera that will
be mix in the untreated water to achieve or pass the testing of water to be a potable
water.
WATER FILTRATION SYSTEM WITH NATURAL COAGULANT 11
The research study’s purpose is to help residents to have clean and safe drinking water
and sanitation in every community that is having a difficulty in source of potable water and
sanitation. The following significance is specified to describe in the study. Firstly, this study will
be a big help for the society to have an access of clean and potable water step by step until the
whole process is ready for the people to use. Especially for the people who is having a problem
financially, even the government or people that has the position in the politics in every town or
also called as mayor can help by providing filtration system in every community. Especially to
the Philippines, specifically in the province of Zambales, municipality of Subic. The research
study can help to lessen at least one of the problems that the world has. Second, the study will
have its way to lessen the waiting time that the residents in Subic has for water. Especially for
the children, that is prone to illness. That is the objective why the pump is located at the top of
the filtration system. Lastly, this study will help to increase the growing knowledge and
evidences on the importance of making sure that improvement of water treatment to water scarce
areas especially to the low – income families will continue and make the treatment better and
more economical for people. This research paper can add to the information of the government to
help them to think of a way to resolve the problem and to help people in each community that’s
Theoretical Framework
The other researchers made and published their researches many times and are
professionals in doing a research. The next researcher just needs to get his/her own research and
improve what is left by another researcher. There are many methods that other researchers had
formulate that can help the current researcher to formulate his/her own research. In this study the
past methods or process of previous researchers that the current researcher had found includes:
1. Water Cycle
According to the book The National Academic of Science Engineering Medicine found in
website, the cycle of the water describes the circulation of water in its liquid, solid, and vapor
stage and the process flows and move through the atmosphere, land, river, lakes, water streams,
and oceans specifically it states only to the water sources of the Earth. (The photo was taken to
According to discussion of Madaan in her article, the common and the knowledge of most of the
people about the process of the cycle of water involves evaporation, condensation, and
precipitation. Evaporation occur over the water sources’ surface like rivers, lakes, water stream,
and oceans. The moisture of the evaporated part rises to the atmosphere from the water resources
as a water vapor. When this happens, only water can be evaporated, and the others will be left
behind. That concludes that evaporation purifies water. The Condensation process where water
vapor changes to liquid state due to the increased amount of vapor, freezing temperature, or air
cooling. The vapor that is condensed forms into a fog, or clouds. The condensed vapor that form
into a cloud will become too large and heavy and they will drop and fall back to the Earth’s
water resources and that is called precipitation. This process is important due to the source of
water of the study. Rivers, Lakes, and Water streams are the water sources of this study that can
This process is for the treatment of water and it is a conventional method for treating water.
▪ Coagulation
Chemicals that are appropriate and can have the capability to neutralize and stick
all together. If the charge in the chemical did not neutralize and the particles did not
stick together, the chemical is not enough, and more chemical coagulant may need to
▪ Flocculation
WATER FILTRATION SYSTEM WITH NATURAL COAGULANT 14
Mixing/ stirring stage after the particles neutralize. The particles will get bigger
One of the oldest methods of water treatment is slow sand filtration (SSF) also known as
biological sand filtration (BSF). The method is adapted from nature’s own way of treating
water by filtration and has been used artificially by humans since the beginning of the nineteenth
century when John Gibbs designed and built a slow sand filter for his bleachery in Paisley,
Scotland and sold the cleaned water to the public (Huisman & Wood, 1974). Some two centuries
later the slow sand filter has in some respects a bad rumor that the method is old-fashioned
(Huisman & Wood, 1974) but it is a myth that it is an ineffective water treatment method. Under
suitable circumstances the method is very cheap and a very (if not the most) effective water
treatment method. It has advantages to other methods because it’s easy to maintain and are
4. Testing of Water
The other researchers made sure if their research is effective and efficient for the people’s
sake and to the environments safety also but what would be the way to know if their research is
safe to drink and for sanitation purposes? It is through testing the water from the available
laboratories for potable water. Laboratories have its limit, they have limited testing for water.
