POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

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CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

The chapter is all about introducing the topic. It defines and elaborates the
reasons and purpose of the study. It also contains brief explanations about topic,
the role that the topic plays in our daily life, the benefits they can derive from it
and the objectives that motivated the researchers to conduct the study.

INTRODUCTION

Concrete has an extensive role to play in the construction and

improvement of our civil engineering and infrastructure development. Concrete is
the 2nd most consumed substance in the world-behind water. The industry alone
is worth over $37 billion, and it employs more than 2 million employees in the
United States. About 10 billion tons of concrete are produced every year.
Concrete can last for thousands of years and until today the construction industry
is in need of finding effective materials for increasing the strength of concrete
structures with low cost, and with less environmental damages.. Its great
strength, durability and veracity are the properties that are utilized in construction
of roads, bridges, airports, railways, and tunnels, port, harbors, and many other
infrastructural projects (Ochsendorf and Gutowski 2015).

Along with our development is the continuous disposal of our waste

materials, as of today, the world dumps a massive 2.12 billion tons of waste
every year. If all this waste was put on trucks they would go around the world 24
times. Here in the Philippines, about 35,580 tons of garbage is generated and in
Metro Manila with a population of 11.5 million produces a total of 8,400 to 8,600
tons every day almost one–fourth of the total of our country’s waste. The
Philippines one of the third world countries, has a poor waste management, only
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few of the population practice the waste segregation, one of the reason why does
our country can’t execute a good solution for recycling our waste (National Solid
Waste Management Status Report 2008 – 2014).

World Waste is consist of 46% organic materials that can be easily

decompose if buried, 17% paper, 10% plastic main environmental issue of
garbage disposal because of its advantage and also its disadvantage of having a
slow decomposition rate, 5% glass and 4% metal . Metals being non-renewable
resources and one of the products that have a high demand especially for
structural uses face great threat of declining reserves. Metal waste products
deserve special attention on account of non-biodegradable property which is
creating a lot of problems in the environment next to plastic waste. Bottle caps, a
product came from metals like Aluminum and combination of metals like steel
has only one role, to seal the bottles of our daily beverages from milk, sodas to
beer and other items. Currently millions of tons of waste bottle caps are produced
in the world. This will ultimately cause pollution and harmful to the ecosystem
after being unsealed.

Now that the world is finding a better way to improve it while lessening its
impact in our environment. We the researchers, thought the an idea of utilizing
waste bottle caps as an aggregate for concrete production which not only solves
the problem of disposing this ignored solid waste but also helps preserve natural
resources. Knowing that the bottle caps are made of steel or aluminum which
has a high flexural strength and together with cement and sand has a possibility
to become a strong concrete.

As concluded this research aims to prove the effectiveness and efficiency of

using metal bottle caps as an aggregate for concrete, enabling us to provide an
increasing amount of strength to the concrete. Environmental and Economic
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impact of the addition of the said waste material is also one of the main focuses
of this research.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Due to rapid industrialization & urbanization in the Country, lots of

infrastructure developments are taking place. This process has in turn led
questions to mankind to solve the problems generated by this growth. The
problems decoarsed are acute shortage of constructional materials increased
dumping of waste products. Hence in order to overcome the above said
problems waste products should be employed as construction material. The
threat of disposal of plastic will not solve until the practical steps are not initiated
at the ground level. It is possible to improve the performance of bituminous mixed
used in the surfacing course of roads. Studies reported in the used of waste
bottle caps, in the manufacture of blended indicated reduced permanent
deformation in the form of rutting and high melting and boiling point.The field
tests withstood the stress and proved that waste bottle caps used after proper
processing as an additive would enhance the life of the roads and also solve
environmental problems (D Bulawin 2016).

