Concrete 2014 PDF

CONCRETE DESIGN
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CONCRETE DESIGN
1. NOMENCLATURE
Notation to be used in the discussion complies with NSCP 2001
Ag = Gross area of section (Ac + As)
Ac = Area of concrete; gross area – area of reinforcing
As = Area of reinforcing
A’s = Area of compressive reinforcement in a doubly reinforced section
Av = Area of shear reinforcement
A1 = Loaded area in bearing
A2 = Gross area of bearing support member
D = Dead loads, or related internal moments and forces
E = Load effects of earthquake, or related internal moments and forces
Ec = Modulus of Elasticity of concrete
Es = Modulus of Elasticity of steel
L = Live loads, or related internal moments and forces
M = Design moment
V = Design shear force
a = Depth of equivalent rectangular stress block (USD)
b = Width of compression face of member
bw = Width of stem in a T-beam
c = Distance from extreme compression fiber to the neutral axis
d = Effective depth, from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tensile reinforcement
e = Eccentricity of a non-axial load, form the centroid of the section to the point of
application of the load
fc = Unit compressive stress in concrete
f’c = Specified compressive strength of concrete
fr = Modulus of rupture of concrete
fs = Stress in reinforcement
fy = Specified yield stress of steel
h = Overall thickness of member; unbraced height of a wall
jd = Length fo internal moment arm (WSD)
kd = Distance from extreme compression fiber ot the neutral axis (WSD)
n = Modular ratio of elasticity: Es/Ec
ρ = Percent of reinforcing with working strength design expressed as a ratio: As/Ag
s = Spacing of stirrups
t = Thickness of solid slab
φ = Strength reduction factor (USD)
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CONCRETE DESIGN
2. MATERIALS AND PROPERTIES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

2.1 Concrete
CONCRETE
CEMENT WATER AGGREGATES ADMIXTURE

ASTM TYPE I - should be clean and - materials held together by - substances added to
(gen. purpose) free form injurous water-cement paste concrete to improve its
amounts of oil, acid, workability, accelerate
ASTM TYPE III alkali, organic matter its set, harden its
(high-early strength) surface, etc.
ASTM TYPE IV
(low-heat cement)
FINE COARSE
- smaller than 3/8 - larger than 3/8” in
in. in diameter, diameter, includes
includes natural crushed stone, gravel,
d slag
Strength of Concrete at 28th day, f’c

3000 psi 20.685 MPa
4000 psi 27.580 MPa
5000 psi 34.475 MPa
*1 ksi = 6.895 MPa
Modulus of Elasticity for normal weight concrete
E c = 4,700 fc' where f’c is in MPa
2.2 Steel-Reinforcement
Common Grades, fy
Grade 40 40 ksi 275.8 MPa
Grade 60 60 ksi 413.7 MPa
Sizes of Deformed Bars
Bar Diameter
Number
English Metric
3 3/8” 10 mm
4 1/2” 12 mm
5 5/8” 16 mm
6 3/4” 20 mm
8 1” 25 mm
9 9/8” 28 mm
10 1 ¼” 32 mm
***number indicates bar diameter in eights of an inch, 1” = 25 mm
Modulus of Elasticity
Es = 200 GPa = 29,000 ksi

CONCRETE DESIGN
3. DESIGN METHODS
3.1 Working Stress Design (WSD)
SERVICE LOAD CONDITIONS – no load factors applied
ALLOWABLE STRESSES: fc = 0.45 f’c
fs = 0.5 fy → if not given
3.2 Ultimate Strength Design (USD)

REQUIRED STRENGTH – combination of factored forces
Load Combinations *extracted from NSCP 2001, p. 4-28
Dead Load and Live load: U = 1.4D + 1.7L
Dead Load, Live Load & Wind Load U = 0.75(1.4D + 1.7L +1.7W)
Dead Load and Wind Load U = 0.9D + 1.3W
Dead Load, Live Load & Earthquake U = 1.32D + 1.1(f1)L + 1.1E
f1 = 1.0 for floors of public
assembly, garage live load
and for L > 4.8 kPa
= 0.5 for other live loads
Dead Load & Earthquake U = 0.9D + 1.1E
DESIGN STRENGTH – nominal strength multiplied by strength reduction factor φ
Reduction Factors *extracted from NSCP 2001, p. 4-29
Flexure, without axial (Moment in beams) ……………….. 0.90
Axial compression w/ or w/o Flexure
(Axial load and Moment in Tied columns) ………... 0.70
(Axial load and Moment in Spiral columns)……….. 0.75
Shear and Torsion ………………………………………….. 0.85
Bearing on concrete ………………………………………... 0.70

CONCRETE DESIGN
4. LOAD ANALYSIS
4.1 SLABS
Sn
4.1.1 ONE WAY SLAB – when m = < 0.5
Ln
Sn
AREA LOAD ON SLAB:
• DEAD LOAD – slab weight and floor fixed loads
D = Wslab + WSDL
D = γ c ⋅ t + WSDL
Ln 1m • LIVE LOAD – depends on type of occupancy

