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The views expressed in this presentation are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the

views or policies of the Asian


Development Bank Institute (ADBI), the Asian Development Bank (ADB), its Board of Directors, or the governments they represent. ADBI
does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of their use.
Terminology used may not necessarily be consistent with ADB official terms.

KOICA’s Approaches to SRH Issues


- As is & the afterward
ADBI-Ewha IDHS Policy Workshop
2019.03.25.

NAM Cheongsoo
Manager/ Gender Specialist
KOICA
Strategy
SDGs 5. Gender Equality and other goals

□ SDG5 request to address the followings,


5.1. all forms of discrimination
5.2. all forms of violence
5.3. Eliminate all harmful practices
5.4. Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work
5.a. Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources
5.b. Enhance the use of enabling technology, in part., ICT
5.c. Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislation
O Beyond providing the service or its access, highlighting the rights for sexual and
reproductive health and care, right to decide sexual and reproductive issues.

□ In addition to 5, other goals also consider GE, such as


Goal 1. Poverty, Goal 2. Hunger, Goal 3. Health, Goal 4. Education,
Goal 6. Water and Hygiene, Goal 8. Work, Goal 10. Inequality, Goal 11. Cities
Goal 13. Climate change, Goal 16. Peace & Justice.
Strategy and Orientation
SDG5 Program Developing

Break Poverty Ceiling Break Glass Ceiling

Unpaid care and


domestic work Economic
Economic resources empowerment for
Technology gender equality

Women
Discrimination Social status for Innovators
Sound policies gender equality

Violence Basic rights for


Harmful practices gender equality
Agent of Transformation/Change

Technological High level technical expertise in


STI, ICT, Infrastructure, and
Expert public administration.

Women
Innovator
Opinion Decision
leader maker

Agent of changing the norms


Women’s leadership in public
and attitudes in the
and private sector’s governance
community level
As is
Gender and ODA of Korea

Source : OECD, Aid in Support of Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment Donor Chart(2017 Mar.)

• In terms of Sectoral allocation, Korea’s ODA for gender equality is


concentrated on population and reproductive health, meaning MCH or sex
and reproductive health.
Gender and ODA of Korea
Japan Germany

Sweden S. Korea
KOICA in gender and health
□ During recent 5 years, 20.2% could get Gender Marker 1 or 2
- It is fairly below the global average, but most of Korea’s gender projects

Portion of GMed Projects during o During the period, Health sector takes
recent 5 years, by the markers 44% of all markeds, followed by
140%
education(27%), agriculture(15%),
120%
governance(7%), and so on.
100%

80%
o For Marker 2, the Health sector takes
85%
60% 85%, and education does 8%.
40% 8%
20% 6%
32% 33%
0%
10% 18% 0%
7%
o SRH and MCH takes 44% for KOICA’s
0%
Health Education Agriculture Governance Tech. Envi. health portfolio.
Energy

of GM1 of GM2
o It needs to be diversified.
Gender(GBV) issues in SRH
Malnutrition Malnutrition from
from weaning feeding practices
Female practices FGM
Infancy
infanticide
Non-registration
Childhood
Newborn
Nutrition
Education
Early marriage
Sex-selective Gender
abortion
Adolescent
In utero

Access to abortions/contraception Teenage pregnancy


Access to services during Adulthood Sexual Violence
pregnancy / right to birth spacing Control over sexual relations
Fistula/ Chaupadi
Source : modified from Gender influences on women’s
health across the life cycle (Fikree et al., 2004)
KOICA view to health in gender 1/3

□ Exclusion and Ignorance of the half


o Directly affect to accomplishing the goal or objective(e.g. fail to get full access)

• If targeting is done without gender perspective,


- a certain group is marginalized → fail to full service delivery → fail to get goal

• Gender inequality
- structural under-representation of gender

• Gender data gap


- sometimes, data of a certain gender is hidden
1) sex-disaggregated data + other social factors
2) developing or revealing gender sensitive indicators
3) strengthening gender responsive data system (H/W, S/W, H/R)
KOICA view to health in gender 2/3

□ ‘Correct’ analysis of the causes and ‘Proper’ responses


o Overlook/ignore/exclude some health issues specific to some identities
• Unable to address specific health issues of specific identity
- female/male, by aged, adolescent, infant, labour(e.g., 1st, 2nd, 3rd industry)
- LGBTQTI, and so on.

o Health issue is no more than medical issue?