Not all the required and standard testing of water is available. That is when the researcher makes
their own testing of water for some of the testing that the researchers can provide the apparatus/
Conceptual Framework
The researcher’s source of water is from the water resources of the earth (rivers, lakes, or
water streams), which will be called as raw water because it is still contaminated and unsafe to
use for drinking water and sanitation purposes. The raw water will be put into a coagulation –
due to the coagulant that will be place in the container that coagulation – flocculation process
will be performed. The Moringa Oleiferas’ seed (natural coagulant) contains important quantities
of protein that has a positive charge, when the seeds that’re crushed are added to untreated water,
the protein that produces positive charge acts like a magnet to the negatively charge such as clay,
bacteria, or toxic particles that’s available in untreated water/ raw water and that reacts to the
WATER FILTRATION SYSTEM WITH NATURAL COAGULANT 16
particles to stick together. The surroundings of the particles that stacked together should be clear
but if not, more coagulant will need to be added into the water. After neutralizing, the mixing or
stirring stage will take forward and it will help the particle to enlarge by its size. The process
called flocculation. The sedimentation is the next scenario that the particles will settle at the
bottom of the container and the upper part of the water must be clear and purified while the
bottom is where the particles are located. (Eilert, 1978) cited by (Aho, I.M. et al., 2012). The
slow sand filtration system will now take the place and purify it once more to remove the excess
turbid and bacteria that’s left from the previous purification method. The slow sand filtration has
a pump attached to the system to help the filtration process have a faster flow rate. After the
water went through so many processes, the called ‘treated water’ will then be put into a
laboratory test for a potable water to know if the water would be safe for drinking water and
(2016), there are two types of testing of water which includes microbiological tests and chemical
quality tests. For chemical quality test, the available standard testing of water is turbidity, color,
odor, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, alkanity/acidity, iron, chloride, ph, calcium,
manganese, magnesium, and total hardness. The available laboratories for the testing of water are
Bacolod City Water District and the Department of Science and Technology (DOST). For the
microbiology tests, the available standard testing of water is heterotrophic plate, total coliform,
and thermotolerant coliform e. coli. The available laboratory for the testing of water is
The research has its own limitations. One of the limitations of the researcher is the source
of water because there is no assurance that having a direct of source of water in every
community that this research will be applied is applicable because the source of water that the
researcher will use is the earth’s water resources that includes rivers, lakes, or water streams.
Second, a super muddy water will need to have massive amount of moringa oleifera especially
when the amount of water that will be treated is also huge but moringa oleifera is only limited
stock only because the growth of the moringa oleifera seeds depend on the weather. If the
humans will help each other to plant and grow moringa oleifera, it will help to have many
supplies of moringa oleifera seeds. Also, treating a super muddy water using slow sand filtration
is applicable but the filtration system will be needed to clean because one of the disadvantages of
the filtration system is it develops algae fast especially in the inlet part of the container and the
dirt that stayed in the filtration system. It needs to be clean always because it can cause to
clogged and delay the flow rate of the treated water and it might not treat the water due to the too
much bacteria and turbid that the filtration cannot handle anymore. That is why having too much
turbid in the water (like muddy clay texture) is the limitation of the study. Third, the computation
is limited because getting the data to know if the water is potable and treated is through the
laboratories that testing of potable water is available. There is no exact computation of the exact
bacteria and turbidity removed from the water. Every treatment shall be tested to monitor if the
methods of the researcher is qualified or not for drinking water and sanitation purposes. Fourth,
the testing is according to what is required to be tested in the research. In the research, the focus
WATER FILTRATION SYSTEM WITH NATURAL COAGULANT 18
is the loss of turbidity, if the water loses bacteria that is required to be safe for sanitation or other
Definition of Terms
1. Flocculation - a stirring stage of the process and it is helping the particles to be in a larger
size that size and weight is enough to perform the sedimentation and the water can be
filtered afterwards.
3. Slow sand filtration - a simple technology used for removal of pathogen and particle in
purification of potable water (Langenbach et al., 2009) cited by Bagundol (2013). Slow
sand filtration is the simplest method and one of the great methods for the treatment of
water (Huisman & Wood, 1974) cited by Juni (2015). Physically, chemically, and
biologically speaking slow sand filtration can be used to perform the treatment of
removing bacteria and suspended particles in raw water. (Bauer et al., 2011; Ijadunola et
al., 2011; Langenbach et al., 2009; Hipshear, 2011) cited by Bagundol (2013).
4. Moringa oleifera - the seed kernels of Moringa oleifera contain significant quantities of a
series of low molecular weight, water-soluble proteins which, in solution, carry an overall
positive charge. The proteins are considered to act similarly to synthetic, positively
charged polymer coagulants. When added to raw water the proteins bind to the
predominantly negatively charged particulates that make raw waters turbid (silt, clay,
bacteria etc.). Under proper agitation these bound particulates then grow in size to form
the flocs, which may be left to settle by gravity or be removed by filtration (Maruti
salt, or cake alum. It has a wide variety of applications, including waste treatment, water
purification, and paper manufacturing. the most widely used aluminum coagulant. It is
available in several solid forms such as block, kibbled or ground and is also available as a
Adding a coagulant such as aluminum sulfate to water permits particles to come together
and results in the formation of a flocculent mass. ("Coagulant definition and meaning |
7. Sedimentation - a treatment process in which suspended particles, like flocs, sand and
clay are re-moved from the water. Sedimentation can take place naturally in reservoirs or
treatment to avoid rapid clogging of sand filters after coagulation and floc formation. The
Dictionary", n.d.)