• REQUIRED FLOOR LOAD
o WSD: W = D + L
o USD: Wu = 1.4D + 1.7L
• UNIFORM TRIBUTARY LOAD
w
o WSD: w = W × 1
o USD: wu = Wu × 1
L
1m
B
w w w

CONCRETE DESIGN
Sn
4.1.2 TWO WAY SLAB – when m = ≥ 0.5
Ln
Sn PANEL abcd
Ln
a b
Ln
d c
4.2 BEAMS
S1 S2
45° 45°
ω2
WS 2
2
WS1  3 − m2 
ω1 = L ω1 ω1 ω3 ω3 ω 3 = ω 2  
2 
 2 
WS 2
ωb 2 ωb ωb
ω2
45° 45°
WS 2
2
ωb
h−t h TRIBUTARY LOAD
ωb
WS 2
ω2 =
REMAINING BEAM 3
WEIGHT ωb EQUIVALENT UNIFORM
ω b = γ c b (h − t ) TRIBUTARY LOAD
ωb
ω ub = 1.4 ⋅ γ c b (h − t )

CONCRETE DESIGN
4.3 COLUMNS
A B C D
S1 S2 S3
L1
L2
• REQUIRED LOAD
o WSD: W = D + L
o USD: Wu = 1.4D + 1.7L
• TRIBUTARY COLUMN LOAD PER FLOOR
( )
o WSD: P = W × S × L + ω b × S + L ( )
o USD: ( )
Pu = Wu × S × L + ω ub × S + L ( )
5. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
5.1 MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER, IN SITU
*based from NSCP 2001, p. 4-20
Exposed to earth (ex. Foundation slab, tie beams)……….………. 75 mm
Exposed to weather (ex .exterior beams and columns)…..………. 50 mm
Not exposed to weather (ex .interior beams and columns)………. 40 mm
Slabs and walls……………………………………………………...… 20 mm
5.2 SPACING OF REINFORCEMENT
5.2.1 SLABS
 MAXIMUM SPACING = 3t or 450 mm

S S
20 mm clear cover

CONCRETE DESIGN
5.2.2 BEAMS
b b
Clear concrete cover
cc ≥ 40 mm
Stirrup or tie
Bars in double layer Bundled bars
vcs ≥ 25 mm
cs ≥ d b and 25 mm cs ≥ d e = n d b
5.2.3 COLUMNS
1.5db but not less than 40mm
5.3 HOOKS AND BENDS

*NSCP, 407
ldb ≥ 150 mm
≥ 8db
Bend diameter:
6db → db is 10 - 25mm
 6db  12d
 stirrup / tie  D = 8db → db is 28 - 32mm
  b
10db → db is 36 mm
32mm
ldb ≥ 150 mm
≥ 8db
Bend diameter:
6db → db is 10 - 25mm
D = 8db → db is 28 - 32mm
10db → db is 36
4db
( )
32mm
mm
65mm
min

CONCRETE DESIGN
6. FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR OF BEAMS

x
x
R1 R2
x b
∑ Fh = 0
C
c C=T
jd V d
N M A
∑ Mx − x = 0
0 = R1(x ) − C( jd )
T R1(x ) = C( jd ) = T( jd )
x
R1
6.1 STAGES OF FAILURE

6.1.1 UNCRACKED STAGE – concrete resists compression and tension with concrete
tensile stress below modulus of rupture, fr = 0.7 f 'c or when moment is less
than cracking moment…
NSCP 2001 PROVISION:
fr ⋅ Ig
6.1.2 CRACKING MOMENT, Mcr =
ct
6.1.3 CRACKED STAGE – member carries bending moment greater than cracking
moment where concrete in tension cracks, steel carries all the tensile force,
stresses are below elastic range
6.1.4 ULTIMATE STRENGTH STAGE (COLLAPSE STAGE) – member collapses
either by crushing of concrete of yielding of steel bars
DISTRIBUTION OF STRESSES
fc fc f’c
C C C
c
c c
NA
d d
NA jd jd
T T T
fct
CRACKED STAGE COLLAPSE STAGE
UNCRACKED STAGE (WORKING STRESS) (ULTIMATE STRENGTH)

CONCRETE DESIGN
6.2 FLEXURE FORMULA, Working Stress Design (WSD)

Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam (SRRB)
 Straight-line stress distribution (triangular compressive stress block)
 Maximum allowable compressive stress of 0.45f’c
 Maximum allowable tensile stress on steel of 0.5fy (if not given)
b b
fc x/3
x C
NA
h M d
jd
d-x
As
T
fs
n
BEAM SECTION TRANSFORMED SECTION STRESS DIAGRAM
TRANSFORMED SECTION METHOD

E
 Modular Ratio, n= s
Ec
 Location of Neutral Axis - ΣMNA = 0 and solve for x
 x2 
b  = nA s (d − x )
 2 
 
 Moment of Inertia of transformed section – inertia about the N.A.
I NA =
( )
b x3
+ nA s (d − x )2
3
1
 Compressive force, C = fc (xb ) → volume of stress block
2
 Tensile force, T = A s fs
 x  x
 Resisting Moment, M = C d −  = T  d − 
 3  3
M(x )
 Extreme concrete stress, fc =
I NA
M(d − x )
 Steel bar stress, fs = n
INA