• Social Determinants of Health(SDH) or Holistic approach
• Different access or its opportunity to health service, by class, education,
race, sex ; in service, information, rights, and so on.
KOICA view to health in gender 3/3

□ SRH/MCH is already targeting WOMEN, what else we need?


o Traditional/conventional approach to health
• Focusing on the result indicator, like MMR, SBA, IB, etc.
• Regarding SRH and MCH, highly focusing on perinatal period or around it
• On surface, opportunity of men’s participation is very narrow.

o Contextual approach to health


• Consider not only the result indicator, but also the progress to the result
• Inequality, limits, and impact in access to health service
• Asymmetric power relation by sex
• Not only Service delivery, but also right to decide what, how, when to get
• Hindering factors to get the rights, like practices, custom, norm, GBV
• Spacing for women’s empowerment, men’s and community’s participation
Indirect way of GBV, CB
Past
Types of Controlling Behaviors Ever
(%) 12months(%
)

Tries to keep her from seeing her friends 5.6 16.4

Tries to restrict contact with her family of birth 3.0 10.3

Insists on knowing where she is at all times 12.1 26.3

Gets angry if she speaks with another man 12.8 31.1

Is often suspicious that she is unfaithful 6.0 17.4

Expectshertoaskhispermissionbeforeseekinghealthcareforherself 14.9 24.9

At least one of the above controlling behaviours 29.4 15.9

Source: National Survey on Women’s Health and Life Experiences in Cambodia : Report
(2014, Cambodia MOWA)
Indirect way of GBV, FA

Types of Financial Abuse Ever


(%)

Prohibited her from getting a job, earning money 9.9

Taken her earnings against her will 4.4

Refused to give her money when he had money for other things 3.4

At least one of the above 14.4

Source: National Survey on Women’s Health and Life Experiences in Cambodia : Report
(2014, Cambodia MOWA)
The Afterwards
KOICA is diversifying Health …

□ 3rd Phase of Fistula in Cote D’Ivore (2020~)


- policy, medical treatment, social integration

□ Protect Infectious Disease in Cambodia (2020~)


- Field Epidemology Training Program
Diversity of Health Programs
□ Direction of SRH Programs in gender perspective
O Rights and Participation
• Women’s rights to decision in SRH issues (FP, Contraception, AP, EM)
• Subject of her own body, his participation as a member of community

O Gender equality and equity as well as women’s rights


• SDG5 = Gender Equality + Empowerment of women and girls
• Not only women’s health, but also men’s, and others, with data

O Including indirect causes


• GBV’s impact to the conditions of health program
• Consider woman, not only beneficiary, but also subject or vector
O Emerging/potential issues
• Labour health, environmental health, mental health, etc.
Obstacles to diversify

□ Loose cooperative links, but the intersectoral is essential.

□ The familiar, the easier to survive the screening

□ (Inside) limited resources to mobilize extra energy

□ (Outside) limited human resources

□ Data and case deficiency to prove the result


Implementation
□ Project/program
O Strengthening the basis of evidence-based approach
• Making the procedures consecutive, from SDGs to indicators.

O Diversifying themes, in accordance with emerging issues


• Trying intersectoral perspectives & approaches

□ Organization
O Capacity building of the staffs and the partners
• worker’s capacity, technical as well as ideological

O Institutional reform
• favorable structure for adopting gender perspective actively
Thanks

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