One effect of industrial revolutionthe large scale production of metal caps

seemed to be a cheaper and effective raw material. Today, every vital sector of
the economy starting from agriculture to building construction has been virtually
revolutionized by the applications of waste bottle caps and aluminum tins. The
physical properties of different metals make them useful for different purposes.
Metal particles are held together by strong metallic bonds, which is why they
have high melting and boiling points. The free electrons in metals can move
through the metal, allowing metals to conduct electricity. Superconductors have
little or no electrical resistance. The properties of metals include the following
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physical propertie -lustrous (shiny), hard, high density (are heavy for their size),
high tensile strength (resist being stretched), high melting and boiling points
(BBC Science 2014).

From the study conducted by the International Journal of ChemTech

Research about the “Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Partial
Replacement of Coarse Aggregate by Waste Bottle Caps and Fine Aggregate,
the following conclusions were drawn from the experimental investigation. The
compressive strength of the concrete is higher when there is replacement of
waste bottle caps. The split tensile strength of the concrete is higher when there
is replacement of waste bottle caps. The flexural strength of the concrete is
higher when coarse aggregate is replaced with 2.5 % of waste bottle caps. Due
to replacement of fine aggregate the demand on fine aggregate also gets
reduced. (A Gnanapragasam 2017).

From the study of “Evaluating Strength of Concrete Using Bottle Caps by

the International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development,”
three types of tests were performed on all materials used namely Compressive
Strength, Split Tensile Strength and Flexural Strength. After all the experiments,
this conclusion was drawn. The compressive strength of the concrete stepped up
with the prominent from the different waste materials which are hazardous from
the view of solid waste disposal. This material can be metal caps of soft drinks
which gives fibre properties to the concrete and reliable concrete can be made (
S Christian, K Patel, M Vasava, S Purohit 2017).

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY

On the past researches in Tamilnadu, India, Arul Gnanaragasam, S.

Lingwari and Karthik M.P. from SSM Institute of Engineering and
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Technologyconducted a study about Mechanical Properties of Concrete with
Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate by Waste Bottle Caps and Fine
Aggregate by Quarry Dust. Their research mainly suggests sustainable
construction.

It is based on seven principles. These include reducing, reusing, and

recycling resources; protecting nature in all activities; eliminating toxic
substances from construction; applying life cycle economics in decision making;
and creating quality built environment. Sustainable construction practice
generally takes into account the building’s life cycle from extraction of natural
resources to the end oflife and demolition of the building.
On the article named Design of A Sustainable Building: A Conceptual
Framework for Implementing Sustainability in the Building Sector by P. O.
Akadiri, E. A. Chinyio and P. O. Omolaiye, they aimed at implementing
sustainability principles in the building industry. Their proposed framework based
on the sustainable triplebottom line principle, includes resource conservation,
cost efficiency and design for humanadaptation. Following a thorough literature
review, each principle involving strategies andmethods to be applied during the
life cycle of building projects is explained. Their article provided a hint to use no
cost waste material as an aggregate for concrete

Knowing that the concrete is an artificial conglomerate stone made

essentially of Portland Cement, water, and aggregates.It gains strength over
time, not weakened by moisture, mould or pests. Concrete can withstand natural
disasters such as earthquakes and hurricanes and also naturally fire resistant. It
is versatile material, is used in buildings, bridges, dams, tunnels, sewerage
systems pavements, runways and even roads and less costly to produce and
remains extremely affordable (World Business Council for Sustainable
Development). Concrete like other stones possesses the properties of having a
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high compressive strength (ability of material to resist breaking during
compression) and durability (ability to withstand wear, pressure, or damage) but
having a low tensile strength than steel (ability to resist failure in bending).

Metals Bottle caps on the other hand possess the ability of its composition
material steel and aluminum, steel has a great tensile strength , ductility and
durability while aluminum offers high strength, superior malleability, easy
machining, excellent corrosion resistance and good thermal and electrical
conductivity are amongst aluminium’s most important properties. Aluminium is
also very easy to recycle.