CONCRETE DESIGN
GENERAL EQUATIONS FOR SRRB.

b
fc kd/3
kd C
NA
h M d
jd
As
T
BEAM SECTION ELASTIC STRESS DIAGRAM
Es
 Modular ratio, n=
Ec
As
 Steel ratio, ρ=
bd
 k= (ρn)2 + 2ρn − ρn
k
 j = 1−
3
1
 Compressive force, C = fc kdb Resisting Moment, M = Cjd
2
1 2M
 Actual concrete stress, M = fc kdb( jd ) → fc =
2 bd2kj
 Tensile force, T = A s fs Resisting Moment, M = Tjd
M
 Actual Steel Stress, M = A s fs ( jd ) → fs =
A s jd
DESIGN FOR BALANCED SECTION

 When there is simultaneous limiting stresses in the concrete and steel
1
kb =
fs
1+
nfc
 Balanced steel ratio
kfc
ρbal =
2fs

CONCRETE DESIGN
LOAD ANALYSIS PROBLEMS:

SIT. A: Reinforced concrete beams DF, BE and EH are 300 mm wide and 500 mm deep below the
slab, spaced 2.5 m on centers. The beams support a monolithic slab 100 mm thick
carrying superimposed dead load of 2 kPa and live load of 4.8 kPa. Concrete weighs 24
kN/m3. Determine the following:
1. Total service floor load.
2. Total factored floor load.
3. The factored uniform load supported by beams BE and EH.
4. The factored uniform load supported by beams DF.
5. The maximum ultimate positive and negative bending moments that must be sustained by
beams BE and EH assuming simple supports at B, E and H.
6. The maximum ultimate positive bending moment that must be sustained by beam DF
assuming simple supports at D and F.
4.5 m 4.5 m
G
A D
2.5 m
B E H
2.5 m
F I
C
SIT. B: A typical floor framing plan of a 4-storey building with roof deck is shown in the following
figure. Reinforced concrete columns are 400 mm square and beams are 300 mm wide and
600 mm deep spaced 2.5 m on centers. The beams support a slab 100 mm thick carrying
superimposed dead load of 3 kPa and live load of 2.9 kPa. Concrete weighs 24 kN/m3.
5.6 m 6m
B C
A
2.5 m
D E F
2.5 m
G H I
2.5 m
J K L

CONCRETE DESIGN
7. Estimate the axial load carried by column E at the fourth floor from total factored floor load using
tributary area method.
8. Estimate the axial load carried by column E at the ground floor from total factored floor load
using tributary area method.
9. Calculate the factored uniform load on 1-m strip of slab ABED.
10. Calculate the ultimate bending moments for the design of slab ABED by ACI Coefficients
Method.
11. Calculate the factored uniform load on girders DE and EF.
12. Calculate the ultimate bending moments for the design of girder DE and EF by ACI Coefficients
Method.
13. Calculate the shear force at faces of supports for members DE and EF by ACI Coefficients
Method.
NSCP PROVISION : ACI MOMENT COEFFICIENTS
2
POSITIVE MOMENT Mu = Cw uln
End spans
Discontinuous end unrestrained…………………….. 1/11
Discontinuous end integral with support……………… 1/14
Interior spans…………………………………………. 1/16
2
NEGATIVE MOMENT Mu = Cw uln
At exterior face of first interior support
Two spans……………………………………………... 1/9
More than two spans…………………………………. 1/10
At other faces of interior supports…………………….. 1/11
At face of all supports for slabs with spans not exceeding 3 meters; and
beams where ratio of sum of column stiffness to beam stiffness exceeds
eight at each end of the span…………………………………….
1/12
At interior face of exterior support for members built integrally with supports:
Where support is a spandrel beam…………………
1/24
Where support is a column………………………….
1/16
SHEAR
1.15
At face of first interior support …………………… w uln
2
1
At face of all other supports ……………………….. w uln
2
Where C = coefficient
wu = factored floor load
ln = CLEAR span for +M and V;
= AVERAGE adjacent CLEAR span for -M

CONCRETE DESIGN
BEAM DESIGN AND ANALYSIS BY WSD:

SIT. A: A hollow beam with cross-section given below is simply supported over a span of 4 m. The cracking
moment of the beam is 78 kN·m.
300 mm
150 mm 600 mm
1. Find the maximum uniform load in kN/m the beam can carry without cracking.
2. Calculate the modulus of rupture in MPa of concrete used for the beam.
3. If the hollow part of the beam is replaced with a square of side 200 mm, what is the new cracking
moment in kN·m?
SIT. B: A rectangular beam 300 mm x 500 mm reinforced with 3-φ28 mm bars having its centroid 75 mm
from the bottom edge of the beam. Use f’c = 21 MPa and fy = 275 MPa.
1. Calculate the elastic bending stresses if is to sustain a dead load moment of 30 kN∙m and live load
moment of 40 kN∙m.
2. Calculate the safe bending moment the beam can sustain without exceeding allowable stresses
under working load conditions.
SIT. C: The dimensions of the reinforced concrete T-beam in the figure below are b1 = 500 mm, h1 = 150
mm, b = 250 mm and h = 500 mm. If n = 8 and As = 3300 mm2, determine the following:
1
h1
1. The maximum stress produced in concrete by a positive bending moment of 120 kN-m
2. The maximum stress produced in steel.
3. The maximum bending moment applied without exceeding fc = 12 MPa and fs = 140 MPa.
SIT. D: A rectangular concrete beam of concrete with f’c = 21 MPa and steel reinforcing with fs = 138 MPa
must sustain a total service uniform load of 50 kN/m over a simple span of 5 m. Select the beam
dimensions and the reinforcing for a section with tension reinforcing only. Assume b = 0.56d, db = 20
mm, stirrup diameter = 10 mm.

