EXAMPLE 1:

Three-Span Continuous Straight

Composite I Girder

Third Edition
Load and Resistance Factor
Customary U.S. Units

nsba
National Steel Bridge Alliance
 Design Example 1

Disclaimer
All data, specifications, suggested practices, and drawings presented herein, are based on the best
available information and delineated in accordance with recognized professional engineering
principles and practices, and are published for general and procedural information only. Procedures
and products, suggested or discussed, should not be used without first securing competent advice
respecting their suitability for any given application.
Publication of the material herein is not to be construed as a warranty on the part of the National
Steel Bridge Alliance - or that of any person named herein - that these data and suggested practices
are suitable for any general or particular use, or of freedom from infringement on any patent or
patents. Further, any use of these data or suggested practices can only be made with the
understanding that the National Steel Bridge Alliance makes no warranty of any kind respecting such
use and the user assumes all liability arising therefrom.

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Design Example 1

Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................... 1
2. OVERVIEW OF LRFD ARTICLE 6.10 ................................................................................................... 1
3. DESIGN PARAMETERS........................................................................................................................ 3
4. STEEL FRAMING .................................................................................................................................. 4
4.1. Span Arrangement ......................................................................................................................... 4
4.2. Bridge Cross-Section ..................................................................................................................... 5
4.3. Cross-Frames ................................................................................................................................ 6
4.4. Field Section Sizes ........................................................................................................................ 7
5. PRELIMINARY GIRDER SIZES ............................................................................................................ 8
5.1. Girder Depth .................................................................................................................................. 8
5.2. Cross-section Proportions.............................................................................................................. 8
6. LOADS ................................................................................................................................................. 11
6.1. Dead Loads.................................................................................................................................. 11
6.2. Live Loads.................................................................................................................................... 13
6.2.1. Design Vehicular Live Load (Article 3.6.1.2) ......................................................................... 13
6.2.2. Loading for Optional Live-Load Deflection Evaluation (Article 3.6.1.3.2).............................. 14
6.2.3. Fatigue Load (Article 3.6.1.4) ................................................................................................ 14
6.3. Wind Loads .................................................................................................................................. 15
6.4. Load Combinations ...................................................................................................................... 17
7. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................. 19
7.1. Multiple Presence Factors (Article 3.6.1.1.2)............................................................................... 19
7.2. Live-Load Distribution Factors (Article 4.6.2.2)............................................................................ 20
7.2.1. Live-Load Lateral Distribution Factors - Positive Flexure...................................................... 22
7.2.1.1. Interior Girder - Strength Limit State ............................................................................. 23
7.2.1.2. Exterior Girder - Strength Limit State ............................................................................ 24
7.2.1.3. Distribution Factors for Fatigue Limit State ................................................................... 26
7.2.1.4. Distribution Factor for Live-Load Deflection .................................................................. 27
7.2.2. Live-Load Lateral Distribution Factors - Negative Flexure .................................................... 27
7.2.2.1. Interior Girder - Strength Limit State ............................................................................. 28
7.2.2.2. Distribution Factors for Fatigue Limit State ................................................................... 28
7.3. Dynamic Load Allowance: IM (Article 3.6.2) ................................................................................ 28
8. ANALYSIS RESULTS .......................................................................................................................... 29
8.1. Moment and Shear Envelopes .................................................................................................... 29
8.2. Live Load Deflection .................................................................................................................... 34
9. LIMIT STATES ..................................................................................................................................... 34
9.1. Service Limit State (Articles 1.3.2.2 and 6.5.2)............................................................................ 34
9.2. Fatigue and Fracture Limit State (Articles 1.3.2.3 and 6.5.3) ...................................................... 34
9.3. Strength Limit State (Articles 1.3.2.4 and 6.5.4) .......................................................................... 35
9.4. Extreme Event Limit State (Articles 1.3.2.5 and 6.5.5) ................................................................ 35
10. SAMPLE CALCULATIONS .................................................................................................................. 35
10.1. Section Properties........................................................................................................................ 35
10.1.1. Section 1-1 ............................................................................................................................ 36
10.1.1.1. Effective Flange Width (Article 4.6.2.6): Section 1-1 .................................................... 36
10.1.1.2. Elastic Section Properties: Section 1-1 ......................................................................... 37
10.1.1.3. Plastic Moment: Section 1-1 ......................................................................................... 37
10.1.1.4. Yield Moment: Section 1-1 ............................................................................................ 38
10.1.2. Section 2-2 ............................................................................................................................ 39
10.1.2.1. Effective Flange Width (Article 4.6.2.6): Section 2-2 .................................................... 39
10.1.2.2. Minimum Negative Flexure Concrete Deck Reinforcement (Article 6.10.1.7) .............. 39

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10.1.2.3. Elastic Section Properties: Section 2-2 ......................................................................... 40