To deal with wastes resulting from construction and demolition activities,

recovery methods such as reuse, recycle and even up cycle have been adopted
in this study. The use of waste material known as Metal Bottle Caps as an partial
aggregate for concrete can provide a good tensile strength which concrete lacks.
he main reason it's so widely used in buildings is that it's extremely strong in
compression: you can squeeze it or stand a great deal of weight on it. It's widely
used in walls and foundations (the vertical supports, in other words) because it's
great for resisting weight piled on top. Unfortunately, concrete's very big
drawback is that it's about 10 times weaker in tension than in compression. It
cracks or snaps easily if you bend or stretch it, unless you reinforce it with steel.
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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY

The framework of the study is consists of the input, process and output of
the study.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1. Gathering data 1. Creating

Internet Samples
Books 1. 5% BC 1. Product
2. 10% BC
2. Materials: 3. 15% BC Concrete with a
Water 4. 20% BC. percentage of
Cement
5. 25% bottle caps
Sand
Gravel Bottleas together with
Coarse Agg. Standard
3. Instruments: Aggregates for
2. Testing the
Concrete.
Universal Samples
Testing machine

FEEDBACK
The input frame includes the variables used in the study it consists of the
materials to be used and the testing materials. In addition to, in input frame
includes the gathering of information thru internet, book, related studies and
literature and also researching the relation of concrete and steel together with the
right mixture of cement sand gravel and metal bottle caps.
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The process framework refers to the gathering the materials and executing
the processes to make the sample consisting the recycled waste materials and
testing the sample will follow.

The output is the concrete with a percentage of bottle caps together with
Standard Aggregates in Concrete. The arrow pointing to the process indicates
the possible relationship of the variables which will became the basis of the
output.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The objective of the study is to determine if the waste metal bottle caps are
capable of being a partial replacement to coarse aggregates in concrete.
1. To determine the compressive strength of concrete with partial replacement
of waste metal bottle caps
2. To determinethe flexural strength of concrete with partial replacement of
waste metal bottle caps
3. To determinethe effect of substituting waste bottle caps as an aggregate for
concrete

HYPOTHESIS

If we replace a percentage of coarse aggregate by waste metal bottle caps, then

the concrete will still maintain its strength in terms of flexural and compressive
strength.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The proponents of the study seek the capability of metal caps to act as partial
replacement to coarse aggregate in concrete.
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Community:
The study will surely help the community specifically on how to manage
waste products like metal bottle caps which can be recycled.

Engineers:
The study attempted to help reduce the cost in making concrete by producing

a standard concrete that will maximize the use of recycled waste material as

course aggregates. With the use of metal bottle caps in producing concrete with

an effective compressive strength can reduce the wastes.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION

The research and the study focused on the determining the effective
percentage of the replacement and assessment if the samplescan maintain its
flexural and compressive strength with the use of waste metal bottle caps as a
coarse aggregate. The materials will be controlled by ordering from one supplier
only. The sample had a constant water/sand/cement ratio and it emphasized on
the design mix of concrete with 5 percent, 10 percent,15 percent,20 percent and
25 percent of recycled concrete aggregate in combination with sand and gravel.
The research and the study does not include the cost analysis and
comparative research with other waste material as aggregate
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DEFINITION OF OPERATIONALTERMS
1. Aggregates

It is a granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone, crushed

hydraulic-cement concrete, or iron blast-furnace slag, used with a hydraulic
cementing medium to produce either concrete or mortar. Minerals such as sand,
gravel, and crushed stone. Divided into two sizes - fine &coarse, when added to
cement and water produces concrete. Sand is considered a fine aggregate and
stone or gravel a coarse aggregate. Influence hardness, abrasion resistance,
elastic modulus and other properties of concrete to make it more durable, strong
and cheaper. Increases the volume of concrete, thus reduces the cost. Provide
dimensional stability.

2.Aluminium
A chemical element with symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a silvery-
white, soft, nonmagnetic, ductile metal in the boron group. By mass, aluminium
makes up about 8% of the Earth's crust; it is the third most abundant element
after oxygen and silicon and the most abundant metal in the crust. It is one of
materials in creating bottle caps.

