METHODS

 This section describes in detail how the study was conducted to enable the reader to evaluate the
appropriateness of the methods and the reliability and the validity of the results of the study.
 The following are included in this section:
Research Design – mention the research method used and why the choice of it.
Population and Locale of the Study
Include answers to such questions as:
 Who participated in the study?
 How many participants were there?
 How were they selected?
 If there are participants who did not complete the data gathering tool for procedure, how
many were they and for what reasons?
 What are the major demographic characteristics used in the study?
Data Gathering Tools
 Describe briefly the data gathering tools and their functions in the study
 Discuss how the tools were formulated/constructed. Include the validation and test of
reliability of the tools
Data Gathering Procedure
 Describe how the data was gathered
 Summarize each step in the execution of the research, including the instructions given to the
participants.
Treatment of the Data
 Describe the procedures for the analysis of the data. This includes the statistical tools used to
treat the data for each problem.
NOTE: Brief statements about essential parameters (i.e., scope and limitations/delimitations) can be included
in the respective subsections where they are deemed necessary to be noted.

RESULTS/FINDINGS
 This section summarizes the data collected and the statistical treatment of these. Briefly state the
main results or findings, then report in sufficient detail to justify conclusions.
 Mention all relevant results, including those that run counter to the Hypotheses. (analysis)

DISCUSSION
 It includes the interpretation of the implications of the results in relation to the hypotheses.
(interpretation)
- The interpretation can cite relevant literature and/or studies to search for the broader
meaning of the answers to the research questions.
*This discussion can take the place of the review of related literature (in the old format). Unlike,
however, in the former format, the reviews now are more relevant and directed to the results of the present
study and no longer jus a historical review.
- Similarities and differences between the results and the work of others should clarify and/or
confirm the hypotheses.
- Discuss answers to the following questions:
How did the study help to resolve the problems?
What important implications can be drawn from the study?

CONCLUSION
 What has the research (in general) contributed to theory-building and/or Testing, or what practical
applications can be drawn from the research results?
 In the light of the implications, what conclusions and recommendations can be given?