CONCRETE DESIGN
6.3 FLEXURE FORMULA, Ultimate Strength Design (USD)

 Uniform stress of 0.85f’c replaces the non-linear stress distribution on concrete compression
area from extreme compression fiber to a depth of “a”
 Depth of equivalent rectangular stress block, a = c ⋅ β1
 β1 = 0.85 → for f'c ≤ 30 MPa
0.05
β1 = 0.85 − (f' c − 30) → for f' c > 30 MPa
7
 Linear distribution of strain
 Concrete cracks at a maximum strain of concrete, εc = 0.003
fs
 Steel strain, ε s =
Es
GENERAL SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM (SRB)

Ac 0.85f’c 0.003
z
c a C
NA
d
d−z
As
Ts εs
STRESS BLOCK STRAIN DIAG
BASIC EQUATIONS OF USD
 Compression on Concrete C = 0.85f ' c A c
600(d − c )
 Steel tensile stress at εconc = 0.003 fs = < fy
c
 Non Yielding Tension on steel, fs < fy ( ) T = A s fs
 Yielding Tension on steel, fs ≥ fy( ) T = A s fy
Mn = C ⋅ (d − z )
 Nominal Moment Strength
Mn = T ⋅ (d − z )
φMn = 0.9 ⋅ C ⋅ (d − z )
 Design Moment Strength
φMn = 0.9 ⋅ T ⋅ (d − z )

CONCRETE DESIGN
6.3.1 Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beams (SRRB)

b
a/2 0.85f’c εc = 0.003
a C = 0.85f 'c ab c
h d NA
d – a/2
As
T = A s fy
STRESS εs = fs E s
STRAIN
SRRB BASIC EQUATIONS:
A s fy
[C = T] → a =
0.85f 'c b
ρfy d As
1. STATIC EQUILIBRIUM, a= where ρ =
0.85f 'c bd
ωd ρfy
a= where ω =
0.85 f 'c
 a
φMn = 0.9 ⋅ C ⋅  d − 
 2 
2. DESIGN MOMENT CAPACITY,
 a
φMn = 0.9 ⋅ T ⋅  d − 
 2
 ρfy 
FLEXURE EQUATIONS: φMn = 0.9 ⋅ ρfy bd2  1 − 0.59 

 f 'c 
φMn = 0.9 ⋅ bd2 ⋅ f 'c ω ⋅ (1 − 0.59ω)
NSCP 2001 PROVISIONS

 MINIMUM TENSION STEEL RATIO
f 'c 1.4
ρmin = but not less than
4fy fy
 MAXIMUM TENSION STEEL RATIO

 ρmax = 0.75ρbal

CONCRETE DESIGN
BALANCED CONDITION
 When there is simultaneous yielding of concrete and steel
600 ⋅ d
cb =
600 + fy
 BALANCED STEEL RATIO
f 'c  600 

ρbal = 0.85 ⋅ β1 ×
fy  600 + fy 

DETERMINATION OF STEEL AREA

(GIVEN Mu and beam dimensions)
METHOD 1: METHOD 2:
Mu = φMn Mu = φMn
Mu = 1.4MDL + 1.7MLL  Mu = 1.4MDL + 1.7MLL 
   
φM = φ0.85f ' ab d − a  φMn = φbd f ' c ω ⋅ (1 − 0.59ω)
2
 n c
 2  CALCULATE ω
CALCULATE a
ωf ' c
ρ=
0.85f 'c ab fy
As =
fy
ρ < ρ min → A s = ρminbd
A s < A s min → A s = A s min = ρminbd ρ ≤ ρmax → A s = ρbd
A s > A s min → redesign as DRB ρ > ρmax → redesign as DRB
DETERMINATION OF MOMENT CAPACITY

(GIVEN beam dimensions and tension steel bars)
METHOD 1: METHOD 2:
[C = T ] ρ=
As
 600(d − c )  bd
0.85f ' c (a = cβ1 )b = A s  fs = 
 c  ρ fy
ρ < ρbal STEEL YIELDS, ω =
CALCULATE c, fs and check f 'c
fs < fy NON YIELDING STEEL, T = A s fs , a = cβ1 ρfs