3. Bottle Caps
Seals the top opening of a bottle. A cap is typically colorfully decorated with
the logo of the brand of beverage. Plastic caps are used for plastic bottles, while
metal with plastic backing is used for glass; the metal is usually steel.

4. Casting
Is a manufacturing process in which a liquid material is usually poured into a
mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to
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solidify. The solidified part is also known as a casting, which is ejected or broken
out of the mold to complete the process.

5. Coarse Aggregates
It is naturally occurring, processed or manufactured, inorganic particles in
prescribed gradation or size range. These are particles that are predominantly
retained on the 4.75 mm.

6. Compressive Strength
Also known as modulus of rupture, bend strength, or fracture strength, a
mechanical parameter for brittle material, is defined as a material's ability to
resist deformation under load.

7. Concrete
it is a composite material of coarse aggregate bonded together with a fluid
cement that hardens over time. It is a hard, strong material that is used for
building and made by mixing cement, sand, and broken rocks with water.
Concrete is used to build skyscrapers, bridges, sidewalks, highways, houses and
dams.
8. Concrete Compressive Strength
Concrete compressive strength requirements can vary from 2500 psi (17
MPa) for residential concrete to 4000 psi (28 MPa) and higher in commercial
structures. Higher strengths up to and exceeding 10,000 psi (70 MPa) are
specified for certain applications. These specimens are tested by compression
testing machine after 7 days curing or 28 days curing. Load should be applied
gradually at the rate of 140 kg/cm2 per minute till the Specimens fails. Load at
the failure divided by area of specimen gives the compressive strength of
concrete.
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9. Concrete Flexural Strength

Is one measure of the tensile strength of concrete. It is a measure of an
unreinforced concrete beam or slab to resist failure in bending. It is measured by
loading 6 x 6-inch (150 x 150-mm) concrete beams with a span length at least
three times the depth.

10. Curing
Is the maintaining of an adequate moisture content and temperature
in concrete at early ages so that it can develop properties the mixture was
designed to achieve. Curing begins immediately after placement and finishing so
that the concrete may develop the desired strength and durability.

11. Environmental Pollution

The use of alternative materials on engineering can minimize the pollution
and the loss of our natural resources. This will help avoiding the contamination of
the physical and biological components of the earth/atmosphere system to such
an extent that normal environmental processes are adversely affected.

12. Recycled Aggregates

Is produced from crush concrete from demolished structures, and
sometimes asphalt, to reclaim the aggregate. Recycled aggregate can be used
for many purposes. They include sand, gravel, crushed stone, recycled concrete,
recycled asphalt, recycled brick and slags. The use of recycled aggregate can
save money for local governments and other purchasers, create additional
business opportunities, save energy when recycling is done on site, conserve
diminishing resources of urban aggregates, and help local governments.
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13. Steel
Is an alloy of iron and other elements, primarily carbon. Because of its high
tensile strength and low cost, it is a major component in buildings, infrastructure,
tools, ships, automobiles, machines, appliances, and weapons.

14.Tensile Strength
Often shortened to tensile strength (TS) or ultimate strength, is the capacity
of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate, as opposed to
compressive strength, which withstands loads tending to reduce size. In other
words, tensile strength resists tension (being pulled apart).

15. Waste
It is any substance which is discarded after primary use, or it is worthless,
defective and of no use. Examples include municipal solid waste (household
trash/refuse), hazardous waste, wastewater (such as sewage, which contains
bodily wastes (feces and urine) and surface runoff), radioactive waste, and
others.

16. Waste Segregation

Dividing waste into dry and wet. Dry waste includes wood and related
products, metals and glass. Wet waste, typically refers to organic waste usually
generated by eating establishments and are heavy in weight due to dampness.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter includes the articles, previous researches and manuscripts that
are related to the current research and will prove that this study is feasible.