WATER FILTRATION SYSTEM WITH NATURAL COAGULANT 20
Research Methodology
Research Design
The researcher chose experimental quantitative research design to help the society
especially Subic that it might be the solution for the problem that they encounter often. The
applicable plan for this research is to determine or evaluate the efficiency of the combined
methods for water treatment or purification for the purpose of drinking water. The research of the
process and it will be evaluated whether the treated water is potable or not. The research is
experimental because the research may need to gather data to determine the objectives and one
of them is to evaluate the effectiveness of the combination of the two method for the treatment of
the water. It is to conduct a design to help the people who would need the concept of the research
Materials
The purpose of the faucet is to let out the treated water from the last container, where the treated
water is located after the treatment process from the combination method of flocculation –
2. Glass container
WATER FILTRATION SYSTEM WITH NATURAL COAGULANT 26
The container is for the flocculation – coagulation process. The purpose of the glass is to know
and to see if the particles neutralizes and that is the signal of mixing it all together for the process
of flocculation and it is also to determine whether the particles settled at the bottom of the
container so that the purified water can transfer already to the another container for slow sand
3. Hose connector
The purpose of the hose connector to this study is to attach the hose to the containers end to end
4. Hose
The purpose of the hose is it’s the connection of containers for the flow of water to pass or travel
5. Moringa Oleifera
One of the most common natural plant alternatives that the leaves are not difficult to find
and can easily grow (Ndabigengesere, A., et al 1995) cited by (Ali E.N. et al., 2009). It is used as
a coagulant in the process of flocculation – coagulation method. Moringa oleifera is one of the
widest spread plant species that grows quickly at low altitudes in the whole tropical belt,
including arid zones. It can grow on medium soils having relatively low humidity
(Ndabigengesere, A., et al 1995) cited by Ali (2009). Moringa oleifera seeds are an organic
natural polymer.
WATER FILTRATION SYSTEM WITH NATURAL COAGULANT 27
6. Pump
The purpose of the pump is to make the flow of the slow sand filtration be faster. Pump is
located at the top of the container where slow sand filtration system is also located.
7. Water valve
The purpose of the water valve is to have a switch to open to discharge and to close so that the
water will not flow directly to another container without the purification process in the first
Population
The researcher conducted combination of two method of treatment of water which is the
flocculation – coagulation and slow sand filtration because one of the problems/ dilemmas that
WATER FILTRATION SYSTEM WITH NATURAL COAGULANT 28
the world is encountering todays generation is having insufficient supply of water and lacking
potable water. Mostly people drink from tap water and now a day’s water from running water
has become alarming that it becomes more contaminated that causes children to be sick and even
adults. Most countries in the world are affected but most especially the researcher have seen and
have become alarmed from what is happening in the Philippines especially to Subic, Zambales.
According to Subic water article (n.d.), Olongapo City faced an impending water crisis in the
mid-1990s. Water facilities were mostly dilapidated, raw water sources were so scarce, and the
former water district which operated the utility lacked the badly-needed capital to rehabilitate the
water system. As a result, residents of the 17 barangays comprising the city suffered from
inadequate and intermittent supply, low water pressure, turbid water, and poor customer services.
The model has five different containers (refer to Figure 1). The first container contains
the source of water of the researcher which is the raw water from some of the earth’s water
resources includes lakes, rivers, and water streams. There would be a hose that is connected to
the second container and there would be a water valve that controls water from flowing and stops
from flowing. The water valve is attached to the first container and the hose is attached to the
other end of water valve and the hose is attached to the second container. Every end of the
attachments has hose connector to avoid leakage and to have its purpose of water flowing freely
to one container to another. The second container is a combination of conical and rectangular
shape, conical shape is located at the bottom of the container while rectangular shape is located
at the top of the container. There are two outlets from the second container which also has a
water valve. The first one is located at the right of the container that it elevates enough for the
WATER FILTRATION SYSTEM WITH NATURAL COAGULANT 29
purified water to transfer to the third container without transferring too much turbidity. Another
water valve is located at the bottom of the conical shape, the purpose of this outlet is for the
removal of the sludge after transferring the purified water to the third container. The raw water/
untreated water from rivers, water streams, or lakes from the first container will flow directly to
the second container where coagulation – flocculation process occur. When the container is full,
the 10 grams crushed moringa oleifera seeds per 100 ml water will be place in the container with
untreated water and the coagulation process will do its work to stack the particles all together and
mixing it all together to make the particles go bigger, it is called flocculation, and sedimentation
will start to do its task to settle. After it all settled and the method of flocculation – coagulation is
finished, the water valve is once again ready to be switch to open. The water valve at the side of
the container is the first one to be switched to open so that the purified water can be transferred
to the third container where the slow sand filtration process occurs. After transferring the
purified water, the water valve from the bottom outlet will then be switched to open to transfer
all the sludge to another container, where it contains sludge from every process that’s being
done,
The third container is a rectangular container that has a hose attached from the second
container, where the purified water will flow. The flow of the water should be monitored to help
the filtration system absorb and do its work to filtrate the excess particles and the remaining
bacteria. After every discharge of water, the water valve will be switch to close and the pump
will then be switched to open to put pressure to the filtration system and help it to filtrate faster.