ρ > ρbal NON YIELING STEEL, ω =
f 'c
φMn = φA s fs ⋅ (d − a / 2 )
C=T
A s fy  600(d − c ) 
fs ≥ fy STEEL YIELDS, max T = A s fy , a = 0.85f ' c (a = cβ1 )b = A s  fs = 
0.85f ' c b  c 
φMn = φA s fy ⋅ (d − a / 2 ) φMn = φbd2 f ' c ω ⋅ (1 − 0.59ω)

CONCRETE DESIGN
6.3.2 Doubly Reinforced Beam ( ρSRB > ρmax )

b
0.85f’c εc = 0.003
C’ = A’sf’s
d’ C = 0.85f’cab A’s
A’s a f 's
c ε' s =
Es
d = φMn1 d – a/2 + φMn2 d – d’
Mu
As As1 As2
T1 = As1fy
T2 = As2fy εy = fy Es
DRB SRB STRESS COUPLE
BLOCK BARS STRAIN
MDRB = MSRB + MCouple bars

A’s = compression bars
As = tension bars = As1 + As2
Asmax = ρmaxbd + A’s(fy/f’s)
DESIGN ANALYSIS
(Given Mu, required As & A’s) (Given As & A’s, required φMn )
=
A s A s1 + A s2 φMn = φMn1 + φMn2
A s1 = ρmax bd
 a
a A s1fy φMn = φ0.85f 'c ab  d −  + φA 's f 's ( d − d' )
=
from =
C T: a = c  2
0.85f'c b β1 from C + C' = T
 a 0.85f 'c ab + A 's f 's =A s fy → (1)
φMn1 =φA s1fy  d − 
 2
a = cβ1 → ( 2 )
φMn2= Mu − φMn1
from strain diagram
φM= A s2 fy ( d − d' ) → solve A s2
600 ( c − d' )
n2
A 's f 's = A s2 fy =f 's → (3)

c
from strain diagram :
Calculate “c”
0.003 f 's Es
= Check yielding of “f’s”
c c − d'
600 ( c − d' ) f 's < fy , use f 's
f 's =
c f 's ≥ fy , use fy → recalculate "c "
f 's ≥ fy , use fy → A 's = A s2
fy
f 's < fy , use f 's → A 's =
A s2 ***You can also first assume that A’s yielded and
f 's check after.

CONCRETE DESIGN
6.3.3 T-BEAMS
EFFECTIVE FLANGE WIDTH, bf
Interior Beam bf bf Exterior Beam

b f = 8t t + 8t 2 + b w t1 t2 t3
=
b f 6t 3 + b w
= L/4
= L /12 + b w
S1 + S2
= + bw S3
2 S1 S2 S3 = + bw
bw bw 2
b f = smallest
b f = smallest
NSCP Provision:
5.8.10.1 In T-beam construction, the flange and web shall be built integrally or otherwise effectively bonded
together.
5.8.10.2 Width of slab effective as a T-beam flange shall not exceed one-quarter of the span length of the
beam, and the effective overhanging flange width on each side of the web shall not exceed:
a) eight times the slab thickness, and
b) one-half the clear distance to the next web.
5.8.10.3 For beams with a slab on one side only, the effective overhanging flange width shall not exceed:
a) one-twelfth of the span of the beam,
b) six times the slab thickness, and
c) one-half the clear distance to the next web.
5.8.10.4 Isolated beams, in which the T-shape is used to provide a flange for additional compression area,
shall have a flange thickness not less than one-half the width of web and an effective flange width
not more than four times the width of the web.

CONCRETE DESIGN
6.3.3.1 WITHOUT T-ACTION, Wide Rectangular Beam

 Compression area is within the flange only
 The beam behaves as a wide RECTANGULAR beam
 a < tf
bf 0.85f’c
a Cf = 0.85f’cabf
tf
d φMn
h d – a/2
As
T = Asfy
T-BEAM STRESS BLOCK

W/o T-action for the Flange
DESIGN ANALYSIS
(Given Mu, required As) (Given As, required φMn )
Assume : a = tf Assume as wide rectangular beam :
 t  A s fy
φMf =φ0.85f 'c t f b  d − f  calculate a=
 2 0.85f 'c b f
φMf ≥ Mu → design as w/o T - action a ≤ t f → analyze w/o T - action
φMf < Mu → design w/ T - action a > t f → analyze w T - action
 a  a
Mu =φA s fy  d −  φMn = φA s fs  d − 
 2  2
A s fy from C = T
a=
0.85f 'c b f A s fs
a=
Calculate As by quadratic formula 0.85f'c b f
Check minimum requirements: from strain diagram:
A 600d a
ρ= s =
c = → calculate fs
bw d 600 + fs β1
ρ > ρmin → ok check : if fs ≥ fy , use fy
ρ ≤ ρmin → A s = ρminb w d if fs < fy , use fs