FOREIGN LITERATURE
In the study conducted about construction industry in the UK accounts for
the use of 295 million tons of virgin material per year, displaces 22 million tons of
industrial 'by-product' by industrial ecology each year and produces
approximately 150 million tons of construction and demolition waste annually.
With this, the study says that 46 million tons is recycled for use as building
products, in road construction, or land reclamation thereby reducing the amount
of material that is landfilled and reducing the need for virgin materials in new
construction. It is more than likely that a modern concrete building will come to
the end of its useful life because no further use can be found for it, rather than
because the concrete failed due to age. This is known as Recycled Concrete
Aggregate (RCA).
The Concrete Center is more likely the site where there is an update about
concrete. And the researchers found out that about 75-80 percent of secondary
and recycled aggregates are thought to end up as sub-base and fill, including
use in road building and airfield pavements. However, the concrete industry
actively utilizes industrial ecology in the production of modern concrete products
due to concrete's inherent inert nature. The constituents of concrete can be
recycled materials, and concrete itself can also be recycled; these materials are
usually available locally. Concrete pieces from demolished structures can also be
reused to protect shorelines, for example in gabion walls or as rip rap.
Based on the study, many formwork options are reusable at the end of their life.
About half of all concrete produced in Britain is reinforced and unlike structural
steel the reinforcing steel made in the UK is made entirely from recycled steel,
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which itself can be recovered for reuse at the end of the building or structure's
life. Although steel manufacture is an extremely energy-intensive business, the
energy needed to produce one tons of reinforcing steel is as low as half of that
needed to make one tons of structural steel from iron ore.

FOREIGN STUDIES
Properties of Concrete Produced with Waste Bottle Caps (WBC) as
Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate and Orange Leaves Powder as
Plasticizer
According to the research conducted by A. Ishaya, I. M. Oyemogum, and A.
Arinze of Department of Building, Faculty of Environment Sciences in University
of Jos, Nigeria; the researchers introduce an alternative use for the Waste Bottle
Caps (WBC) as a Course Aggregate for Concrete. The research they’ve
conducted provided some important information and wide evidences of
properties of using the Concrete produced with Waste Bottle Caps (WBC) as
partial replacement of coarse aggregate together with Orange Leaves Powder as
Plasticizer that can help us in completing our current research with more
accurate information and careful analyzations.
Being one of the main environmental issue, Metal Waste is difficult to biodegrade
and involves process either recycle or reuse. Today, as Green Building becomes
an important global concern and a critical way to conserve natural resources and
reduce amount of materials going to our landfills. As the construction industry is
in need of finding effective materials for increasing the strength of concrete
structures with low cost, and with less environmental damage.
The researchers come up with the idea of using of using waste bottle caps
(WBC) to partially substitute for coarse aggregate and using orange leaves
powder as plasticizer in concrete production.
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The research they’ve conducted provided some important information and wide
evidences of properties of using the Concrete produced with Waste Bottle Caps
(WBC) as partial replacement of coarse aggregate together with Orange Leaves
Powder as Plasticizer
Concrete being the most widely used construction material worldwide, this is
due to its versatility, strength, durability and ease to place into forms and shapes.
Chandrakaran, Mohammed and Nambiar, confirmed that rapid increase in the
construction activities lead to acute shortage on conventional
building materials. According to Mamman and Abdulsalam, concreting in the
construction industry today is consuming about 11.5 billion tons of concrete every
year and it’s expected that this may reach 18 billion tones in the year 2050.
Saffuidin, stated that the traditional conventional materials such as concrete,
hollow blocks, solid blocks and tiles are all being produced from the existing
natural resource. This is damaging the environment due to continuous
exploration and depletion of natural resources. One solution to this crisis lies in
recycling waste into useful and sustainable products. Among different waste
fractions, metallic and plastic waste products deserve special attention on
account of non-biodegradable property which is creating a lot of problems in the
environment. In India approximately 40 million tons of solid waste is produced
annually . This is increasing at a rate of 1.5 to 2% every year. Metals and Plastics
constitute 12.3% of total waste produced most of which is from discarded water
bottles. Today the construction industry is in need of finding effective materials
for increasing the strength of concrete structures with low cost, and with less
environmental damages. Murali observed that soft drink bottle caps reinforced
blocks exhibited an increase in flexural strength of concrete by 25.88%. Venu
and Neelakanteswarainvestigated the impact of cement bags waste (High
Density Polyethylene (HDPE)) on concrete, and found that when the percentage
of fiber in concrete was 3.5% it’s compressive and tensile strength increased
considerably. Kandasamy and Murugesanadded 0.5% by volume of polythene
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(domestic waste polythene bags) fiber to concrete the cube compressive strength
increased by 5.12%, 3.84% and 1.63% respectively. An attempt has been made
in the present investigation to study the influence of addition of waste materials of
metal bottle caps of drinks as fibers and as coarse aggregate in concrete
production using Orange leaves powder as a plasticizer.
(Source: http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/CER/article/view/31595)

