Example 9-5 Calculation of Immediate Deflection

The T beam shown in the Figure supports unfactored dead and live loads
of15.5 kN/m and 17 kN/m, respectively. It is built of 20-MPa concrete and
Grade-420 reinforcement. The moment used in the design of the beam were
calculated from the moment coefficients in ACI Section 8.3.3. Calculate the
immediate midspan deflection. Assume the construction loads did not
exceed the dead load.

1. Is the beam cracked at service load ?

The cracking moment is

fr⋅ Ig
Mcr :=
yt

Computed Ig for uncracked T section (ignore the effect of reinforcement for simplicity):

Aflange := 1575⋅ 125

125
yft := yft = 62.5
2
4
Aweb := [ ( 450 − 125 )250 ] Aweb = 8.125 × 10

( 450 − 125 )
ywt := + 125 ywt = 287.5
2
Aflange⋅ yft + Aweb⋅ ywt
ytop := ytop = 128.23
Aflange + Aweb
ybot := 450 − ytop ybot = 321.77

Compute moment of inertia:

Ig :=
1
(1575⋅ 1253) + 1
 250 ⋅ ( 450 − 125 ) 3 + Aflange⋅ ( ytop − yft) 2 + Aweb⋅ ( ywt − ytop) 2
12 12

9
Ig = 3.883 × 10

Find flexural cracking moment:

fc := 20

fr := 0.7⋅ fc fr = 3.13

fr ⋅ Ig 7 Mcrn
Mcrn := Mcrn = 9.48 × 10 Mcrn := Mcrn = 94.8 kN − m
ytop 1000⋅ 1000
−1 2
Negative moment at A: Ma := ⋅ w⋅ ln
16
kN
wD := 13.5 ln := 6.3 m wL := 17
m
−1 2
MaD := ⋅ wD⋅ ln MaD = −33.488 kN − m
16
 −1 2
MaDL := ⋅ ( wD + wL) ⋅ ln MaDL = −75.659 kN − m
16
Since both of these are less than Mcr, section A will not cracked at service load.

Negative moment at C:
−1 2
M := ⋅ w⋅ ln
10

−1 2
McD := ⋅ wD⋅ ln McD = −53.581 kN − m (not cracked)
10
−1 2
McDL := ⋅ ( wD + wL) ⋅ ln McDL = −121.055 kN − m (cracked)
10
In the positive-moment region:

fr ⋅ Ig 7 Mcrp
Mcrp := Mcrp = 3.778 × 10 Mcrp :=
ybot 1000⋅ 1000

Mcrp = 37.779 kN − m

Positive moment at B:
1 2
MbD := ⋅ wD⋅ ln MbD = 38.272 kN − m (just cracked)
14

1 2
MbDL := ⋅ ( wD + wL) ⋅ ln MbDL = 86.467 (cracked)
14
Therefore, it will be necessary to compute Icr and Ie at midspan and at support C.

2. Compute Icr at midspan

We shall assume that the compresione is rectangular.

Es := 200000 MPa
4
Ec := 4700⋅ fc Ec = 2.102 × 10
Es
n := n = 9.515
Ec
2
As := 1058 mm
b := 1575

d := 385 mm
As −3
ρ := ρ = 1.745 × 10
b⋅ d

2⋅ ρ ⋅ n + (ρ ⋅ n ) − ρ ⋅ n
2
k := k = 0.166

Therefore, c := k⋅ d c = 64.053 mm
 Since this is less than the thickness of the flange, the compression zone is rectangular,
as assumed.

Compute the cracked moment of inertia at B

1 3 2
IcrB := b ⋅ ( k⋅ d ) + n ⋅ ρ ⋅ b ⋅ d ⋅ ( k⋅ d − d )
3

9 4
IcrB = 1.175 × 10 mm

3. Compute Icr at support C

Es := 200000 MPa
4
Ec := 4700⋅ fc Ec = 2.102 × 10
Es
n := n = 9.515
Ec
2
As := 1530 mm
b := 250 mm
d := 385 mm
As
ρ := ρ = 0.016
b⋅ d

2⋅ ρ ⋅ n + (ρ ⋅ n ) − ρ ⋅ n
2
k := k = 0.419

Therefore, c := k⋅ d c = 161.381 mm

The positive-moment is not developed for compression at the support and will be
therefore be neglected.