CONCRETE DESIGN
6.3.3.2 WITH T-ACTION

 Compression area composed of flange and portion of web.
bf
0.85f’c 0.85f’c εc = 0.003
Cw = 0.85f’cabw tf Cf = 0.85f’ctf(bf-bw)
a
tf c
d φMn2
h d – a/2 φMn1 d – tf /2
As
T1 = As1fy T2 = As2fy
εs = fy Es
T-BEAM STRESS BLOCK STRESS BLOCK
with T-action for the Web for the Flange STRAIN
DESIGN ANALYSIS
(Given Mu, required As) (Given As, required φMn )
=
A s A s1 + A s2 φMn = φMn1 + φMn2
φ0.85f 'c t f ( b f − b w )( d − t f 2 )
φMn2 = φ0.85f 'c t f ( b f − b w )( d − t f 2 )
φMn2 =
φA s2 fy ( d − t f 2 )
φMn2 = from Cf = T2
or from Cf = T2 : 0.85f 'c t f ( b f − b w ) =
A s2 fy
0.85f 'c t f ( b f − b w ) =
A s2 fy A=
s1 A s − A s2
φMn1
= Mu − φMn2  a
φMn1 = φA s1fs  d − 
 a  2
φMn2 = φA s1fy  d − 
 2 Check yielding of " A s1 "
from Cw = T1 from Cw = T1
A s1fy A s1fs
a= a= = cβ1
0.85f 'c b w 0.85f 'c b w
Calculate " A s1 " by quadratic formula from strain diagram :
600 ( d − c )
Check “As” for maximum requirements fs =
d
A smax = 0.75A sbal
Calculate “c” simultaneously
From Cf + Cw =
T
Calculate “fs”
0.85f 'c  t f ( b f − b w ) + abalb w 
A sbal =
fy
= c balβ1
abal

CONCRETE DESIGN
BEAM DESIGN AND ANALYSIS PROBLEMS:

SIT. E: The service load bending moments on a rectangular beam 250 mm wide are 78.6 kN-m for dead load and
51.5 kN-m for live load. If f’cgv = 27 MPa and fy = 414 MPa, determine the depth of the beam and the required
area of tension reinforcing. Assume ρ = 0.6ρb , db = 20 mm, ds = 10 mm.
SIT. F: A 12 m simply supported beam is provided by an additional support at mid span. A superimposed dead load
of 4.95 kN/m and service live load of 24.57 kN/m is to be carried in addition to the self-weight of the beam.
The beam has a constant rectangular section with b = 300 mm and a total depth h = 450 mm and
reinforcement is to be varied according to requirements. Allow concrete cover to bar centroid of 70 mm, fy =
415 MPa and f’c = 30 MPa. Use 0.75ρb = 0.023 and ρmin = 0.0033
1. Determine the required tensile area for positive bending.
2. Determine the required tensile area for negative bending.
SIT. G: A rectangular concrete beam is 350 mm wide and 700 mm deep. It is reinforced at the bottom with 5-φ32 mm
bars and at the top with 3-φ28 mm bars. Steel covering to bar centroid is 70 mm at the top and at the bottom
of the beam. Use f’c = 21 MPa and fy = 415 MPa
3. Calculate the design moment capacity of the beam section in negative bending.
4. Calculate the design moment capacity of the beam section in positive bending.
5. If the beam is simply supported over a span of 6-m with a 2-m overhang determine the maximum factored
load in kN/m the beam can support.
SIT. H: A rectangular section is limited to a size of b = 350 mm and h = 700 mm to carry a factored moment of 1,500
kN⋅m. Assume that bars in compression will be placed at 70 mm from the compression face and bars in
tension 80 mm from the tension face. Given that f’c = 28 MPa and fy = 415 MPa design the steel requirements
of the cross section.
SIT. I: The typical T-section results from the monolithic construction of the slab and its supporting beams.
Effective flange width bf = 1250 mm
Slab thickness t = 120 mm
Web width bw = 350 mm
Total depth below the slab h = 480 mm
Top reinforcement 3 – ϕ25 mm
Bottom reinforcement 5 – ϕ25 mm
f’c = 20.7 MPa
fy = 415 MPa
Concrete cover to the centroid of reinforcements = 70 mm
Balanced Steel Ratio ρb = 0.021
6. Determine the nominal bending strength for positive moment
7. Find the nominal bending strength for negative moment.
SIT. J: A monolithic floor system consists of 100 mm thick slabs and simply supported beams with a 7.3 m span, 1.2
m on centers. The floor carries a superimposed dead load of 1.15 kPa and live load of 1.9 kPa. Walls
weighing 2.8 kPa and 2.4 m high are directly supported by the beams. Beam dimensions, as determined by
negative moment requirements at supports, are bw = 275 mm and h = 500 mm. Concrete weights 24 kN/m^3.
8. Determine the total factored load to be carried by an interior beam in kN/m.
9. Determine the effective flange width of the interior beam in mm according to NSCP 2001 provisions.
10. Determine the required amount of steel reinforcement at mid-span of a typical interior beam. Use concrete
compressive strength f’c = 21 MPa and steel strength fy = 275 MPa. Assume 20 mm bar diameter for flexure
and 10 mm for stirrups.