C. LOCAL LITERATURE
As mandated in the Republic Act No. 9003, Chapter 1, Article 2, Section
3.Recycling shall refer to the treating of used or waste materials through a
process of making them suitable for beneficial use and for other purposes, and
includes any process by which solid waste materials are transformed into new
products in such a manner that the original products may lose their identity, and
which may be used as raw materials for the production of other goods or
services: provided, that the collection, segregation and re-use of previously used
packaging material shall be deemed recycling under this Act;
Recycling generally refers to the processing of products or materials into
similar products or using them as secondary raw materials in producing new
products (De Ocampo, 2005).The researchers will use aluminum and metallic
bottle caps as a partial replacement of coarse aggregates because of the
following knowledge
Aluminum offers greater malleability, low density, can help increase the
tensile capacity and can also reduce cracks.
Steel has a greater strength and toughness. It offers highness in ductility
and durability.

LOCAL STUDIES
From the study “Utilization of Bottle Caps for Concrete Residential Floor
Slabs,” the researcher (D, Bulawin) aims to determine the percentage of increase
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in the strength of the concrete by using bottle caps including metal/aluminum
bottle caps. The researchers focus on the problem of disposing and managing
solid waste materials here in the Philippines and other industrial countries that
has become one of the major environmental, economic and social issues. The
researchers were able to determine the increase in percentage in the strength of
concrete depending upon the mechanical properties of the materials used such
as plastic, aluminum and metal bottle caps. The study focuses on making the
concrete mix of residential floor slabs by utilizing the waste bottle caps as a
partial substitution with various percentage for coarse aggregates (10%, 15%, 20
%). All of the caps materials used as a partial replacement for coarse aggregates
are recycled.

SYNTHESIS
In accordance with the recycling process of reuse and recycle to reduce
metal waste, this study of substituting waste metal bottle caps as an aggregate
was conducted and referred from the past researches has almost the same way
of measuring compressive and flexural strength to provide an accurate result in
its effect on the concrete.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter deals with the discussion of the Research Design, Research
Methodologies/Data Gathering Procedure, Description of Subject/Variables,
Sampling Procedure and Statistical Treatment.

REASEARCH DESIGN
This study entitled “Substitute Coarse Aggregate for Concrete: Using Metal
Bottle Caps for Improved Flexural and Compressive Strength of Concrete”
employed the experimental design in the test of samples. By controlling the
variables such as metal bottle caps and gravel and comparing the results of each
samples to the average coarse aggregate we can extract information which will
be analyzed to verify the hypothesis and extract information which will be
analyzed to provide an accurate result

To provide an accurate result of the objectives of the study, it is important

and necessary to perform the methodology by providing variation in samples.
The compressive strength will be tested to determine the characteristic strength
of the concrete using the universal testing machine. The mix will be designed to
carry the strength of not less than 3000psi. In this test, we use the Class A
mixture of 2500-3000psi with a ratio of 1:2:4. This study considered the concrete
footings and columns and how substituting waste metal bottle caps as coarse
aggregate affect the flexural and compressive strength of the concrete.