10.2. Exterior Girder Check: Section 1-1 .............................................................................................. 42
10.2.1. Constructibility (Article 6.10.3)............................................................................................... 42
10.2.1.1. Deck Placement Analysis.............................................................................................. 42
10.2.1.2. Deck Overhang Loads .................................................................................................. 45
10.2.1.3. Wind Loads ................................................................................................................... 49
10.2.1.4. Flexure (Article 6.10.3.2) ............................................................................................... 52
Top Flange.................................................................................................................................. 53
Local Buckling Resistance (Article 6.10.8.2.2) ....................................................................... 53
Lateral Torsional Buckling Resistance (Article 6.10.8.2.3) ..................................................... 53
Web Bend-Buckling Resistance (Article 6.10.1.9).................................................................. 54
Bottom Flange ............................................................................................................................ 56
10.2.1.5. Shear (Article 6.10.3.3) ................................................................................................. 56
10.2.1.6. Concrete Deck (Article 6.10.3.2.4) ................................................................................ 57
10.2.2. Service Limit State (Article 6.10.4) ........................................................................................ 58
10.2.2.1. Elastic Deformations (Article 6.10.4.1).......................................................................... 58
10.2.2.2. Permanent Deformations (Article 6.10.4.2)................................................................... 58
10.2.2.3. Concrete Deck (Article 6.10.1.7) ................................................................................... 60
10.2.3. Fatigue And Fracture Limit State (Article 6.10.5) .................................................................. 60
10.2.3.1. Load Induced Fatigue (Article 6.6.1.2) .......................................................................... 60
Top-Flange Connection-Plate Weld ........................................................................................... 61
Bottom-Flange Connection-Plate Weld ...................................................................................... 61
Stud Shear-Connector Weld....................................................................................................... 63
10.2.3.2. Distortion Induced Fatigue (Article 6.6.1.3)................................................................... 64
10.2.3.3. Fracture (Article 6.6.2)................................................................................................... 64
10.2.3.4. Special Fatigue Requirement for Webs (Article 6.10.5.3)............................................. 64
10.2.4. Strength Limit State (Article 6.10.6) ...................................................................................... 65
10.2.4.1. Flexure (Article 6.10.6.2) ............................................................................................... 65
Nominal Flexural Resistance (Article 6.10.7.1.2) ....................................................................... 67
10.2.4.2. Shear (6.10.6.3) ............................................................................................................ 69
End Panel (Article 6.10.9.3.3)..................................................................................................... 70
Interior Panels (Article 6.10.9.3.2) .............................................................................................. 71
10.3. Exterior Girder Check: Section 2-2 .............................................................................................. 73
10.3.1. Strength Limit State (Article 6.10.6) ...................................................................................... 73
10.3.1.1. Flexure (Article 6.10.6.2) ............................................................................................... 73
Bottom Flange ............................................................................................................................ 74
Lateral Torsional Buckling Resistance (Article 6.10.8.2.3) ..................................................... 74
Elastic Section Properties: Flange transition ...................................................................... 77
Local Buckling Resistance (Article 6.10.8.2.2) ....................................................................... 79
Stress Check .............................................................................................................................. 80
Bottom Flange......................................................................................................................... 83
Top Flange.............................................................................................................................. 84
10.3.1.2. Shear (6.10.6.3) ............................................................................................................ 85
10.3.2. Service Limit State (Article 6.10.4) ........................................................................................ 85
10.3.2.1. Permanent Deformations (Article 6.10.4.2)................................................................... 85
10.3.3. Fatigue And Fracture Limit State (Article 6.10.5) .................................................................. 88
10.3.3.1. Load Induced Fatigue (Article 6.6.1.2) .......................................................................... 88
10.3.3.2. Special Fatigue Requirement for Webs (Article 6.10.5.3)............................................. 89
10.3.4. Constructibility (Article 6.10.3)............................................................................................... 90
10.3.4.1. Flexure (Article 6.10.3.2) ............................................................................................... 90
Web Bend-Buckling .................................................................................................................... 90
10.3.4.2. Shear (Article 6.10.3.3) ................................................................................................. 92
10.4. Shear Connector Design (Article 6.10.10) ................................................................................... 92
10.4.1. Stud Proportions.................................................................................................................... 93
10.4.2. Pitch (Article 6.10.10.1.2) ...................................................................................................... 93
10.4.3. Fatigue Limit State................................................................................................................. 93

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10.4.4. Strength Limit State (Article 6.10.10.4) ................................................................................. 95

10.5. Exterior Girder: Field Section 1.................................................................................................... 97
10.5.1. Transverse Intermediate Stiffener Design (Article 6.10.11.1) ............................................... 97
10.5.1.1. Projecting Width (Article 6.10.11.1.2)............................................................................ 97
10.5.1.2. Moment of Inertia (Article 6.10.11.1.3).......................................................................... 98
10.5.1.3. Area (Article 6.10.11.1.4) .............................................................................................. 98
10.6. Exterior Girder: Abutment 1 ......................................................................................................... 99
10.6.1. Bearing Stiffener Design (Article 6.10.11.2) .......................................................................... 99
10.6.1.1. Projecting Width (Article 6.10.11.2.2).......................................................................... 100
10.6.1.2. Bearing Resistance (Article 6.10.11.2.3)..................................................................... 100
10.6.1.3. Axial Resistance (Article 6.10.11.2.4) ......................................................................... 100
10.6.1.4. Bearing Stiffener-to-Web Welds.................................................................................. 102
10.7. Exterior Girder: Design Example Summary............................................................................... 103
10.7.1. Positive-Moment Region, Span 1 (Section 1-1) .................................................................. 103
10.7.1.1. Constructibility (Slender-web section)......................................................................... 103
10.7.1.2. Service Limit State ...................................................................................................... 103
10.7.1.3. Fatigue and Fracture Limit State ................................................................................. 103
10.7.1.4. Strength Limit State (Compact Section)...................................................................... 103
10.7.2. Interior-Pier Section (Section 2-2) ....................................................................................... 103
10.7.2.1. Strength Limit State (Slender-web section) ................................................................ 103
10.7.2.2. Service Limit State ...................................................................................................... 104
10.7.2.3. Fatigue and Fracture Limit State ................................................................................. 104
10.7.2.4. Constructibility (Slender-web section)......................................................................... 104
Appendix A: Elastic Effective Length Factor for Lateral Torsional Buckling .............................................. A1
Appendix B: Moment Gradient Modifier, C b................................................................................................ B1
Appendix C: Lateral Torsional Buckling Resistance of Stepped Flanges .................................................. C1

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iv STEELBRIDGEDESIGNHANDBOOK