CONCRETE DESIGN

CONCRETE DESIGN

CONCRETE DESIGN

CONCRETE DESIGN
PROBLEMS:
SIT. A: The floor framing plan shown in the figure is to be designed to carry a service live load of 4.8 kPa and dead
load of 1.75 kPa which includes floor finish, ceiling finish, partition and miscellaneous loading. The concrete
slab is 100 mm thick, beams AD, BE and CF are 250 mm wide and 350 mm deep below the slab, beams AC
and DF are 350 mm wide and 450 mm deep below the slab. Concrete weighs 24 kN/m3.
1. Assuming that beam BE is simply supported, calculate the factored shear force at critical section for shear
using concrete cover from tensile bar centroid 70 mm.
2. Determine the required spacing of 10 mm stirrups using f’c = 21 MPa and fy = 275 MPa.
3. At what section from the face of the left support are stirrups not required?
SIT. B: A rectangular beam having b = 300 mm and d = 560 mm, spans 6.1 m face-to-face of simple supports. It is
reinforced for flexure with three 36 mm bars that continue uninterrupted to the ends of the span. It is to carry
service dead load D = 23.8 kN/m (including self-weight), and service live load L = 47.6 kN/m, both uniformly
distributed along the span.
1. Design the shear reinforcement, 10-mm-diameter stirrups, using simplified calculation of shear strength of
concrete. Material strengths are fy = 415 MPa and f’c = 28 MPa.
2. Redesign the shear reinforcement using more detailed calculation of shear strength of concrete.
SIT. C: A column section shown is reinforced with 8-ϕ32 mm bars, with clear concrete cover of 40 mm for the 12 mm
ties. Due to reversal of lateral forces, the design loads due the reversal effect of combined DL, LL and WL
changes as follows:

CONCRETE DESIGN
1. Determine the nominal shear strength of concrete for the positive x direction using simplified calculation with
concrete strength f’c = 28 MPa and fy = 415 MPa.
2. Determine the nominal shear strength of concrete for the negative x direction using simplified calculation.
3. Recalculate using more detailed calculation.
SIT. D: A rectangular tied column is reinforced as shown in the detail below. Clear cover to the 12 mm ties is 40 mm.
Use f’c = 28 MPa, vertical bars strength fy = 415 MPa and tie bars strength fyh = 278 MPa
1. Calculate the nominal strength of the column against shear along the x-direction if ties and cross-ties are
spaced 100 mm on centers.
2. Calculate the ultimate shear along the y-direction the column can sustain if ties and cross-ties are spaced 100
mm on centers.
3. Calculate the required spacing of transverse reinforcement for a factored shear force Vux = 450 kN if the
allowable nominal concrete shear stress is 0.88 MPa.
4. Calculate the required spacing of transverse reinforcement in accordance with the code for seismic design if
shear is along the x-direction.
5. Calculate the required spacing of transverse reinforcement in accordance with the code for seismic design if
shear is along the y-direction.

CONCRETE DESIGN

CONCRETE DESIGN

CONCRETE DESIGN

CONCRETE DESIGN
P ROBLEMS:
SIT. E: A rigidly supported beam with cross-section detail shown below supports a uniform service dead
load of 58.38 kN/m and service live load of 87.56 kN/m over its span of 4.3 m. In addition the
beam is also subject to uniform torsional moment due to service dead load of 6.31 kN∙m/m and due
to service live load of 7.57 kN∙m/m over its entire span. Concrete compressive strength f’c = 28
MP. Use 12 mm diameter stirrups with 40 mm clear cover.
1. Calculate the nominal cracking torsion.

2. Calculate the maximum shear stress in the beam due to combined shear and torsion.
3. Calculate the spacing of stirrups required for shear only. Use fy = 415 MPa.
4. Calculate the spacing of stirrups required for torsion only.
5. Calculate the spacing of stirrups required for shear and torsion.
6. Calculate the required additional longitudinal bars for torsion.

CONCRETE DESIGN

CONCRETE DESIGN

CONCRETE DESIGN

CONCRETE DESIGN
PROBLEMS:
SIT. A: To comply with architectural requirements, a column in a non-sway frame is of T-section as shown.
Given data:
Longitudinal bars: As = 4 – ø28 mm bars
fy = 415 MPa
Lateral ties: dt = ø12 mm bars
fyv = 275 MPa
Clear concrete cover = 40 mm
Concrete: f’c = 27.5 MPa
Consider bending about strong axis. Neglect the concrete area displaced by the steel bars.
1. Determine the location of the plastic centroid of the section from the right face of the column.
2. Determine the bending moment, in kN⋅m, induced by a factored load Pu = 3200 kN acting along x-
axis at 400 mm away from the right face of the column.
SIT. B: A tied column 450 mm square is reinforced with 8-ϕ28 mm equally distributed on its sides. The
unsupported length of the column is 2.6 m and is prevented against sidesway by shear walls. Use
40 mm clear covering to the tie reinforcement with diameter 12 mm, f’c = 20.7 MPa, fy = 415 MPa
and Es = 200 GPa
3. Determine the nominal load in kN that the column could carry.
4. Determine the nominal balanced load in kN using concrete strain of 0.003 and yield strain of steel
εy = fy/Es.
5. Determine the nominal balanced moment capacity of the column.
6. Determine the nominal moment capacity when the factored axial load is 900 kN.