Compute the cracked moment of inertia at C

1 3 2
IcrC := b ⋅ ( k⋅ d ) + n ⋅ ρ ⋅ b ⋅ d ⋅ ( k⋅ d − d )
3
9 4
IcrC = 1.078 × 10 mm

4. compute immediate dead-load deflection

(a) Compute Ie at A. MaD = −33.488

Mcrn = 94.8
9
Since MaD < Mcrn, IeA := Ig IeA = 3.883 × 10

(b) Compute Ie at B. MbD = 38.272

Mcrp = 37.779

Since MbD > Mcrp,

  Mcrp  ⋅ Ig +  1 −  Mcrp   ⋅ IcrB
3 3
IeB :=    
 MbD    MbD  
9 4
IeB = 3.78 × 10 mm
(c) Compute Ie at C McD = −53.581

Mcrn = 94.8
Therefore the section is not cracked, hence, IeC := Ig
9
IeC = 3.883 × 10

(d) Compute the weighted average, Ie

Ie := 0.7⋅ IeB + 0.15⋅ ( IeA + IeC)

9 4
Ie = 3.811 × 10 mm
(e) Immediate dead-load deflection

2
5 ⋅ ( ln⋅ 1000)
∆iD := ⋅ [ MbD⋅ 1000⋅ 1000 + 0.1⋅ ( MaD + McD ) ⋅ 1000⋅ 1000 ]
48⋅ Ec ⋅ Ie

∆iD = 1.526 mm
Therefore, the immediate deadload deflection is 1.525 mm

5. compute immediate live-load deflection

(a) Compute Ie at A. MaDL = −75.659

Mcrn = 94.8
9
Since MaDL < Mcrn, IeA := Ig IeA = 3.883 × 10 (uncracked section)

(b) Compute Ie at B. MbD = 38.272

Mcrp = 37.779

Since MbDL > Mcrp,

 Mcrp  ⋅ Ig +  1 −  Mcrp   ⋅ IcrB

3 3
IeB :=  MbDL   
    MbDL  
9
IeB = 1.401 × 10
(c) Compute Ie at C McDL = −121.055

Mcrn = 94.8
Therefore the section is cracked, hence,

 −Mcrn  ⋅ Ig +  1 −  −Mcrn   ⋅ IcrC

3 3
IeC :=    
 McDL    McDL  
 9
IeC = 2.425 × 10

(d) Compute the weighted average, Ie

Ie := 0.7⋅ IeB + 0.15⋅ ( IeA + IeC)
9
Ie = 1.927 × 10
(e) Immediate dead-load plus live load deflection

2
5 ⋅ ( ln⋅ 1000)
∆iDL := ⋅ [ MbDL⋅ 1000⋅ 1000 + 0.1⋅ ( MaDL + McDL) ⋅ 1000⋅ 1000 ]
48⋅ Ec ⋅ Ie

∆iDL = 6.819mm

Therefore, the immediate dead-load plus live-load deflection is 6.819 mm

The deflection increase by:

∆iL := ∆iDL − ∆iD ∆iL = 5.293 mm

when the live load was applied to the beam.

When the live load is removed, the beam will not return to its dead-load deflection of
1.53 mm because it is now cracked, with

9
Ie = 1.927 × 10
The new dead-load deflection will be,
MbD
∆iD := ⋅ ∆iDL ∆iD = 3.018 mm
MbDL

Note:

1 d'
k= (2(n − 1) ρ '+2 ρn) 2 + 4(2(n − 1) ρ ' + 2 ρn) − ((n − 1) ρ '+ ρn)
2 d
1 c
I cr = bc 3 + bc( ) 2 + (n − 1) As ' (c − d ' ) 2 + nAs (c − d ) 2
12 2
Substituting c = kd and ρ = As / bd and ρ ' = As ' / bd
1 (kd )3
I cr = b(kd )3 + b + (n − 1) ρ ' bd (kd − d ' ) + nρbd (kd − d ) 2
12 4
1
I cr = b(kd )3 + (n − 1) ρ ' bd (kd − d ' ) 2 + nρbd (kd − d ) 2
3