The researchers will use the experimental method to be able to conduct

this research study. Experimental method involves manipulating one variable to
determine if changes in one variable cause changes in another variable. This
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method relies on controlled methods, random assignment and the manipulation
of variables to test a hypothesis.

The researchers use this method because their research is a quantitative

method, a method in which you need experiments in order to gather data.

DESCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENTS USED

Universal Testing Machine (UTM)

Also known as a Universal Tester. Materials testing machine or materials
test frame, is used to test the tensile strength and compressive strength of
materials. The "universal" part of the name reflects that it can perform many
standard tensile and compression tests on materials, components, and structures
(in other words, that it is versatile). This machine is based on ASTM ( American
Standards for Testing and Materials)

The Waste Metal Bottle Caps are collected from stores, and junkshops..
The researchers could have five sacks of metal bottle caps. The desired
compressive strength of this concrete is 3000 psi. This study aimed to recycle the
concrete pavement to reduce the wastes and to be able to use the waste as
aggregates. The recycled concrete was crushed to a desired size of ¾ in to 1 in.
Thematerials will be going to use in this study are cement, fine and coarse
aggregates and water. The cement that the researcher chooses to use is Type 1
Portland Cement.The fine aggregates will be going to use are white sand, fine
aggregates passed through sieve no. 4 (4.75 millimeters), gravel and recycled
concrete aggregates used as the course aggregates. The size of the gravel and
recycledconcrete aggregates was ¾ in. Water was also use to serve as bonding
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agent to the mixture, thus water was cleaned and freed from any deleterious
materials.
The dimension of the samples was based on the ASTM Standard C39 for
Compressive Strength and C78 for Flexural Strength. The ratio of the sample
with respect to height and diameter range of 1.5 – 2.0.
The compression test will be done to determine the strength of the concrete.
The compressive strength of each sample of different percentage replacement
will be tested on its 7th day, 14 th day, 21st day, and 28th day. The apparatus to
be used is the universal testing machine.

Cement
Cement is the most important constituent of concrete, it forms the binding
medium for the discrete ingredients made out of naturally occurring raw materials
and sometimes blended or inter-ground with industrial wastes. Cement comes in
various types and chemical compositions. “Portland pozzolana cement” 53grade
of cement is used for concrete.

Fine Aggregate (FA)

The sand used for the experimental procedure was locally procured.

Coarse Aggregate (CA)

Broken granite stones are generally used as a Coarse Aggregates
(CA).Locally available CA having the maximum size of 25mm was used in our
work. The aggregates were washed to remove any dust and were dried.

Waste Bottle Caps (WBC)

Large quantities of metal waste are generated from bottle caps of juices and
softdrinks.This is an environmental issue as metal waste is difficult to biodegrade
and involves processes either torecycle or reuse. Today the construction industry
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is in need of finding effective materials for increasing thestrength of concrete
structures with low cost.

Water
Water is an important ingredient of concrete as it initiates the chemical reaction
with cement, and mix water was completely free from chlorides and sulfates.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Mixing
The materials are mixed until the desired viscosity and the materials are
evenly mixed.

Performing the Slump test

The slump cone test determines the workability of a freshly mixed concrete
compiling to the standards of ASTM C143 which measures the consistency of
concrete in a particular and specific batch. The slump test is the most well-known
and widely used test to characterize the workability of fresh concrete.

Casting
The concrete should be deposited and placed at the required place on
formwork. After the concrete is deposited, it is compacted to achieve the
maximum density.