CONCRETE DESIGN

CONCRETE DESIGN

CONCRETE DESIGN

CONCRETE DESIGN

CONCRETE DESIGN

CONCRETE DESIGN

CONCRETE DESIGN

CONCRETE DESIGN

CONCRETE DESIGN

CONCRETE DESIGN

CONCRETE DESIGN
PROBLEMS:
SIT. A: A 400 mm square column is supported by rectangular footing 3.0 m by 4.0 m with effective depth 350 mm.
Column Axial Loads: D = 420 kN
L = 360 kN
E = 210 kN
Column Moment due to Earthquake: ME = 160 kN-m (along 4.0 m dimension)
Required Strength: U = 1.32D + 1.1L + 1.1E
1. Calculate the maximum ultimate soil bearing stress.
2. Calculate the maximum nominal beam shear stress in MPa.
3. Calculate the nominal punching shear stress in MPa.

CONCRETE DESIGN
SIT. B: A wall footing is required for a 350 mm-thick concrete wall carrying uniform dead load of 160 kN/m and
uniform service live load of 200 kN/m. Material properties used are as follows: γc = 24 kN/m3, γs = 16
kN/m3, qa = 170 kPa, f’c = 21 MPa and fy = 275 MPa for bar diameter 16 mm.
1. Calculate the minimum width of the footing slab for a 1-m design strip.
2. Calculate the required thickness of the footing slab.
3. Calculate the spacing of 16 mm longitudinal bars for flexure.
SIT. C: A 400 mm square column shown is supported by square footing on 5 piles 300 mm diameter each. Ultimate
pile capacity of 320 kN.
Column Axial Loads: Due to dead load, D = 420 kN,
Due to live load, L = 360 kN,
Due to earthquake, E = 210 kN
Column Moment due to Earthquake: ME = 160 kN-m
Required Strength: U = 1.32D + 1.1L + 1.1E
P
ME
600 mm
0.75 m
2.00 m
0.75 m
0.75 m 2.00 m 0.75 m
1. Calculate the ultimate critical beam shear stress in MPa on the pile cap.
2. Calculate the ultimate punching shear stress in MPa on the pile cap.
3. Calculate the maximum design moment in kN-m on the pile cap.

CONCRETE DESIGN

CONCRETE DESIGN

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CONCRETE DESIGN

Center for Professional Career Development 59

60 Center for Professional Career Development

2. MATERIALS AND PROPERTIES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

CEMENT WATER AGGREGATES ADMIXTURE

Strength of Concrete at 28th day, f’c

Center for Professional Career Development 61

3.2 Ultimate Strength Design (USD)

62 Center for Professional Career Development

Ln 1m • LIVE LOAD – depends on type of occupancy

Center for Professional Career Development 63

64 Center for Professional Career Development

 MAXIMUM SPACING = 3t or 450 mm

Center for Professional Career Development 65

Bars in double layer Bundled bars

1.5db but not less than 40mm

5.3 HOOKS AND BENDS

66 Center for Professional Career Development

6. FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR OF BEAMS

6.1 STAGES OF FAILURE

Center for Professional Career Development 67

6.2 FLEXURE FORMULA, Working Stress Design (WSD)

TRANSFORMED SECTION METHOD

68 Center for Professional Career Development

GENERAL EQUATIONS FOR SRRB.

BEAM SECTION ELASTIC STRESS DIAGRAM

DESIGN FOR BALANCED SECTION

Center for Professional Career Development 69

LOAD ANALYSIS PROBLEMS:

70 Center for Professional Career Development

Center for Professional Career Development 71

BEAM DESIGN AND ANALYSIS BY WSD:

72 Center for Professional Career Development

6.3 FLEXURE FORMULA, Ultimate Strength Design (USD)

GENERAL SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM (SRB)

 Non Yielding Tension on steel, fs < fy ( ) T = A s fs

 Yielding Tension on steel, fs ≥ fy( ) T = A s fy

Center for Professional Career Development 73

6.3.1 Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beams (SRRB)

φMn = 0.9 ⋅ bd2 ⋅ f 'c ω ⋅ (1 − 0.59ω)

NSCP 2001 PROVISIONS

 MAXIMUM TENSION STEEL RATIO

74 Center for Professional Career Development

DETERMINATION OF STEEL AREA

DETERMINATION OF MOMENT CAPACITY

fs < fy NON YIELDING STEEL, T = A s fs , a = cβ1 ρfs

φMn = φA s fy ⋅ (d − a / 2 ) φMn = φbd2 f ' c ω ⋅ (1 − 0.59ω)

Center for Professional Career Development 75

6.3.2 Doubly Reinforced Beam ( ρSRB > ρmax )

MDRB = MSRB + MCouple bars

A 's f 's = A s2 fy =f 's → (3)

76 Center for Professional Career Development

Interior Beam bf bf Exterior Beam

Center for Professional Career Development 77

6.3.3.1 WITHOUT T-ACTION, Wide Rectangular Beam

T-BEAM STRESS BLOCK

78 Center for Professional Career Development

6.3.3.2 WITH T-ACTION

Center for Professional Career Development 79

BEAM DESIGN AND ANALYSIS PROBLEMS:

80 Center for Professional Career Development

Center for Professional Career Development 81