V. Gnielinski and channels. Tose visten ot bo -vor tenes 1 vat Bei cstak vac ie epusas mie ve es ees mayen soe evo Fcisucin nf hee Cater nefits ose fe esos sn chen atta hitherto contained an equation by H. Hausen [2], “tie final modified form of which (1959) Fes Ny = 0.097 (noms — 190) Pee w EEN oninw es... | Here Nu = ad/a ts the Nusselt number, Re = wd/» is Reynolds nuinber, Pr = v/a is the Prandtl num= — \ SMM ais te equivccat diztetsr, Lhe Teagth and w ing: | ie elocty of the Guid inthe pipe or channel The MMSE arma! conductivity A, tho Kinematic viscosity v, tie a Aiffusvity a and the average dynamic vi ‘ ‘ip of the flowing medium are to be inserted at ol average temperature dm = (8; + $9)/2, where 3) 4 are the temperatares of the fluid at the inlet outlet of the tube. In addition, ry, denotes the mic viscosity of the fluid at the wall tempera ‘th Te Sy: “The average heat transfer coefficient a for a pipe od defined in terms of the heat flux density q by the eer : @ ‘Soin (8 the logarithmic-mean temperature n developed Equation (1) from the experimental ‘collected by E. N, Sieder and G. E. Tate [3] eat transfer in the turbalent pipe flow of liquids. values are plotted against Equation (1) [2] in S) with the permission of VDI-Verlag GmbH Dusseldort. Gniclinski is associated with Lehrstuhl und Institut FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY New equations for heat and mass transfer in turbulent pipe and channel flow Experimental data for large Reynolds numbers and high Prandtl numbers ave used to develop an equation which incorporates both the transition region and the region of fully developed flow in pipes The range of validity of Hausen’s equation is ssiven in the "VDI Heat Atias” [iT as 0K dE <1, 08-< Pr < 108, 2500 < Ro < 108 (On examining the more recent literature two papers were found which provided a further opportunity to test the valldity of Equation @). W. Hufschmidt et al. [9] reported tn 1966 that their ‘experimental values for high Reynolds numbers dev- ated considerably from the heat transfer coefficients ccaleulated by the Hausen equation. Figure 2 com- pares their experimental values for water flowing through electrically heated pipes with Equation (1). 1m 1869 H. Reinicke [10] published experimental values for heat transfer in the flow of viscous liquids having different Prandtl numbers through short pipes for small temperature differences, The average Nasselt numbers measured by Reinicke for short tubes and water at Pr= 9 are plotted in Figure 3. 1k is seen that the experimental values for short pipes, and therefore for large values of the ratio d/L and for relatively small values of the Reynolds num= ber, t.e, in the region between laminar and turbulent flow do not follow the Hausen equation at all, but ther the following theor: sion byE, Pobihausen [11] for heat transfer in laminar flow Tr the Bydrodynamic and thermal inlet region? wo-asn temo... @ E. U. Schllinder (12) has also indicated (1970) that tt is necessary to limit the range of applicability of the Huusen equation in the transition region. Figure 3 also cottains his equation for heat transfer for ther- ‘mal development in hydrodynamteally developed laminar flow reo ‘This equation provides higher values for the Nu number than Equation (4), depending on the Prandt number and the d/L ratio. +m Re o Apel 1976 360Fig. 1. Nusselt numbers collected by Sieder Tra —t Fig. 2, Nusselt numbers measured by Hufechmidt eta. [9] ‘compared with Equation (1), a) Equation (1) for d/L.= 0; ') Smooth curve through the measured points (symbols es in (a). ere 2, Evaluation of experimental data The above findings provided the motive to as- semble as many as possible of the recent expert- ‘mental results for heat transfer in turbulent flow end compare them with each other, 1h Figure 4 the experimental values reported by several investigators are plotted as suggested by Hausen [2] together with Equation @). it ean be seen that the tsothermal Nusselt numbers deviate appre~ lably from Equation (1) at high Reynolds tumbers, ‘The slope of the smooth line drawn through the ex perimental values is 0.87. The Nusselt numbers tn the region below Re= 10! differ no more from Equa- ton (1) than do the experimental values of Sieder and Tate [3} plotted in Figure 1. In this region, owing to the effect of inlet effects one must accept a greater soattering ofthe experimental values. On the other 300 Api 1976 i’ rm t ‘and Tate [3] compered with Equation (1), I. wrt 4 ; ere i. See cammwn — oT ce fkimnsel ing Bre ‘ Seis beurestewen mea nneis| | j io + ttt ooo te] ee Pyrte mume| Fig. 3. Nusselt numbers calculated from Equations (1), (4), ‘and (5) for different values of the relative diameter d/L and ‘those measured by Reinicke [10] for Pr= 9. a) Equation (1); ') Equotion (4);<) Cquetion (5); = pipe dlameter; L = pipe length. hand, the heat transfer coefficients for gases in ‘turbulent flow, which are plotted in Fig, 5, do not de- viate as much at high Reynolds numbers from Equa tion (1). The slope of the smooth curve drawn through the experimental points for gases is 0.8. ‘This means that at high Reynolds numbers the de- pendence of the exponent of the Reynolds aumber oa the Prandtl number is very noticeable, It must further be noted that the heat transfer coefficients ‘measured for gases in the transition region Re = 10° do not show the same large decrease as the heat transfer coefficients for liquids plotted in Figure 4. (On comparing the experimental results plotted is Figures 4 and 5 it is/apparent that to reproduce all, Wol.18,No.2) INTERNATIONAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING jideat veonste [piovestigators Jpation (1); b) psd pipe dio pe Heat transfer jsand those fa) the experix 4a equation ftom Hause ‘othe heat | Hon betwee Be ot, a lakes nooo | Reynolds 11 | INTERNATa pred » od cD rot u xe r Heat transfer coefficients measured by various authors. Se ee ee |yent investigators and those calculated from Equation (1). i wl Raat asmmcntea teeorme | ‘pe ence spon i ey " 2 EE fe ee H FF aml and those calculated from Equation (1), (a and b as the experimental values in the literature satisfactorily ‘an equation has to be sought which, like Equation (1) from Hausen (2], correctly describes the decrease ‘a the heat transfer coefficient in the transition re~ ssion between laminar and turbulent flow in the region Re < 104, and which, for large Reynolds numbers takes account of the dependence of the exponent of the Reynolds number on the Prandt! aumber. INTERNATIONAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING (Vol. 16, No.2) 8, Derivation of a new equation A dependence of the exponent of the Reynolds num~ ber on the Prandtl number is produced by the equa- tions for heat transfer which are based on the pres~ sure drop. L. Prandtl {32] presented the first re~ Intlonship of this type, which reads Nw as Bere TF ary (6) April 1078361