Creating Concrete Samples

The concrete is cast to different specimens with different percentage of
composition of coarse aggregate listed:
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Percentage
Specimen No. of Percentage
Specimen of Bottle
No. Specimen of Gravel
Caps
Cube 3
0%
1 Cylinder 3 100%
Prism 3
Cube 3
2 Cylinder 3 5% 95%
Prism 3
Cube 3
3 Cylinder 3 10% 90%
Prism 3
Cube 3
4 Cylinder 3 15% 85%
Prism 3
Cube 3
5 Cylinder 3 20% 80%
Prism 3
Cube 3
6 Cylinder 3 25% 75%
Prism 3

Tests on Hardened Concrete

In the concrete structures design, engineers refer to the hardened state
properties like compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength of
concrete. For compressive strength test, cube specimensof dimensions 150 x
150 x 150 mm were casted for M30 grade of concrete.
𝑷
Compressive strength =
𝑨
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
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For tensile strength test, cylinder specimens of dimension 150 mm diameter and
300 mm length
𝟐𝑷
Split tensile strength =
𝝅𝑳𝑫
For flexural strength test, prism specimens of dimensions 700 x 150 x 150 mm
were cast
𝑷𝒍
Flexural strength = 𝟑
𝒃𝒅𝟐

RESEARCH PARADIGM

GATHERING
MATERIALS

CASTING

SLUMP TEST

CASTING

CURING
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
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Testing of Structural
Strength Flexural

Data Gathering
The researchers will gather the data through historical/archival method.
Historical/Archival method is a method in which the researches will use the past
data from the past thesis in order to come up with their own data. The researchers
will also use fieldwork. Fieldwork is a special method for the researchers to gather
data in which the researchers must in the field observing every step and recording
every data without. A cause of mistake in doing this type of research is a huge
problem because every slight differences or mistakes can cause change in doing
this experiment.
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
26
Sampling Technique
The sample had a constant cement/sand/gravel ratio of 1:2:4 and it
emphasized on the design mix of concrete with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and
25% of recycled concrete aggregate in combination with sand and gravel.
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
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IV. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Creighton (2016)" Recycling Metal Bottle Caps"

https://recyclecoach.com/blog/item?id=84

Urban Development Series (2015) "Waste Composition"

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/3363
87-1334852610766/Chap5.pdf

Environmental Management Bureau (2008-2014

"National Solid Waste Management Status Report"
http://nswmc.emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Solid-Wastefinaldraft-
12.29.15.pdf
Source: Republic Act No. 9003, Chapter 1, Article 2, Section
3http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2001/ra_9003_2001.html

A. Ishaya, I. M. Oyemogum, A. Arinze, J. C. Abaah (2014)

"Properties of Concrete Produced with Waste Bottle Caps (WBC) as a
PartialReplacement of Coarse Aggregate and Orange Leaves Powder as
Plasticizer"
http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/CER/article/view/31595

Avila J.M, Palagud M.A, Gabriel K., Galanza J., Ordonio D. (2013)
"Enhancing And Strengthen The Compressive Strength By Adding Plastic
BottleCaps As A Sub Coarse Aggregates In Concrete"
https://www.scribd.com/presentation/323679222/Plastic-Bottle-Caps
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
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Seriano P. (2000)
"Strength and Behavior of Concrete Contains Waste Plastic"
https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/strength-and-behavior-of-concrete-
contains-waste-plastic-2157-7625-1000186.php?aid=74481

Bulawin D. U.
" Utilizaion Of Bottle Caps For Concrete Residential Slabs"
https://www.slideshare.net/DonaldBulawin/utilization-of-bottle-caps-for-concrete-
residential-floorslabs

Tuladhar R.
"Scientists Have Reinforced Concrete With Plastic Waste Instead of Steel"
http://www.sciencealert.com/scientists-have-made-concrete-using-plastic-waste-
and-it-s-just-as-strong-as-regular-concrete

Valenzuela M. (2012)
"Plastic Bottles As EcoBricks"
(http://blogs.worldbank.org/dmblog/transforming-plastic-bottles-into-classrooms)

John A. Ochsendorf and Timothy G. Gutowski (2005)

"Material flow analysis of concrete in the United States
"https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/33030