At the bottom of the container, a water valve is once again attached and that would remain open,
starting from the discharge of water to the third container so that the flow of the filtration is
WATER FILTRATION SYSTEM WITH NATURAL COAGULANT 30
continuous. The water that will flow to the outlet of the third container will be the treated water.
The container should not be glass because the pump and the glass might not have the ability to
carry the pressure and can have a result to a broken container. Another container is included, and
it is located at the bottom of the third container which the outlet of the treated water will fall.
The Last container is also a rectangular container and this container is the storage of the
treated water that came from the two method to purify and treat unclean and contaminated water.
The water from third container will flow from the last container slowly but because of the pump
that is attached at the top of the second container, the whole slow sand filtration system is faster
than the usual. The water that is being stored in this container, will be the final product that will
be tested if the combination of flocculation – coagulation and slow sand filtration is effective.
Even if this research is from the references of other researches, the water must be tested
and make sure the water is safe. There is no guarantee that the research is safe unless it’s been
tested and there’s an evidence that it is safe because there is no computation to know if the
If the prototype is already constructed and ready to use. These are the steps that people
can follow to know the procedure that the researchers study conducted.
1.1.Make sure to close all the water valves on all containers to let the flow of water stop
due to the process of flocculation – coagulation, particles need to settle first before
opening the water valves to transfer the purified water to another container
WATER FILTRATION SYSTEM WITH NATURAL COAGULANT 31
1.4.Make sure that the first container that stores the raw water is full tank (this is a must)
so that the filtration system is always ready when it comes the time that people will
need it.
2. Opening the water valve of the first container so that the raw water will flow to the
3. Putting 10 grams of moringa oleifera per 100 ml water to the second container, wait until
4. Stirring stage will take the place. After the process of coagulation, stirring/ mixing it
manually through the hands so that the particles have become larger in its size and
because the particles have increase in its size, the weight will increase also and due to
that the particles will move downward, and it will settle on the bottom of the container.
5. After performing sedimentation, the water valve from the second container can finally be
turn to open. There are two water valves in third container. One for transferring the
purified water to the next container, where the slow san filtration process occurs and
another one for putting away or letting the sludge be out from the container. There should
6. After the water has transferred from the second container, slow sand filtration will now
do its work to purify once again the water and let the excess turbid and bacteria be
removed. Having a pump at the top of the container will help the filtration process be
smooth of its flow and be faster than the usual flow of water of slow sand filtration. The
WATER FILTRATION SYSTEM WITH NATURAL COAGULANT 32
water valve from this container must be open first so that the drop or the flow of the
discharge will continuously be flowing to another container, where it stores treated water
7. After waiting for the last container to have the final product which is the treated water,
Faucet can be open and get a sample water to get it ready to be tested.
8. Testing of water is a must when it comes to the filtration system research because it
might take risks for whoever will try to drink the water without having it tested. Go to the
9. This is where the researcher would know if the process is effective or not by comparing it
to the other researchers’ research. Also, this is where the researcher would know if the
treated water would fail or pass to be a potable water through the testing of water.
References:
• Drinking contaminated water can lead to waterborne diseases. (2014). Retrieved from
https://www.vestergaard.com/global-challenges/waterborne-diseases
https://www.hunterwater.com.au/Resources/Documents/Fact-Sheets/Water-
Quality/ALUM-IN-DRINKING-WATER_MAR2011.pdf
https://www3.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/centralized_brochure.pdf
• Roser, M., & Ortiz-Ospina, E. (2019). World Population Growth. Retrieved from
https://ourworldindata.org/world-population-growth
WATER FILTRATION SYSTEM WITH NATURAL COAGULANT 33
https://www.africa.com/importance-water-waterislife/
• Seibel, B. (2014). Understanding Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and Why it should be
http://blog.teledynetekmar.com/blog/bid/392322/Understanding-Total-Organic-Carbon-
TOC-and-Why-it-should-be-Measured
https://www.nap.edu/read/11820/chapter/13
https://www.eartheclipse.com/environment/process-of-water-cycle.html
https://www.mrwa.com/WaterWorksMnl/Chapter%2012%20Coagulation.pdf
course/module-6-disaster-situations-planning-and-preparedness/further-resources-
0/coagulation-flocculation
https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english